A Misplaced Massacre: Struggling over the Memory of Sand Creek
Page 46
Abrams, Robert, 244–245
Adorno, Theodor, 251
Alcatraz Island, Red Power movement and, 211
Allard, Wayne, 247, 251, 261
American Historical Review, 210
Anderson, Robert, 41
Anthony, Scott, 14, 23, 27, 28, 94, 192
Arapaho representatives. See Cometsevah entries
Battle at Sand Creek: The Military Perspective (Michno), 235
Battle of Sand Creek, The (play), 149
Bearss, Ed, 219–220, 222
Beauregard, P. G. T., 41
Bell, Thaddeus, 227
Bent, Charles, 263
Bent, George, 16, 20, 33, 221; story of massacre, 8–9, 33–43, 48, 119, 155, 266–267; writings and maps of, 94–95, 96, 97, 98–99, 102–103, 105–106, 126, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143–145, 267, 274, 276
Bent, William, 16, 33, 95, 131, 156, 263
Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site, 263, 265
Berge, Mark, 57–58
Big Medicine, Joe, 121, 202, 248; artifacts and, 124, 132; Dawson property and, 65, 198, 251, 255–256; Hillard’s casino project and, 238; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 275–276; management of memorial and, 162, 256–257, 272
Black Bear, Eugene, Jr., 203, 232
Black Hawk Mining Journal, 192
Black Kettle, 67, 91–92, 94, 174, 227; Bent’s story of massacre and, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 48; bust of, 255–256; Chivington’s story of massacre and, 11, 14–15, 89, 119; Soule’s story of massacre and, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 266–267; treaties and, 118, 131, 132, 156
Black Kettle’s village, 50, 71, 89; Dawson property and, 44, 105, 181–183; National Park Service’s search for location of, 133–154
Blind, Bill, 251–253
Blunt, Marl, 174
Bomar, Mary, 20–21, 261
Bonsall, Samuel: mapping of Western military sites, 99–100, 101, 102–103, 105–106, 143, 166, 274; treatment of remains at site, 144–145, 149, 150
Bowen, Charles, Sr., 103
Bowen, Chuck and Sheri, 162, 240; archeological research and, 103–105, 122–124, 129–130, 132, 185–187; Dawson’s sale of property and, 185; OIW and, 219–220; Lee Pedro’s remarks about September 11 and, 249–250; property values and, 240–242, 257
Brady, Luke, 129, 258; oral history research and, 116–118, 141–142, 160
Brady, Ray, 231
Brady, Steve, 47, 80, 259–260; archeological research and, 132–133; Bonsall as source and, 145; Civil War monument and, 76, 153; Colorado National Guard visit to site and, 231; congressional hearings and, 177; Dawson and, 51, 64, 65, 183, 198; described, 49; distrust of federal government, 48, 66, 68, 108; Ellis’s search and, 49–50; Hillard’s casino project and, 233–235, 237; management of memorial and, 271; oral history research and, 48, 108–111, 115, 116–117, 141–142; reparations and, 158, 159; repatriation of remains and, 263, 265; Sand Creek Trust Act and, 248; Site Location Study, 173; Soule-Cramer letters and, 174; written history records and, 143, 155–156
Braided Hair, Otto, 47, 107, 259; Civil War monument and, 202–203; Dawson and, 51; Hillard’s casino project and, 238; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 275–276; management of memorial and, 269, 270, 272; oral history research and, 115, 116–117; repatriation of remains and, 263; Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act and, 180; Sand Creek Trust Act and, 246–247; Soule-Cramer letters and, 175
Broome, Jeff, 187, 219, 240; Sand Creek Internet forum and, 224, 226–228
Brown, Dee, 208–213, 230
Brown, Rod, 6, 188, 189, 200, 248
Brownback, Sam, 21, 30
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Dee Brown), 209–213, 230
Bush, George H. W., 264
Bush, George W., 190, 251
Byers, William, 131, 215–217, 221
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 142, 179, 219; background, 29–30; Civil War monument and, 74, 76; congressional hearings and, 177; Dawson property and, 59–60, 62, 65–66, 68–70, 184, 196, 232; Hillard’s casino project and, 233, 235, 239; National Museum of the American Indian and, 243, 245; at opening ceremony, 29–33; reparations and, 159–160; retirement of, 247, 254; Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act and, 181; Site Location Study and, 173
Campbell, Jeff, 272–273, 278; theory of Sand Creek’s location, 273–278, 275
Cannon, James, 176
Carman, Diane, 251
Carson, Kit, 156, 229
Century of Dishonor (Helen Hunt Jackson), 217–218
Charles Pinckney National Historic Site, 62–63
Chestnut, Steve, 112, 161–162
Cheyenne and Arapaho Business Committee, 196, 198, 206, 232, 234–235, 238
Cheyenne-Arapaho Homecoming Project, 233–239, 241, 247, 253
Cheyenne representatives. See Cometsevah entries
Chicago Tribune, 195
Chivington, John, 7, 94, 132, 147, 149, 176, 205; background, 9–10; Bent’s story of massacre and, 34–40, 94, 119; Soule’s story of massacre and, 22–29; story of massacre, 8–18, 40, 41, 42–43, 52, 67, 89, 191–195; twentieth-century defense of, 191, 208, 225–228
Chivington Canal Company, 274, 276
Churchill, Ward, 58–59, 81, 249
Civil War: Ben Nighthorse Campbell and, 31–32; Bent’s story of massacre and, 34–35, 41; Chivington’s story of massacre and, 8–9, 15–18, 46; Denver monument and, 72–78, 75, 77, 153, 201–205, 204; 1950s-era memorials and disentangling from massacre, 54–55; Soule’s story of massacre and, 24–25; U.S. creation narratives and, 278–279
Clinton, Bill, 66, 178
Coffin, Morse, 60–61
Collins, Susan, 152–154
Colorado, University of, at Boulder, Nichols Hall controversy at, 90–93, 268
Colorado Historical Society: monuments of, 53–54, 54, 56–57; Roadside Interpretation Project, 76–77
Colorado National Guard, visit to Sand Creek site, 229–231
Cometsevah, Colleen, 47, 70, 206; Black Kettle’s village location controversy, 135–137; death of, 258; oral history research and, 114–115; reparations and, 158; Ridgleys and, 155; Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act and, 180
Cometsevah, Laird, 47, 66, 80, 180, 248, 262; archeological research and, 121–122, 124–125, 129, 132, 133; beliefs about site location, 139–142, 162–163, 267–268; Black Kettle’s village location controversy, 135–137; Bonsall as source and, 145; Civil War monument and, 76, 78–79, 153, 202, 203–206; Colorado National Guard visit to site and, 230–231; Dawson property and, 51, 55–56, 64, 65, 70, 126, 183, 196–197, 206, 232–233, 251–255; death of, 267; described, 49; distrust of federal government, 48, 68, 94, 108; Ellis’s search and, 49–50; Flute and, 160–161; Hillard’s casino project and, 233, 235, 237, 238; management of memorial and, 256, 257; oral history research and, 108–111, 114–115, 121; reparations and, 158; repatriation of remains and, 246; Sand Creek Internet forum and, 228; Sand Creek location and, 274; Site Location Study and, 167, 173
Conservation Fund, 184
Contiguglia, Georgianna, 79, 180–181
Cook, John, 81–83
Cooley, Dennis, 172
Corbridge, James, 90, 93
Council Tree Communications, 233–239, 241, 247, 253
Cramer, Joseph, 174–175, 177–178
Crazy Dogs Society, 47, 259
Curtis, Samuel, 9, 11–12, 14, 27, 29, 67, 146–147, 148, 170, 192
Custer, George Armstrong, 38
D’Amato, Alfonse, 245
Dawes, Henry, 214, 218
Dawes Act, 42
Dawson, William, 122, 132, 161, 162; Bowens and, 242; changing beliefs about massacre, 50–51, 55–56; described, 51; Spude and, 80–83
Dawson, William, property of, 44, 57–58, 179, 181–184; Ben Nighthorse Campbell and, 59–60, 62, 65–66, 68–70, 184, 196, 232; Druck’s purchase and transfer of, 195–201, 205, 206–207, 219, 232–233, 236, 251–255
DeCa
rlo, Linda, 248–249
Decatur, Stephen, 227
Denver Post, 60–61, 78, 177, 181, 204–205, 235, 236, 251, 257
Denver Times, 95
Derryberry, Larry, 71
Dicke, Sam, 157
Dickens, W. H., 60–61
Dodge, Grenville, 171
Dog Soldiers, 28, 37–38, 118, 137
Dole, William, 148–149, 172
Doolittle, James, 171–172
Downing, Caroline, 266
Downing, Jacob, 95, 147, 266
Doyle, James, 59, 120, 154–155, 160, 173, 199–200, 246
Druck, Jim, 196–201, 205, 206–207, 219, 232, 236, 251, 252
Dull Knife, 260
Eads, Colorado, 1, 6–7; concerns about National Park Service, 187–189; Dawson and, 58, 200. See also Kiowa County, Colorado
Eayre, George, 147
Ellis, Dick, 46–50, 57, 60, 63–65, 69, 71, 170
Evans, John, 14, 26, 27, 36, 66–68, 79, 118, 132, 145–149, 156, 170, 194
Evidence and the Custer Enigma (Greene), 83
Fetterman, William, 38
Fighting Cheyennes (Grinnell), 42
Fisher, Conrad, 110–111
Fixico, Donald, 212
Flute, Homer, 70–71, 160–161
Flyingman, Darrell, 239, 254–255, 256
Force, Roland, 244
Forsythe, Scott, 99
Fort Carson, 229
Fort Wise, Treaty of, 118, 130–132, 156
Fowler, Hugh, 92–93
Franklin, Vera, 201
Frederick, Janet, 7–8, 187, 188, 191, 248, 257–258; Hillard’s casino project and, 235; Lee Pedro’s remarks about September 11 and, 249; Sand Creek Trust Act and, 247
Frontier magazine, 34–39, 94
Frost, Rick, 108–110, 124, 150, 186; archeological research and, 121, 122, 129, 130, 132; background, 82–83; Black Kettle’s
village location and, 135–136, 139, 154; management of memorial and, 160–162; oral history research and, 143; reparations and, 159; Site Location Study and, 173
Goodrich, Earl, 184
Gorneau, Norma, 48, 107, 238, 271
Greene, Jerry: archeological research and, 93, 95, 98–99, 102–106, 123, 127; Black Kettle’s village and, 153, 154, 181–183; Bonsall as source and, 145, 150, 166; conclusions about site location, 138–139; described, 83; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 274; National Park Service map of site and, 166, 168; OIW and, 220; Sand Creek Internet forum and, 222; Site Location Study and, 166–169; written history records and, 88–89
Greenwood, A. B., 131
Grinnell, George Bird, 34, 41, 42, 110, 143
Hafen, Leroy, 53–54
Halaas, David, 46, 72, 78, 99; Black Kettle’s village location and, 152–154; Civil War monument and, 76, 78–79, 201–202; initial search for site and, 44–45, 49, 50, 60; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 276; management of memorial and, 272; oral history research and, 109, 110, 112, 114; Soule-Cramer letters and, 174, 177–178, 269
Hale, Irving, 74
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 38
Harden, David, 60–61
Harjo, Suzan Shown, 233–234, 245–246
Harlan, James, 171, 172
Hartmann, James, 56–57
Hawkins, Kish, 157
Hersch, Seymour, 211
Heye, George, 244–246
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 213, 214
Hillard, Steve, 233–239, 241, 247, 253
Howitzer shell artifact: Bowens and, 123, 186; Chivington’s story of massacre and, 11; National Park Service research and, 105, 126–127, 137; Red Cherries and, 129
Howland, John, 74
Human remains: archaeological research and, 121–122, 231; Bonsall’s treatment of, 100, 144–145, 150; Chivington’s treatment of, 267; National Park Service treatment of, 133; repatriation of, 149, 179, 253, 257–259, 263–267
Hungate, Ellen, 17, 66, 147–148, 216
Hungate, Nathan Ward, 147–148, 216
Hunt, Edward, 213
Hutton, Paul, 212
Hyde, George, 34, 36–39, 40, 41, 94, 95, 98–99, 110, 143
Indian Country Today, 233
Indian Wars, 35, 37–38, 41–42, 170–173, 225
Inouye, Daniel, 245
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 213–218, 221
Jackson, Jesse, Jr., 208
Jackson, William Sharpless, 213
Jacobs, Ruthanna, 191
Jarman, John, 157–158
Johnson, Rod, 188–189
Johnson, Steve, 203
Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (JCCW), 194–195
Kelly, Bliss, 157
Kempthorne, Dirk, 261–262
Kern, August “Pete,” 122, 129
Kiowa County, Colorado: Alexa Roberts and, 221–222, 228, 248; population loss in, 7; Sand Creek forum on website of, 221–228, 241–242, 250–251. See also Eads, Colorado
Koury, Mike, 79, 218–219
Lamar Daily News, 53
Lame Man, 113
Lask, Thomas, 210–211
Lean Bear, 35, 37, 39, 147
Left Hand: Chivington’s story of massacre and, 11; massacre and, 67; Soule’s story of massacre and, 23, 25, 29; treaties and, 131
Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Limerick), 90
Life of George Bent: Written from His Letters (Hyde), 38–39, 40, 42, 95, 144
Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 89–93, 177–178, 268–271
Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 279
Little Arkansas, Treaty of (1865), reparations promised in, 33, 50, 69, 70, 80, 155–161, 173, 177, 233, 234, 237, 245–246, 253
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 38, 64, 83, 84, 218, 228, 260
Little Coyote, Eugene, 32
Little Raven, 14, 118, 131, 156
Little Wolf, 37, 260
Lobode, Modupe, 202, 203–204
Lonebear, Lee, 263, 265
Lucky Star Casino, 231–232
MacNabb, Sandy, 212
Mankiller, Wilma, 243
Martinez, Robert, 76, 201, 203
Masich, Andy, 45, 49
Meeker, Nathan, 215
Meier, Tom, 113–114, 155
Memorials, generally: history of neglect of Native Americans and, 4–5; unifying purpose of, 3–4
Michno, Greg, 224–228
Mooney, James, 34, 41, 110, 143
Moonlight, Thomas, 38, 192, 193
Moorhead, Paul, 246–247
Morris, Toby, 157
Morrow, William, 175–176
Morton, Samuel, 15
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 245
Muckle, Pat, 57–58
Museum of the American Indian, 244
Musgrave, Marilyn, 21–22, 247
National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), 243–246
National Park Service: Bomar on role of, 20–21; Charles Pinckney National Historic Site and, 62–63; Site Location Study, 151–152, 152, 164–170, 168, 169, 173, 182, 273; “willing sellers” and property acquisition, 69–70, 103. See also Frost, Rick; Roberts, Alexa; Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site; Sutteer, Barbara
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 149, 177, 245, 264–265
Nebraska City News, 195
Neeley, Curt, 250–251
New York Tribune, 214, 215
Nichols, David, 90–93
Noel, Tom, 78, 79
Northern Arapaho representatives. See Ridgely entries
Northern Cheyenne representatives. See Brady, Steve; Braided Hair, Otto
Norton, Gale, 254
Omaha World-Herald, 181
Order of the Indian Wars (OIW), 207–208, 218–220, 221–224, 228
Oswald, Donald, 6, 7, 18
Owens, Bill, 238, 239
Owl Woman, 16, 33, 95
OYATE, 90–93
Patterson, Thomas “T. M.,” 74
Pawnee Killer, 37
Pearson, Phyllis, 211
Pea
rson, Sharon, 221, 228, 241
Pedro, James, 234–235
Pedro, Lee, 248, 249–250, 251, 258
Perot, H. Ross, 244
Perry, Robert, 124
Pikes Peak Adventure League, 64
Pike’s Peak Pioneers of ’58, 17–18
Pinckney, Charles, 62–63
Pitcaithley, Dwight, 220
Pope, John, 170–172, 176
Presentism, in study of history, 93
Prucha, Francis Paul, 210
Quantrill, William, 23–24
Ramona (Helen Hunt Jackson), 218
Randolph, Smoke, 226, 227
Rebeck, Linda, 174
Red Cherries, Mildred, 49–50, 107, 129–132, 141
Red Power Movement, 29, 42, 90, 128–129, 211
Red Woman, Arbutus, 117
Reparations. See Little Arkansas, Treaty of
Repatriation, of remains. See under Human remains
Revolutionary War, U.S. creation narratives and, 278
Ridgely, Ben, 154–155
Ridgely, Eugene, Jr., 47, 64, 113, 258
Ridgely, Eugene, Sr., 47, 64, 113, 258
Ridgely, Gail, 47, 64, 258; Black Kettle’s village location and, 154–155; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 276; oral history research and, 113; reparations and, 159; Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Establishment Act and, 180
Ritter, Bill, 18–20
Roberts, Alexa, 135, 219; Bowens and, 186–187; Colorado National Guard visit to site and, 230–231; Dawson property and, 199, 207, 232, 251–256; Hillard’s casino project and, 235–238; Jeff Campbell’s theory of Sand Creek location and, 275, 276, 277; Kiowa County residents and, 221–222, 228, 248; Lee Pedro’s remarks about September 11 and, 249; management of memorial and, 84, 186, 258, 260–261, 268, 269–272; OIW and, 220; oral history research and, 85, 107, 110–121, 134, 160; Sand Creek Trust Act and, 247; September 11 and renewed concerns about memorial, 189–190; unable to open site, 239, 240, 243
Roberts, Gary, 50, 83, 88, 93, 174, 276
Rocky Mountain News, 61, 131, 149, 176, 191–192, 195, 215–217
Rogers, Jerry, 62, 63
Russell, Jerry, 207–208, 212–213, 218–220, 221, 222; Sand Creek Internet forum and, 223–224, 227, 228
Rutledge, Levi, 52
Sacred Arrow Keeper, 33, 143; consecration ceremony of, 65, 68, 140–141, 267, 278