Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet
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and data centers on Google Maps, 117, 248
of Dutch data centers, 148–49, 154
and Kelly “Internet Mapping Project,” 7–8
of physical infrastructure of Internet, 17, 33–34
of quantities of network traffic, 14, 27–28
of undersea communications cables, 14, 16–17
See also TeleGeography
Massachusetts: Sprint and, 123
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 41, 42, 50, 52
Matt (engineer), 223, 224–25
Maudlin, Alan, 33–34, 112, 113
MAZ (Hamburg, Germany), 138
McGaugh, Dave, 129
McGowan, William, 173
MCI, 56, 86, 173, 178
Menlo Park, California, 69
Metropolitan Fiber Systems, 152
MFENET, 52
MFN, 102
MFS Datanet (Metropolitan Fiber Systems), 56, 58–59, 64, 84, 151–52
Miami, Florida, 114, 128
MICE (Midwest Internet Cooperative Exchange), 111
Microsoft, 57, 79, 87, 120, 147, 232, 233, 234–35, 250, 256, 257
MIDnet, 53
military, US
history of Internet and, 49, 51, 52
Miami Internet exchange and, 114
See also Defense Department, US
Miller, Rich, 78
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 11–13, 21–25, 29–30, 78.
See also Kubin-Nicholson Corporation
Minnesota
“Chicago problem” in, 109–10, 111
Internet exchange in, 109–10
MIX (Milan, Italy), 111
Monmonier, Mark, 15
Morgan, Dave, 91, 93, 95, 101–2
Mosaic, 56–57
Moscow Internet Exchange, 112
MSN, 57, 233
“multihoming,” 130
“My Lost City” (Fitzgerald), 3
Nash, Mark, 223–24, 225
National Aeronautical and Space Agency (NASA), 52, 124
National Science Foundation (NSF), 59, 64, 74
National Security Agency (NSA), 63
National Weather Service, 57
“Nature” (Emerson), 162–63
Neggers, Kees, 148
Netcom, 59, 73, 92
Netflix, 120, 230
Netscape, 57
network, irrelevancy of physical reality of, 8
network access point (NAP), 63–65
network engineers
backhaul and, 237
competition among Internet exchanges and, 134–35
connections as dependent on, 80
credo of, 124
at Internet exchanges, 111, 112
openness of Internet and, 117
peering and, 119, 126, 129, 134–35
public images of Internet as different from, 9
role of government at MAE-East and, 62–63
threats to Internet and, 116–17
See also specific person or Internet exchange
Network Measurement Center, 43
networks
autonomy of, 54, 65, 133
beginning of Internet and, 36, 42–49
as carrier of networks, 19
as centers of Internet, 9
composing the Internet, 19–21
connections of, 67
designing a network of, 42–49
“eyeball,” 79
geographical, 20
as important to Internet, 9
as “information highway,” 19–20
infrastructure of, 56
lack of communication among, 53
logical, 20–21
maps of traffic on, 14
“middle mile,” 237
physical, 20–21
prevalence of, 162
TCP/IP transition and, 53–54
tracking of, 31–34
vulnerability of, 31
what are, 19
and what is the Internet, 7
See also Internet exchanges; specific network
New Jersey, 194–95, 266. See also Tata Communications
New York City
data storage in, 230
Equinix in, 164
and Europe-US telephone connection, 175
fiber highways in, 163–71, 172, 265–66
fiber-optic connections to, 26
Fitzgerald story about, 3
Google headquarters in, 163–64, 172
history of Internet and, 50
hubs in, 171–80, 181
as important network meeting point, 164
and Internet as series of tubes, 5
London traffic with, 180, 202, 208
111 Eighth Avenue (New York City), 163–64, 171, 266
peering and, 128
60 Hudson Street in, 171–74, 176
structure of Internet and, 27
32 Avenue of the Americas in, 171–80
as undersea cables port, 194, 199
New York University (NYU), 50
Newby, Hunter, 174
Ninth Avenue fiber highway (New York City), 164
Nipper, Arnold, 137–38, 140–43, 144–45, 239
North American Network Operators’ Group (NANOG), 58, 66, 157
Austin meeting of, 119–23, 127, 128–35, 157
Northrop Grumman, 62, 123
NorthWestNet, 53
NSFNET, 59, 138
NTT, 125
O’Kane, Victoria, 165
One Wilshire (Los Angeles, California), 200–201
111 Eighth Avenue (New York City), 163–64, 171, 266
online videos, 119
Open Compute project (Facebook), 258
optical modules, 160
Orlowski, Frank, 133–34, 135, 145, 157
Osés, Mara Vanina, 7
Pacific Bell, 64, 84
Pacific DC Intertie, 228
Page, Larry, 69–70
PAIX, undersea cables, PAIX and, 78
Pakistan Telecom, 30
Paling, Jol, 208, 209, 210–15, 216, 267
Palo Alto, California
Adelson-Troyer-Blum meeting in, 71–72, 73
See also Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX)
Palo Alto Internet Exchange (PAIX)
Adelson and, 72, 76–77, 88
Blum visit to, 71–72, 76–85
cable management at, 81–82
carriers and, 89
DEC and, 76, 87, 88
definition of Internet exchange and, 109
diversity at, 79
Equinix and, 76–77, 87
expansion of, 78, 86–87
importance of, 78
location of, 76
“network effect” at, 80–81
openness of Internet and, 117
peering and, 122, 127, 128
problems of, 85–86
Qatar Telecom and, 139
quantity of information passing through, 82–83
and rerouting traffic, 200–201
routers at, 79–80, 82–83, 266
security at, 95
Paris, France, structure of Internet and, 27
Passaic, New Jersey, Smithson tour of, 150–51, 152, 154
Patchett, Ken, 255–56, 257, 258–59, 260–62, 267
Pedro, John, 82
“peering”
de-peering and, 123–24, 151
definition of, 118–19
division of groups for, 121–22
globalization of, 125–26
Internet exchanges and, 121–22, 126, 127, 129, 130
NANOG meeting and, 118–23, 128–30, 131–32
and “open peering policy,” 127
Qatar Telecom and, 140
Tier-1 domination of, 124–25
Witteman-Orloski meeting and, 133–35
PeeringDB (website), 126
Peter Faber (cable ship), 219, 221–22
Petrie, Anne, 83
Pipex, 184, 185, 186
“point of entry,” 178, 179
POP (point of presence),
59, 78, 84
Porthcurno (Cornwall, England), 202–16, 253, 267
Portugal, 191–92, 194, 217–26, 267
Postel, Jon, 31, 45
Prineville, Oregon: Facebook data center in, 250–62, 267
privacy issues, 258
Provo, Joe, 122
Provo, Ren, 122, 123
PSI, 56, 59, 60
Qatar, 197
Qatar Telecom, 79, 139–40
Quality Life Broadband (Q-Life), 236, 237, 238, 242, 246
Quincy, Washington, data centers in, 234–35, 250
RAND Corporation, 42
Reid, Brian, 74, 75, 76
Renesys, 123, 124–25, 151
Renton, Alan, 205–6
Research in Motion (RIM), 121
Resolute (cable ship), 218
Reyes, Felix, 77, 81
Roberts, Larry, 42–43, 51
routes/routers
in Ashburn, 99–100
as basic building blocks of Internet, 158
Brocade, 157–58, 159–63, 188
dead-end, 31, 32
expansion of Internet and, 55
function of, 160
Internet as self-healing and, 200
IP addresses and, 29–30
at large Internet exchanges, 111
at MAE-East, 65–66, 75–76, 80
in New York City, 164–71
at PAIX, 79–80, 82–83, 266
peering and, 124–25, 127
and rerouting traffic, 200–201
“routing table” and, 30
Traceroute program and, 31–34
trust and, 30–31
“routing table,” 30, 125
Rudin Management, 174–75, 176
Rwanda, 110
Sabey, 235
Sacca, Chris, 237–38, 239
San Jose, California: peering and, 128
SAT-3 (undersea communications cables), 191–92, 197
satellites: Internet exchanges and, 110
Saudi Arabia, 197
Schoffstall, Marty, 60
SEACOM (undersea communications cables), 192, 197
Seales, Brian, 166–71
security/secrecy
for cable landing stations, 202, 203
for data centers/storage, 93, 141, 237–40, 242–43, 254, 257
at DE-CIX, 140–41
at Dutch data centers, 152
at Equinix, 93, 141
at Google data center, 242–50, 254, 257
at Internet exchanges, 113–16
at LINX, 185–86
Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (“skiffs”), 62
Seoul, Korea: structure of Internet and, 27
service providers: peering and, 119
SESQUINET, 53
The Shadow Factory (Bamford), 63
Shorto, Russell, 146
Siemens Brothers, 206
Sigma-7 computer, 43
Silcock, Colin, 186, 187–89
Silicon Valley
belief in limitless potential of technology in, 70
connection of networks in, 67
expansion of Internet and, 50
structure of Internet and, 27
wealth in, 70
See also Palo Alto, California; specific person or corporation
Singapore, 128, 139, 194, 196, 199, 201
Singapore Telecommunications, 79
SIX (Seattle, Washington), 111
60 Hudson Street (New York City), 171–74, 176, 202, 215, 266
Smallwood, Christine, 107
Smithson, Robert, 150–51, 154
South Africa, 191–93, 197, 204, 219
South Asia, 196, 200
South Park (TV show), 107–8
Spain, 113
SPAN, 52
speed. See latency
Sprint, 56, 59, 64, 98, 123, 125, 151, 235, 237
squirrel incident, 1–4, 18, 144, 264
Stanford Research Institute, 43, 48, 69
Steenman, Hank, 155
Stephan (cable ship), 206
Sterling, Bruce, 263–64
Stevens, Ted, 5
Stevens, Wallace, 36
Stout, Mark, 62
Strategic Studies Programming Division, US Air Force, 52
SURFnet, 148
Sussex University Conference (1973), 50–51
Swisscom, 79
Switch & Data, 77
switches, 60
Taiwan, 199–200
Tata Communications/Global Network, 121, 139, 194–202, 215, 217, 218, 219, 225
TCP/IP protocol, 45, 53–54
TDC, 129
technology: limitless potential of, 70
telecom companies, 74. See also specific company
Telecom New Zealand, 79
TeleGeography, 14–18, 25–34, 112, 180, 202
Telehouse, 174, 183–89, 192, 202, 214
Telx, 174
TENET (South Africa network), 192
TGN–Pacific network, 195, 198
32 Avenue of the Americas (New York City), 169, 171–76, 180
Thompson, Clive, 6
Thoreau, Henry David, 10
Time Warner, 24, 25, 30, 79
Titley, Nigel, 185
Tokyo, Japan. See Japan
TORIX (Toronto, Canada), 111, 130, 134
Tortilla Factory (Herndon, Virginia): meeting about MAE-East at, 60, 92
Townsend, Anthony, 65
Traceroute program, 31–32, 208
transatlantic telegraph cable, first, 203
transatlantic telephone cable (TAT-1), first, 175
Troyer, Eric, 72, 77, 80, 81, 91–92, 94–95, 97–99, 101, 103, 118, 121
trust: route as based on, 30–31
tubes, Internet as series of, 5–6
Turkle, Sherry, 70–71
Tyco Communications, 218, 219
Tyco Global Network, 195, 198, 199
“Tysons Corner problem,” 111
Tysons Corner, Virginia, 61–62, 88. See also MAE-East
undersea cables
AC-1, 202–3, 216–17, 218
and connecting to unconnected places, 197–98
globalization and, 193, 197
as important to Internet, 9
as invisible, 194
latency of, 198–99
location of, 194
Main One, 218
maps of, 14, 16–17
Porthcurno and, 202–16
Portugal and, 191–92, 194, 217–26, 267
SAT-3, 191–92, 197
SEACOM, 192, 197
at 60 Hudson Street (New York City), 174
South Africa and, 191–93, 197
South Asia and, 196
of Tata Communications, 194–202, 218–26
WACS, 218–26
See also specific landing station or hub
United Arab Emirates, 197
universities
history of Internet and, 43–49, 51, 52, 53
See also specific institution
University of California—Los Angeles (UCLA): history of Internet and, 36, 39–49, 51
University of California—Santa Barbara, 43
University College London, 50, 52
University of Karlsruhe, 137
University of Minnesota, 110
University of Pennsylvania, 52
University of Utah, 43
Up in the Air (Kirn), 38
UUNet, 56, 59, 60
Verizon, 19, 79, 86, 98, 102, 110, 121, 151, 152, 165, 166, 196
Vienna, Virginia: peering and, 128
Vietnam, 201
Virginia
data storage in, 230
See also Ashburn, Virginia
Voldemort Industries, 242, 243
Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker, 172
WACS (West Africa Cable System), 218–26
Washington, D.C.