67. N. Tarrier, L. Yusupoff, C. Kinner, E. McCarthy, A. Gladhill, G. Haddock and J. Morris (1998) ‘A randomized controlled trial of intense cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic schizophrenia’, British Medical Journal, 317: 303–7.
68. The trial design is described in S. Lewis, N. Tarrier, G. Haddock, R. P. Bentall, P. Kinderman, D. Kingdon, R. Siddle, R. Drake, J. Everitt, K. Leadley, A. Benn, K. Grazebrook, C. Haley, S. Akhtar, L. Davies, S. Palmer, B. Faragher and G. Dunn (2002) ‘Randomised, controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy in early schizophrenia: acute phase outcomes’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 181 (Supplement 43): s91–s97. The 18-month outcome report is in preparation for publication at the time of writing.
69. A. Gumley, K. Power, M. O’Grady, L. Mcnay, J. Reilly, K. Athanasios, A. Tait, Z. Chouliara and C. White (in press) ‘A randomised controlled trial of targeted cognitive behaviour therapy: effects on relapse at 12 months’, Psychological Medicine.
70. D. H. Lam, J. Bright, S. Jones, P. Hayward, N. Schuck, D. Chisholm and P. Sham (2000) ‘Cognitive therapy for bipolar illness: a pilot study of relapse prevention’, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24: 503–20; A. Perry, N. Tarrier, R. Morriss, E. McCarthy and K. Limb (1999) ‘Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment’, British Medical Journal, 318: 149–53; J. Scott, A. Garland and S. Moorhead (2001) ‘A pilot study of cognitive therapy in bipolar disorder’, Psychological Medicine, 31: 459–67.
71. R. J. Wyatt (1995) ‘Early intervention in schizophrenia: can the course of illness be altered?’, Biological Psychiatry, 38: 1–3.
72. R. J. Drake, C. J. Haley, S. Akhtar and S. W. Lewis (2000) ‘Causes of duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 511–15.
73. A. R. Yung, L. J. Phillips, P. D. McGorry, C. A. McFarlane, S. Francey, S. Harrigan, G. C. Patton and H. J. Jackson (1998) ‘Prediction of psychosis: a step towards indicated prevention of psychosis’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 172 (Supplement 33): 14–20.
74. P. D. McGorry, L. J. Phillips, A. R. Yung, S. Francey, D. Germano, J. Bravin, A. MacDonald, N. Hearn, P. Amminger and L. O’Dwyer (2000) ‘A randomized controlled trial of interventions in the pre-psychotic phase of psychotic disorders’, Schizophrenia Research, 41: 9; P. D. McGowry, A. R. Yung, L. J. Phillips, H. P. Yen, S. Francey, E. M. Cosgrave, D. Germano, J. Bravin, T. McDonald, A. Blair, S. Adlard and H. J. Jackson (2002) ‘Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 59: 921–8.
75. J. L. Rosen, S. W. Woods, J. Miller-Tandy and T. H. McGlashan (2002) ‘Prospective observations of emerging psychosis’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190: 133–41.
76. R. P. Bentall and A. P. Morrison (2002) ‘More harm than good: the case against using antipsychotic drugs to prevent severe mental illness’, Journal of Mental Health, 11: 351–6.
77. A. P. Morrison, R. P. Bentall, P. French, L. Walford, A. Kilcommons, A. Knight, M. Kreutz and S. W. Lewis (2002) ‘A randomised controlled trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high risk individuals: study design and interim analysis of transition rate and psychological risk factors’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 181 (Supplement 43): s78–s84.
78. R. P. Bentall (1992) ‘A proposal to classify happiness as a psychiatric disorder’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 18: 94–8; K. W. M. Fulford (2002) ‘Values in psychiatric diagnosis: executive summary of a report to the chair of the ICD-12/DSM-VI coordination taskforce (dateline 2010)’, Psychopathology, 35:132–8;P. Sedgwick (1982) Psychopolitics. London: Pluto Press.
79. Of course, for many people, this is a big if. However, the popular perception, fostered by the massmedia, that psychosis very often leads to dangerous behaviour, is ill founded. For recent discussions of the evidence, see: A. O’Kane and R. P. Bentall (2000) ‘Psychosis and offending’, in J. McGuire, T. Mason and A. O’Kane (eds.), Behaviour, Crime and Legal Processes: A Guide for Forensic Practitioners. London: Wiley, pp. 161–76; P. Taylor and P. J. Gunn (1999) ‘Homicides by people with mental illness: myth and reality’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 174: 9–14.
Index
abnormal beliefs 28
Abraham, Karl 277
Abrams, R. 65
Abramson, Lyn 239–41, 240n, 243, 244n, 245, 247, 265, 415
acculturation 475–6
acetylcholine 155, 167, 514
adolescence 489–92
adoption studies 77–8, 105, 443, 471, 513
aetiological factors 407
family relationships 467–74
social environment 474–7
trauma 477–83
affect
flat 219–20, 224–6, 523
negative 215–18
positive 215–18
in schizophrenia 24
affect-logic disorders 228–9
affective blunting 219–20, 224–6, 523
affective reactivity 513
affective style 426, 467, 513
Afro-Caribbean community, British 127–8, 308, 474–5
age at onset of psychosis 436–8, 462–3
agranulocytosis 501, 502
akathisia 500, 501, 513–14
Akins, Kathleen 363
Akiskal, H. S. 103–4, 108–9
Al-Issa, Ihsan 133, 356
alien abduction beliefs 100
alleles 76, 445, 514
dominant/recessive 445
expressivity 445–6, 522
penetrance 445–6, 528
Allen, John 126–7
Alloy, Lauren 239–40, 244n, 245, 264, 282–3
alogia 220
Alpert, Murray 225–6, 357
Alzheimer, Alois 155
Amador, Xavier 496
ambivalence in schizophrenia 24
ambivalent attachment 514
American Psychiatric Association (APA) 42
and classification 45, 46
Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics 55
Amish people 448
amphetamine 170–71, 173
amygdala 190
Andreasen, Nancy 101, 114, 145, 220, 276, 381, 383, 389, 396, 535
angiography 156
Angrist, Burt 170
Angst, Jules 103
anhedonia 105, 219–20, 227–8, 514
anorexia nervosa 139, 520
anti-cholinergic drugs 514
anti-depressants 89
anti-psychiatry movement 116, 151–4
anti-psychotics see neuroleptics
anxiety, in schizophrenia 206
anxiety disorders 327–8
anxiolytics 89
APA see American Psychiatric Association apathy 220
appraisal
and depression 239–47
and emotion 207–8
and the self 248–50
Aretaeus 273
armed conflict 479–80
Asarnow, Joan 456
Ash, Philip 48–9
ASQ 241–2, 253, 284–5, 318–20, 334, 600
associations in schizophrenia 23
associative links 397
asthenic build 104
astrology 67–8, 459n asylums 2, 4–6, 7, 537
asyndesis 380
attachment relationships 467, 468–71, 486, 514, 515, 520
attachment representations 469–70
attention 182–9, 220, 514
and delusions 313–15
and paranoia 340–41
attribution self-representation cycle 254–62, 337–40, 416
attributional style 241–7, 515
Attributional Style Questionnaire 241–2, 253, 284–5, 318–20, 334, 600
attributions 240–47, 515
and delusions 318–22
external 320–22, 525
external-personal 320–21, 331,
338, 340–43
external-situational 320–21, 331, 337–8
family influences 472–3
generation of 254–62
implicit 334–6
internal 241, 243–4, 280, 320, 525
of relatives 426
auditory association cortex 363
autism 24, 191–2, 193
autonomy 253, 515
avoidant attachment 515, 520
Ayton, Peter 324
backward masking effect 185–6, 187, 486, 515–16
Baker, Caroline 376
Baker, Gus 369
Bannister, Donald 142
Barber, Theodore 357
Barch, Deanna 396, 399
Barr, Cathy 448–9
Barrett, Tim 97
Barrowclough, Christine 331, 425, 426, 506
BAS 287, 516
Bateson, Geoffrey 466
Bauer, Mark 417
Baumeister, Roy 199, 200
Bayesian reasoning 323n Bebbington, Paul 423, 430, 432
Beck, Aaron 239, 247, 250, 252, 253, 507
behavioural activation system 287, 516
behavioural inhibition system 287
behaviourism 45, 45n, 516
belief formation 304, 305
Bellack, Alan 180, 227, 228
Belmaker, R. H. 500n Benedetti, Francesco 289
benefits of psychosis 111–12
benzodiazepines 89
bereavement and hallucinations 358–60
Berenbaum, Howard 225, 396, 399, 441
Berger, Hans 154, 161
Berk, Laura 197
Berrios, German 302, 349, 406
Berry, John 475–6
Bhugra, Dinesh 128, 475
Binding, Karl 30n biographical method 27
biological psychiatry 9, 150–78, 203
and depression 265–8
and paranoia 343–4
biological time-bomb hypothesis 437–8, 453–63, 489
bipolar disorder 36, 37, 38, 516
comorbidity with schizophrenia 70–71
depression in 234
genetics 448, 450
mixed episodes 274
outcome 86–7
range of outcomes 85–6
remitted patients 279–83
subclinical 108–9
subtypes 69
unpredictability of course 84, 85
see also manic depression
Birchwood, Max 206, 355, 356, 413, 507
Birley, Jim 421, 430
BIS 287
Blackwood, Nigel 344
Blanchard, Jack 227, 228
Blashfield, Roger 63
Bleuler, Eugen 19–25, 35, 37, 39, 96, 101, 104, 276, 277, 378, 379–80, 389n, 397–8, 489
Bleuler, Manfred 19, 20, 84–5, 86
blood-oxygen-level-dependent response 162, 515, 523
Bodner, Ehud 341
BOLD response 162, 516, 523
borderline personality disorder 106, 108–10
Borges, Jorge Luis 67
boundaries
and creativity/genius 111–15
and cross-cultural differences 131–8
and perspective 115–17
and psychosis-proneness 104–10
Bourguignon, Erika 133
Bouricius, Jean 224–5
Bowen-Jones, Kim 257
Bowins, B. 331
Bowlby, John 468
Boyle, Mary 39
BPRS 548
Braff, David 186
brain
activity 161–7
anatomy 154–61
asymmetry 568
cerebral lateralization 164–5
chemistry 167–74
development 446–7
early damage 458–63
foetal damage 156
functional imaging 161–7, 523
late development 453
modular information-processing 193–8
neural pruning 453
post-mortem studies 155–6
and self-recognition 201
size 189–90
structural imaging 156–60, 174, 534
Brebion, Gildas 369, 372
Brentano, Franz 540–41
Brewin, Chris 426
Bridgeman, Percy 527
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale 548
brief psychotic disorder 69
Broca, Paul 362
Broca’s area 362, 363
Brockington, Ian 65, 87, 88, 481
Brodmann, Korbinian 374n
Brodmann area 32 374
Brothers, Leslie 190
Brown, George 221, 421–2, 429–30, 431, 486
Buckman, Rob 3n Butler, Samuel 120
Cade, John 92
Calverley, David 357
Camberwell Family Interview 422, 423
Cameron, Norman 380
Candido, Carmie 332
Cannon, Walter 211
Capgras, Joseph 299, 309–10
Capgras syndrome 299, 309–11, 314, 315, 516–17
carbamazepine 89
Carlsson, Arvid 170, 171
Carmichael, H. 48
Carothers, John 122–3
Carpenter, William T. 65, 83–4, 223
Carstairs, Morris 421
Cartwright, Samuel 136
case studies 235n Cassidy, Frederick 274
catatonia 14, 15
categories of disorder 69–71
category-relatedness effect 397
causal processes 406–8
CAVEing 243 Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, The 67
cerebral lateralization 164–5, 517
cerebral ventricles 157–60, 174, 517, 536
CFI 422, 423
Chadwick, Paul 297, 339, 355, 356, 507
Chadwick, Peter 298
Chaika, Elaine 394
chaos theory 339
chaotic systems 417–18
Chapman, James 183
Chapman, Jean 106–7, 108, 181, 220, 312–13, 381, 387
Chapman, Loren 106–7, 108, 181, 220, 312–13, 381, 387
chess playing 193–4
child abuse 478–9
childbirth 481
complications 458–9
chlorpromazine 89, 90–91, 169, 170, 49 501, 502–3, 644
chromosomes 444
chronic fatigue syndrome 139, 520
Churchland, Patricia 541
Churchland, Paul 541
Ciompi, Luc 84, 85, 86, 229, 229n
circadian dysrhythmia 267–8, 517
circadian rhythms 266–7, 517
Claridge, Gordon 107, 108, 109, 110, 114–15, 415
Clark, Lee Anna 219
classification 94
consensus model 37, 38
and diagnostic reliability 43, 44–56, 63–6
and functional relationships 410–14
international consensus 45–7
Kraepelin’s theories 12–16, 42–3, 95, 140, 141, 410–11
Meyer’s views 45
operational definitions 47, 527
vanishing consensus effect 64–6
clinical outcome 83–4
clinical psychologists 3n, 517–18
closure 326–7
clozapine 502–3, 571
cluster analysis 547
Cobb, James 122–3
cognitive behaviour therapy 507–9, 518
cognitive bias 182, 518
cognitive deficit 181–2, 182–9, 222–3, 518
cognitive neuropsychiatry 142
cognitive slippage 105
cognitive therapy xii
Cohen’s kappa 55, 55n, 56, 64
cohesion analysis 390–92
cohesive ties 390–92, 518
cohort studies 457–8, 518
Colby, Kenneth 295, 331
collectivist societies and the self 201
Colombo, Christina 289
Coltheart, Max 317
combat veterans 136–7
communication deviance 442–3, 467–8, 471–2, 518
see also thought disorder Communication Disturbance Index 145, 392, 393
comorbidity 69–71, 519
comparative psychiatry 18
complaints see symptoms computed tomography 157–60, 519
concordance 78–9, 519
confirmation bias 305
congenital abnormalities 77n Connell, Philip 170
Content Analysis of Verbal Explanations 242–3
Continuous Performance Test 184–5, 186, 187, 223, 486, 514, 519
contrived failure experience 257–8, 257n controls, matched 159
coping skills 262–5, 289–90
enhancement 508, 519
Copolov, David 144
Corcoran, Rhiannon 316–17
Cornblatt, Barbara 455, 490–91
corpus callosum 160, 568
Corrigan, Patrick 203
Cotard, Jules 299
Cotard syndrome 299, 314, 315, 519
CPT 184–5, 186, 187, 223, 486, 514, 519
creativity and psychosis 112–15
cross-cultural studies 118–40
attributions 321n
delusions 300
depression 236–7
emotions 214–15
hallucinations 356–7
Crow, Tim 73, 81–2, 87, 93, 94, 158, 164, 203, 221–2, 354, 450
CT scanning 157–60, 519
culture
and delusions 300
and depression 236–7
and emotions 214–15
and hallucinations 356–7
and psychiatric illness 118–40
culture-bound syndromes 130–31, 139, 519–20
Cutting, John 298
CVD Project245–6,246n, 253, 261–2,473
cycloid psychosis 36
cyclothymic personality 104
Dale, Henry 155
Dalgliesh, Tim 207, 208
Darwin, Charles 209
DAS 253, 280–81, 336
David, Tony 201, 314
Davidson, Richard 265
Davis, Penelope 312
deficit syndrome 223–4
Delay, Jean 91, 93
delusional disorder 69, 297n, 520, 528
delusional perception 28, 33
delusions 16, 293–6
and abnormal beliefs 28, 29
anomalous perception model 308–13, 411–13
and attention 313–15
and attributions 318–22
clustering with hallucinations 72
cross-cultural differences 130, 132–3
definitions 301–2, 520
as distortions of truth 305–8
and epistemological impulsivity 323–7
and the evaluation of hypotheses 323–7
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