It Began with Babbage
Page 46
Brooker, R.A. 249, 262n
Brooks, F.P. 42n, 146n, 148n, 156n, 218, 224n, 250, 262n, 264n, 280, 288
Bruner, J. 174n, 240n
brute-force search 167–168
Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 159
Burfee, B.M. 69, 73
Burke, P. 285n
Burks, A.C. 103, 105n, 106n, 107n, 283
Burks, A.W. 90, 93, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105n, 106n, 107n, 110, 115, 127, 131n, 132n, 137, 147n, 150, 193, 220n, 283, 288
Burroughs Corporation B5500 259
bus 179
Bush, V. 92, 93, 96, 105n, 288
business computing 31, 203–204, 215, 235
Butterfield, E.C. 240n
Butterfield, H. 7, 8n, 28
Buxton, J.N. 264, 275n
Byron, Lord 24, 48
Cajori, F. 217
Calculating Instruments and Machines 173
calculating machine 9, 21, 34, 35, 60, 89
calculus 9, 13, 46, 65, 67, 193, 217, 272
Caldwell, S.H. 93, 96, 121, 288
Cambridge University Computer Laboratory vii, 132n, 181
Campbell, D.T. 79n
Campbell-Kelly, M. 16n, 23, 26n, 27n
Cannadine, D. 285n
capacitor 94, 95, 98, 243
CAR function in LISP
card reader 256
cardinal numbers 45
Cardwell, D.S.L. viii, 26n
Carlson, S. 238n
Carnegie Institute of Technology 205, 226, 273, 284
Carnegie-Mellon University 205, 226, 273, 284
Carr, E.H. 277, 285n
Carr, J.W. III 205
Carry look-ahead adder 18
Casti, J.L. 58n, 59n, 129n
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 124, 125
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 57, 77, 120, 122
CDDR function in LISP 237
CDR function in LISP 237
cellular automata theory 165
census data 30, 31, 32, 33
Central Limit Theorem 49
central processing unit 256, 257
Cesareo, O. 79n, 80n
Chadwick, W. 27n, 285n
Chandrasekaran, B. vii
Charniak, E. 176n
Chaudhuri, S. 147n, 176n
checkers 235
Cherry, C. 175n
chess 167–169, 228–229
Chomsky, N. 171, 190, 205, 211–213, 223n, 229, 246, 261n, 288
Chomskyan revolution 211
Chomskyan linguistics 190, 213
Church, A. 56, 57, 58, 59n, 113, 288
Church’s thesis 56
City College of New York 211
Clark, W.A. 263n, 264n
Clement, J. 13, 288
Clingen, C.T. 264n
clock pulse 182
closed subroutine 143, 150
COBOL programming language 204, 215, 216, 254, 255
COBOL standards 204
Cocke, J. 221n
code breaking 57, 76
code generation 202, 248, 249
code optimization 202, 249
coding 135, 138
cognition 162, 166
cognitive capacity 72
cognitive history 282, 283
cognitive map 114
cognitive science 162, 235
cognitive style 154
Coleridge, S.T. 10
collator 34
Colossus Mark II 77
Colossus series of computers 77, 78, 79, 85, 87, 89, 90, 95, 103, 121
Columbia University 68, 149, 195
Columbia University School of Mines 30
combinational circuit 243–244
combinatorial cards 21
combinatorics 77
commercial digital computer 178
Committee on Data Systems Languages (CODOSYL) 204
communication 128, 135, 171, 191, 260, 279
communication theory 165
Communications of the ACM 191, 206, 207, 253, 254, 266, 280
communicative aspect of computer science 279–281
comparing (information) 35
Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) 260
compiler 196, 197, 201–202, 204, 216, 246, 247–249, 254, 255
compiler generating system 249
compiler writing 202, 249
compiler-compiler 249
completeness of mathematics 45
complex number 61
complexity 137, 138, 145, 179, 197, 201, 215, 260, 266, 284
computability 50–56, 57, 113, 245
computable number 50, 58
computation 1, 2, 10, 21, 25, 31, 60, 68, 70, 98, 112, 137, 150, 159, 241, 278
Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines 245, 281
computational artifact 3, 4, 8, 11, 29, 85, 127, 134, 141, 145, 150, 151, 178, 196, 245, 253, 281, 282
computational complexity 254
computational mentality 72
computational paradigm 83, 119, 123, 127, 190, 227, 245, 281
computational plan 74, 75, 85, 86
computational power 214
computational process 138
computational schema 115
computational thinking 193
computer 17, 22, 29, 50, 56, 57, 60, 62, 70, 74, 84, 89, 90, 94, 98, 104, 115, 116, 149, 167, 202, 284
computer architecture 4, 18, 21, 22, 28, 56, 76, 85, 91, 96, 98, 100, 111, 112, 113, 122, 126, 139, 142, 145, 183, 219, 250–251, 278, 281
computer center 256
computer checkers 235
computer chess 79, 166–169, 171, 193, 228–229, 234
computer culture 89, 91, 98, 150, 204, 255, 256
computer design 65, 66, 179, 185, 186
computer family 250
Computer Group (IEEE) 280
Computer Group News 280
computer hardware description language 219
Computer Journal 207, 254, 280
computer mathematics 150
computer program 4, 20, 21, 145
computer science vii, viii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 17, 18, 23, 28, 38, 39, 48, 56, 71, 77, 84, 91, 111, 150, 154, 162, 165, 169, 181, 190, 204, 206, 214, 227, 235, 241, 242, 251, 252, 270, 277, 278, 280, 283
computer science degree programs 241, 284
computer science departments 241
computer science textbooks 251, 280
computer scientist 241
computer society 129
computer technology 150, 181
computer utility 260
computerized typography 252
computing 17, 28, 29, 35, 39, 50, 60, 86, 115, 149, 241, 278
computing machine 11, 15, 25, 38, 39, 55, 60, 66, 68, 75, 76, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 124, 145, 162, 163, 164, 234
computing periodicals 129
computing science 150, 241, 278
Computing Surveys 280
Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) 33
Comrie, L.J. 68, 72, 80n, 121, 129, 288
conceptual problem 181, 188n
conditional branch 76, 78, 193, 199, 208, 272
Conference on High-Speed Automatic Calculating Machines (Cambridge, UK) 129, 142, 270
conjecture and refutation 172
CONS function in LISP 237
consistency of mathematics 44, 45, 47
constant transmitter (ENIAC) 100
contex-free grammar 214, 246–247, 249
context-free language 214, 246–247
context-sensitive grammar 247
context-sensitive language 247
continuous process 279
control signal 182, 245
control store 183, 185, 186
control unit 22, 63, 70, 97, 138, 139, 179–185, 188n, 243, 245
Coombs, A. 77
cooperating sequential process 269
Copernicus 279
copying 35
Corbató, F.J. 260, 264n, 288
counter circuit 95
counting 30, 31
Cowles Commission for Research in Economics 226
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br /> craftsman-as-maker 23, 142
Craik, K. 158, 166, 168, 174n, 233, 234, 288
creativity vii, 13, 15, 19, 28, 79n, 102, 138, 154, 181, 182, 185
criticism and its role in science 207
Crowther, J.G. 59n
cryptography 77, 170
Ctesibius 39
cultural gap 202
cultural evolution 60, 61
cultural history 282, 283
culture 61, 138, 196, 203, 282
Curie, J. 118, 288
Curie, P. 118, 288
curiosity as a creative force 100
cybernetics 157, 158, 167, 179, 226
d’Andrade, R. 131n
Dahl, O.-J. 223n, 276n
Daley, R.C. 263n
Dark Ages 28–29
Dartmouth College 234
Darwin, C. 13, 29
Darwinian paradigm 116, 127
Dasgupta, S. 16n, 26n, 27n, 79n, 80n, 106n, 131n, 155n, 156n, 188n, 189n, 224n, 238n, 262n, 285n
data 142, 144
data file 204
data flow computing 242
data object 192
data processing 29, 30–31, 34–35, 38, 68, 69, 70, 87, 103, 136, 186, 203–204, 217
data structure 192, 198, 236, 249
data type 218
datalogy 278
Davis, M. 59n, 210, 261n
de Bakker, J. 276n
De Groot, A. 168, 176n, 288
de Lillo, D. 32, 42n
de Morgan, A. 24, 25, 65
de Solla Price, D. 220n
Dear, P. 8n
debugging 267
decidability 45, 47, 57, 245
decimal machine 22, 70, 73
decimal system 73, 76, 86, 95, 153
decision making 227, 228, 230, 233
declarative knowledge 151
decryption 76, 77
definition of computer science 150
definitions 270, 279
DeMillo, R. 261n
demographic data 30
Denning, P.J. 155n, 262n, 263n
Dennis, J.B. 259, 261n, 263n, 289
Descartes, R. 41, 166
descriptive theory 116
design 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 29, 36, 38, 60, 65, 73, 75, 86, 87, 96, 97, 104, 109, 110, 126, 127, 135, 139, 142, 146, 149, 178, 183, 185, 197, 201, 242, 245, 268, 281, 282
Difference Engine 11, 12, 13, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 35, 38, 56, 87
difference table 12
differential analyzer 92–94, 96, 97, 100, 103, 121, 123, 158
differential equation 62, 63, 92, 96, 103, 112, 120, 152, 169, 217, 229, 230, 279
digital computer & computing 22, 57, 62, 68, 71, 77, 91, 95, 98, 121, 158, 162
Digital Computer Programming 280
Digital Equipment Corporation 132n
digital technology 34, 73, 100
Dijkstra, E.W. 265–271, 275, 275n, 276n, 289
Dingwaney, A. 147n
diode matrix 181–183
diode technology 66, 75, 95, 182, 243
Diophantine equation 47
Discourse on Method (Descartes) 41
discovering 226
disk memory 256
dissatisfaction as a creative force 17, 30, 68, 97, 100, 109
divide and rule 225, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272
divider 98
division 112
DO statement 199, 200
Donaldson, M. 155n
Doran, R.W. 224n
drum memory 125, 256, 258
Eelement 161
Earl of Rosse 18, 26n
Earley, J. 223n, 262n
Eastern Association for Computing Machinery 129, 133n
Eckert, J.P. 93, 94, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106n, 110, 111, 115, 117, 118, 127, 130n, 289
Eckert, W.J. 68, 71, 72, 74, 94, 129, 289
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation 102, 178, 203
Eckhouse, R.H. 189n
Econometrica 226
economic decision making 227
economic theory 228
Eddington, A.S. 48
Edison, T.A. 33
EDSAC 2 184–186
EDVAC report 110–113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 134, 146, 161, 250, 278
Edwards, D.B.G. 263n
effective procedure 55, 56, 252
Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich 76, 193, 195, 205
Einstein, A. 46, 58, 91, 108
electric typewriter 70
electrical technology 86
electrical telegraphy 42n
electromagnetic relay 75
electromagnetics 41, 86, 134
electromechanical age 68
electromechanical computing 30, 34, 61, 62, 73, 75, 87, 101, 134, 186, 195
electronic age 28, 34
electronic brain 171
electronic computer & computing 29, 74, 77, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 109, 121, 149
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) vii, 119, 120, 122–124, 127, 129, 134, 140, 142–146, 150–153, 166, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187n, 191, 193, 194, 202, 229, 241, 270, 278
Electronic Discrete Variable Arithmetic Computer (EDVAC) 110, 113, 117, 127, 128, 136, 225, 241
electronic industry 186
electronic mail 260
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) 89–91, 94, 97–104, 108, 109–110, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 171, 229
electronic switching speed 256, 257
electronic technology 73, 74, 77, 86, 90, 96, 97, 103, 109
electrostatic storage tube 117, 124, 125, 127, 129
empirical computer science 181
empirical problem 181, 188n
empirical statement 116
empirical system 162
emulation 250–251
engineering 3, 206
English electric computers 33
ENIAC patent 102–103
ENIAC schema 116
Enigma (encryption machine) 77
Entscheidungsproblem 47, 49–51, 55, 58, 112, 113, 117, 162, 192, 270, 278
epistemology 39
Essays in Automatics 167
Essinger, J. 26n
Euclid of Alexandria 44, 252
Euclid’s axioms 45, 278
Euclid’s Elements 44, 252
Euler programming language 215
Euler, L. 24
European Enlightenment 24
evaluation function 168
evolution 3, 17, 34, 60, 63, 71, 87, 99, 127, 215
evolutionary biology 26n, 60
evolutionary family of computers 60, 76, 78, 87
evolutionary nature of creativity 79n, 99, 100
exhaustive search 167–168, 230, 233
experiment 87, 96, 109, 120, 126, 127, 183, 281
Experimentum cruces 120
exponent 82n
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) 34
fact 116, 151
Falkoff, A. 218, 224n, 289
falsifiabilty of scientific theory 270
Faster than Thought 227
Feigenbaum, E.A. 176n
Fermi, E. 72
Ferranti Limited 178
Ferranti Mark I 178, 195, 258
ferrite core memory 185, 243
Findlay, A. 16n
finite machine 21
finite state grammar 246–247
finite state language 246–247
finite state machine/automaton 243, 245–247
firing table 92, 93, 103, 104
First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 110, 111
Fisker, R.G. 224n
flexibility 182, 183
flip-flop circuit 95, 243
floating-point arithmetic 62, 73, 81n, 193
floating-point representation 75, 85
flow diagram 137–139, 143, 178, 191, 271
flow of control 139, 201, 209
flow of information 201
FLOW-MATIC system 204
&
nbsp; flowchart 22, 135, 273
Flowers, T.H. 77
Floyd-Hoare logic 273–275
Floyd, R.W. 223n, 261n, 262n, 273, 275, 276n, 289
fluid dynamics 109
For statement (Algol) 272
Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata 245
formal logic 108, 113
formal program verification 270–271, 273–275
formal system 45, 46, 162
Forrester, J. 182, 185, 289
FORTRAN Automatic Coding System 197, 198
FORTRAN Programmer’s Primer 198
FORTRAN Programmer’s Reference Manual 198, 199, 214
FORTRAN programming language and compiler 195–205, 215, 216, 217, 219, 236, 237, 255, 281
FORTRAN project 195, 196, 197, 204, 205
FORTRAN standards 204
fossil record 34
foundations of computing 56
Foundations of Geometry 44
foundations of mathematics 45, 48, 113
Frankel, S. 113, 131n
Freeman, P.A. 155n
Frieder, G. 189n
Fukuyama, F. 277, 285n
Fuller, S. 88n
function table 97, 100
functional behavior 162, 267
functional language 236
functional programming 242
Fundamental Algorithms 252, 254
Fujitsu 33
Galileo 111, 216
Galison, P. 8n
game playing 235
game theory 108, 167
Gaussian elimination method 95
general purpose computer 58, 63, 71, 85, 90, 91, 103, 104, 173, 191
general symbol processor 228
geometry 44, 225
Gerlenter, H. 235, 240n
German Aeronautical Research Institute 75
Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanic (GAMM) 205, 209
Giant Brains, or Machines That Think 171, 227
Gill, S. 146, 149–150, 152–154, 155n, 156n, 169, 178, 280, 281, 289
Ginsberg, S. 223n
Glass, R.L. 221n
Glennie, A. 195, 196
goal 3, 9, 60, 61
goal-driven 227
Gödel, K. 46, 47, 48, 55, 59, 91, 289
Gold, T. 122
Goldberg, R. 221n
Goldstine, A. 97, 104, 107n, 109, 129, 283, 289
Goldstine, H.H. 15n, 41n, 42n, 80n, 91, 93, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105n, 106n, 107n, 108, 109, 110, 115, 117, 121, 127, 129, 129n, 130n, 131n, 133n, 135, 137–139, 143, 146n, 147n, 150, 169, 178, 190, 191, 193, 196, 271, 283, 289
Gombrich, E.H. 114, 131n
Good, I.J. 77, 78, 82n
Gorman, M. 8n
Goto statement 208, 266
Gould, S.J. 26n, 105n, 155n
grammar 212–214, 246
grammar as a machine 246–247
Great Chain of Being 282
Green, J. 222n
Greenberg, J.H. 176n
Greibach, S. 223n
Gries, D.G. 276n
Gruber, H.E. 285n
Guide to FORTRAN Programming 280
Gutting, G. 88n
Haeckel, E. 99
Haibit, L.M. 221n
Hamilton, F.E. 69