Manufacturing Hysteria
Page 43
60. LAT, Feb. 13, 1970.
Chapter 15: We Never Gave It a Thought
1. C. D. Brennan to Sullivan, Aug. 3, 1967, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 511.
2. Quoted in Donner, “Hoover’s Legacy,” p. 693.
3. Wall, “Special Agent for the FBI,” p. 16; Hoover to SACs, April 3, 1968, quoted in Davis, Spying on America, p. 103.
4. NYT, April 6, 1974. The article mistakenly identifies COINTELPRO-BNHG as beginning with the directive of October 12, 1961, which was actually the letter that initiated COINTELPRO-SWP.
5. Quoted in Hampton and Fayer, Voices of Freedom, p. 353.
6. Moore to Sullivan, Feb. 29, 1968, in Church Committee, vol. 6, pp. 389–90.
7. Quoted in Hampton and Fayer, Voices of Freedom, p. 513.
8. Bergman and Weir, “Revolution on Ice,” p. 46.
9. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 187–88.
10. San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, April 10, 1969, quoted in ibid., p. 191.
11. San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, Sept. 18, 1969, quoted in ibid., pp. 192–93.
12. Quoted in Bergman and Weir, “Casualties of a Secret War,” p. 47.
13. NYT, May 25, 1974.
14. Quoted in Bergman and Weir, “Revolution on Ice,” p. 48.
15. Quoted in ibid., p. 46.
16. Hoover to SAC, San Francisco, June 30, 1968, quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, pp. 622–23.
17. Hoover to SACs, May 3, 1966, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 2, p. 70.
18. Quoted in Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 15.
19. Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 23 n. 99; Donner, Age of Surveillance, p. 232.
20. “From J. Edgar Hoover: A Report on Campus Reds,” p. 84.
21. Hoover memo, April 28, 1965, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 484; Ungar, FBI, p. 140.
22. Quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 485.
23. Hoover to Marvin Watson (special assistant to the president), June 4, 1965, quoted in ibid., p. 489.
24. Anti-Vietnam Agitation and the Teach-In Movement, pp. xiv–xv.
25. Quoted in Stout, People, p. 45.
26. NYT, April 17, 1967.
27. Martin Luther King Jr., “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence,” www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/058.html.
28. Hoover to SACs, April 2, 1968, in Church Committee, vol. 6, p. 667.
29. Charles D. Brennan to Sullivan, May 9, 1968, in ibid., p. 393.
30. Hoover to SACs, May 23, 1968, quoted in Church Committee, bk. 3, p. 24.
31. Boston Field Office to FBI Headquarters, memo, June 13, 1968, quoted in ibid., pp. 24–25, n. 105.
32. White, Making of the President, 1968, p. 373.
33. Walker, Rights in Conflict, p. 5.
34. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, p. 462.
35. NYT, May 20, 1973. Also see Davis, Spying on America, p. 152.
36. See www.bhamweekly.com/birmingham/article-1593-when-the-world-itself-seemed-afire.html.
37. See Nicosia, Home to War, pp. 249–51; also Time, Aug. 20, 1973.
38. See Rapoport, Terrorism, p. 198.
39. NYT, Dec. 6, 1970.
40. NYT, May 21, 1973.
41. Quoted in Wise, American Police State, p. 311.
42. NYT, June 7, 1970.
43. NYT, June 19, 1970.
44. Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 11n. 48, 64.
45. Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Army Surveillance of Civilians, p. 97.
46. Church Committee, bk. 3, pp. 749–50.
47. Ibid., p. 980.
48. Ibid., p. 926.
49. Ibid., pp. 927, 980.
50. Quoted in Wise, American Police State, p. 30.
51. Quoted in Ungar, FBI, p. 485.
52. Felt, FBI Pyramid from the Inside, pp. 98–99.
53. Quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 682.
54. Chang, Silencing Political Dissent, p 32.
55. Life, April 9, 1971; National Observer, quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 681; Newsweek, May 10, 1971.
56. Boston Evening Globe, May 16, 1973.
57. LAT, Jan. 10, 1972.
58. Quoted in Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 720.
59. St. Petersburg Times, May 1, 1972.
60. FBI COINTELPRO Activities, pp. 3, 4.
61. Church Committee, bk. 2, p. 5.
62. FBI Oversight, serial no. 2, pt. 3, 94th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., p. 257.
63. FBI Oversight, serial no. 33, pt. 1, 95th Cong., 1st sess., p. 50. The entire “Attorney General’s Guidelines on Domestic Security Investigations” are reprinted on pp. 50–53.
Epilogue: An Aggressive Assault on Civil Liberties
1. Quoted in Theoharis, FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, p. 134.
2. See Cole and Dempsey, Terrorism and the Constitution, p. 37.
3. Akram, “Scheherezade Meets Kafka,” p. 70.
4. NYT, May 4, 1995.
5. Ibid.
6. See thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:S.735.ENR:.
7. Cole and Dempsey, Terrorism and the Constitution, pp. 2–3.
8. Quoted in Scher, “Crackdown on Dissent,” p. 24.
9. NYT, Sept. 18, 2001.
10. NYT, June 8, 2003.
11. Quoted in “Big Chill,” p. 17.
12. Quoted in ibid., pp. 17–19.
13. Ehrlich, “Taking Liberties.”
14. NYT, May 31, 2002.
15. NYT, Dec. 16, 2005.
16. NYT, June 23, 2006.
17. NYT, Nov. 23, 2003.
18. Quoted in ibid.
19. Quoted in Conason, It Can Happen Here, p. 192.
20. “Is the Pentagon Spying on Americans?” MSNBC, Dec. 14, 2005, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10454316/.
21. Quoted in WP, Jan. 19, 2010.
22. Conason, It Can Happen Here, p. 195.
23. See Bob Herbert’s columns “Watching Certain People” and “Big Brother in Blue.”
24. Quoted in Herbert, “Watching Certain People.”
25. Quoted in LAT, Aug. 18, 1975.
26. WP, July 19, 2010.
27. Schulhofer, Enemy Within, p. 4.
28. Moorfield Storey, introduction to Deportations Delirium, by Post, p. ix.
Bibliography
The following are the essential works, the starting points, if you will. Other sources cited can be found in Works Cited and Other Essential Works (see below).
Overview
Three especially helpful books are Frank J. Donner’s Age of Surveillance, Robert Justin Goldstein’s Political Repression in Modern America, and Geoffrey R. Stone’s Perilous Times.
There are any number of books on J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI. I drew mainly on Curt Gentry’s J. Edgar Hoover, Max Lowenthal’s Federal Bureau of Investigation, Athan Theoharis’s FBI and American Democracy, and Sanford J. Ungar’s FBI. Theoharis’s many studies of Hoover and the bureau are invaluable.
The reports of the Church Committee provide a comprehensive narrative and contain quotations from and reproductions of many primary documents; of particular value are Book 2, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans; Book 3, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans; and Volume 6, Hearings on the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
World War I
The four indispensable works are Paul L. Murphy’s World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States, H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite’s Opponents of War, 1917–1918, Harry N. Scheiber’s Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties, 1917–1921, and William Preston Jr.’s Aliens and Dissenters. The last book also covers the red scare.
Red Scare
The basic works are Robert K. Murray’s Red Scare and Regin Schmidt’s Red Scare. The most authoritative account of the Palmer raids is Louis F. Post’s Deportations Delirium of Nineteen-Twenty.
Mexican
Deportations and Repatriations
The main sources are Francisco Balderrama’s Decade of Betrayal, Camille Guerin-Gonzales’s Mexican Workers and American Dreams, and Abraham Hoffman’s Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression.
World War II
On the German-American internment, see Arnold Krammer’s Undue Process; on the Italian-American internment, see Lawrence DiStasi’s Una storia segreta and Stephen Fox’s Unknown Internment. The story of interned German Latin Americans is told in Max Paul Friedman’s Nazis and Good Neighbors, and that of interned Japanese Latin Americans is told in Thomas Connell’s America’s Japanese Hostages and C. Harvey Gardiner’s Pawns in a Triangle of Hate.
The literature on the Japanese-American relocation and internment is vast. Morton Grodzins’s Americans Betrayed is the foundation of all subsequent research. Also essential are the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians report Personal Justice Denied; the Army report Command Decisions, edited by Kent Roberts Greenfield; and John L. DeWitt’s Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942.
Cold War
Three good accounts of the period are Fred J. Cook’s Nightmare Decade, David Caute’s Great Fear, and Robert Griffith’s Politics of Fear. Eleanor Bontecou’s Federal Loyalty-Security Program covers the loyalty program. For the relationship between the FBI and HUAC, see Kenneth O’Reilly’s Hoover and the Un-Americans. On Joe McCarthy, Thomas C. Reeves’s Life and Times of Joe McCarthy and Richard H. Rovere’s Senator Joe McCarthy provide complementary perspectives. David K. Johnson’s Lavender Scare deals with the scapegoating of homosexuals in the federal government.
COINTELPRO
Noam Chomsky’s introduction to Nelson Blackstock’s COINTELPRO is very informative. Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall’s COINTELPRO Papers contains reproductions of many documents. For the FBI’s war on Martin Luther King, see David J. Garrow’s FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Works Cited and Other Essential Works
Collections
American Civil Liberties Union files. Mudd Library, Princeton University.
Attorney General files. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Papers. Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1983.
Department of Justice files. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
Frey, Daniel, Papers. University of California, Los Angeles.
Gregory, Thomas W., Papers. Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Provost Marshal General’s Office files, National Archives and Records Administration.
Villard, Oswald Garrison, Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Wells, Hulet M., Papers. Special Collections, University of Washington.
Wilson, Woodrow, Papers. Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Web Sites
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:S.735.ENR:.
“Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese Armed Forces.” www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/roberts/roberts.html.
Communist Control Act of 1954. tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Communist_54.html.
Douglas, William O. Dissenting opinion in Adler v. Board of Education of City of New York. At www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0342_0485_ZD2.html.
Executive Order 10450. www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/10450.html
Goldman, Emma. “The Tragedy at Buffalo.” ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/exhibits/panam/law/images/tragedyatbuff.html.
Hoover, J. Edgar. “Memo to SACs.” June 15, 1940. www.foitimes.com/internment/chrono.htm.
_____. “Memo to SACs.” Dec. 8, 1941. www.foitimes.com/internment/chrono.htm.
Internal Security Act of 1950. tucnak.fsv.cuni.cz/~calda/Documents/1950s/Inter_Security_50.html.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence.” www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/058.html.
“Mass Evacuation of Japanese in Perspective.” www.nps.gov/archive/manz/hrs/hrs2c.htm.
Murrow, Edward R. en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow.
Myers, Lisa, Douglas Pasternak, Rich Gardella, and the NBC Investigative Unit. “Is the Pentagon Spying on Americans?” MSNBC, Dec. 14, 2005. www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10454316/
National Security Act of 1947. www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/50/usc_sec_50_00000403—004a.html.
“Presidential Proclamation 2525.” www.internmentarchives.com/specialreports/smithsonian/smithsonian10.php.
Rockefeller Commission Report. www.aarclibrary.org/publib/contents/church/contents_church_reports_rockcomm.htm.
Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. www.aarclibrary.org/publib/contents/church/contents_church_reports.htm.
Truman Doctrine. avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp.
Vogel, Richard D. “Stolen Birthright: The U.S. Conquest and Exploitation of the Mexican People.” www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/conquest5.html.
“When the World Itself Seemed Afire.” www.bhamweekly.com/birmingham/article-1593-when-the-world-itself-seemed-afire.html.
Government Reports and Publications
Annual Report of the Attorney-General of the United States for the Year 1917; 1918; 1920; 1921. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, 1918; 1919; 1921; 1922.
Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration, 1931. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931.
The Anti-Vietnam Agitation and the Teach-In Movement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.
Attorney General. Investigation Activities of the Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919.
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Washington, D.C.: U.S. States Government Printing Office, 1920.
“Attorney General’s Guidelines on Domestic Security Investigations.” FBI Oversight. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.
Barkley, Alben William. “Attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese Armed Forces.” In Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, pt. 39, pp. 1–21. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946.
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Personal Justice Denied. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.
Committee on Public Information. The Official Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Public Information, 1917–18.
Communist Control Act of 1954. Public Law 83-637. 68 United States Statutes at Large 775–80. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1955.
Communist Infiltration and Activities in the South. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958.
Communist Infiltration in the Army. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954.
Congress and the Nation, 1945–1964: A Review of Government and Politics in the Postwar Years. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Service, 1965.
Congressional Record. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1917–76.
Department of State Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1945.
Departments of State, Justice, Commerce and the Judiciary Appropriations for 1951. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.
DeWitt, John L. Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943.
Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950.
Espionage Act of 1917. Public Law 65-24. 40 United States
Statutes at Large 217–19. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1919.
Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Historical Series). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951.
FBI COINTELPRO Activities. Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice, 1974.
Final Report of the House Select Committee on Assassinations. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
Hearing Before Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations, Department of Justice Appropriation Bill, 1923; 1925. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922; 1924.
Hearings Before the Committee on Un-American Activities on H.R. 1884 and H.R. 2122. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947.
Hearings on the Sixth Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Bill for 1942. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942.
Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948.
House Select Committee on Assassinations Hearings. Investigation of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
Immigration Act of 1917. Public Law 64-301. 39 United States Statutes at Large 874–98. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1917.
“Immigration from Countries of the Western Hemisphere.” In Hearings Before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1928. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1928.
Investigation of Administration of Louis F. Post, Assistant Secretary of Labor, in the Matter of Deportation of Aliens. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920.
Investigation of Hon. Harry M. Daugherty. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1924.
Japanese Immigration Legislation, Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1924.
Maryland Senatorial Election of 1950: Report of the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951.
Munson, C. B. “Japanese on the West Coast.” In Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Papers. Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1983.