Hamlet 217
hardware 146, 149, 150, 255
hardware language (Algol) 206
Hardy, G.H. 77, 266, 275n
harmonic analyzer 92
Harper, M.H. 220n
Harrison, E. 8n
Hartley, D.F. viii, 149
Hartmanis, J. 261n, 263n
Hartree, D.R. 120, 123, 173, 177n, 289
Harvard Mark I 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 89, 90, 129, 134, 141, 203
Harvard Mark II 73, 74, 89
Harvard University 68, 217, 244
Hawking, S. 10
Heisenberg, W. 47
Hero of Alexander 39, 40
Herrick, H. 220n, 221n
Herschel, C. 24
Herschel, J. 10, 11, 24
Herschel, W. 24
Hesse, M.B. 26n, 131n
heuristic 225–235
heuristic problem solving 266
heuristic programming 230
heuristic reasoning 225–235
heuristic search 230, 242
Hewett, M. 132n
hierarchical design 268–269, 272
hierarchical structure 139, 268–269
high level programming language 192, 196, 201, 202, 247, 255, 260
Hilbert, D. 44, 47, 49, 289
Hilbert’s axioms 45
Hilbert’s program 45, 46, 58, 76
Hilbert’s second problem 44, 45
Hilbert’s tenth problem 47
Hilbert’s third problem 49, 55
Hills, R.L. 16n, 26n
Hinds, J.A. 189n
history of computing 28, 29, 30, 34, 56, 58, 78, 84, 128, 166, 184, 196
History of Mathematical Notation 217
history of programming 252
Hixon Symposium on Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior 161
Hoare formula 274, 275
Hoare logic 273–275
Hoare, C.A.R. 273, 275, 276n, 289
Hodges, H. 43n, 59n, 82n, 130n, 131n
Holland, J. 26n
Hollerith system 68, 149
Hollerith, H. 30, 31, 33, 41n, 68, 87, 134, 149, 289
Holmes, R. 16n, 27n
Holy Grail of computing 71, 74, 83, 90, 112
Holyoak, K.J. 26n
Homunculus 183
Honeywell Corporation 102
Hooke, R. 128
Hopcroft, J.E. 245, 261n, 263n
Hopgood, F.R.A. 221n, 262n
Hopper, G.M. 69, 70, 71, 81n, 85, 141, 147n, 203–204, 222n, 283, 290
Horning, J.J. 262n
host machine 250
How to Solve It 225
Howlett, J.S. 82n, 88n, 105n, 130n, 131n, 219n
Huffman, D.A. 261
Hughes, R.A. 221n
Hughes, T.P. 260, 264n
human cognition 232
human intelligence 229
human problem solving 72, 233
human–human communication 191, 192, 201, 205, 206, 216
human–machine communication 191, 192, 205, 206, 216
human–machine symbiosis 33, 152, 154
hydrodynamics 109
hydrogen bomb 104
hypothesis 120, 151
IAS computer project 108, 127, 137, 179
IBM channel 256
IBM Hursley Laboratory 186
IBM OS/360 operating system 259, 260, 266
IBM plugboard relay machines 129
IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator 74
IBM Poughkeepsie Laboratory 235
IBM Selectric Sequence Electronic Calculator 74
IBM SHARE group 197
IBM System/360 series of computers 186, 218, 219, 250–251, 257, 258
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center 218
IBM 082 sorter 136
IBM 085 collator 136
IBM 407 accounting machine 31
IBM 601 multiplier 101
IBM 650 computer 236
IBM 701 computer 185, 195, 198, 228, 235
IBM 704 computer 185, 195–198, 236
IBM 709 computer 206, 257
IBM 7094 computer 257
iconoscope 117
ideation 13
identifier 209
IEEE Computer Society 280
IF statement 199
If then else statement 208, 272
IFIP Congress 207
Iliffe, J.K. 263n
Illinois Institute of Technology 226
imaginary number 61
imitation game 172
implementation 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 21, 86, 87, 96, 97, 104, 109, 110, 111, 112, 126, 141, 146, 183, 201, 216, 219, 250, 267, 281, 282
Incompleteness Theorem (Gödel) 47, 49
index card 21, 22
index number 37
index register 22, 125
inductive loop 138
Industrial Revolution 9, 256
infinite automaton 245
Informatik 241, 278
information 35, 40, 165
Information & Control 280
information science 278
information processing 233, 235
information processing factory 256
Information Processing Language (IPL) 236
information storage and retrieval 281
information structure 192
information technology 126
information theory 65, 165, 166, 167, 233, 280
informatique 241, 278
Ingermann, P.Z. 223n, 262n
initial orders 144–145, 151, 153
input 74, 103, 123, 125, 179, 244
input device 85, 97, 126, 144
input/output processor 256
Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton (IAS) 46, 58, 91, 108, 127, 179
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 39, 280
Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) 171, 280
instruction 112, 136, 137, 138, 142, 145, 153, 181, 182
instruction sequence 182, 183
instruction set 123, 186
integer 192
integer arithmetic 193
integrated circuit 243
integration 92, 96, 103
integrator 100
intellectual history 282, 283
intellectual tradition vii, 1, 24, 165, 242
intelligent machine 169, 234
Intelligent Machinery 172
interdisciplinarity 166
intermediate machine 194
International Business Machine Corporation (IBM) 33, 34, 68, 69, 87, 136, 195, 215, 221n
International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) 33
International Computers Limited (ICL) 33
International Congress of Mathematicians 44, 45
International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) 207, 215
International Standards Organization (ISO) 204
interpolation 62, 63
interpretation 55
interpreter 151, 154, 203, 219, 272–273
interpretive language 195, 219, 238
interpretive routine 153, 154
interrupt mechanism 256
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (Russell) 48
invention 12, 13, 15, 29, 102, 119, 143, 149, 158, 181, 185, 186, 225
inventionhood 102, 141
Iowa State College (Iowa State University) 94
IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers 280
is versus ought 116, 151
iteration (repetition) 21, 69, 99, 137, 138, 139, 193, 199, 218
Iverson, K.E. 42n, 146n, 148n, 156n, 216–219, 224n, 280, 290
Jacopo di Dondi 40
Jacquard loom 20, 21, 29, 36
Jacquard, J.-M. 20, 29, 36, 290
Janus 134
Jeffress, L.A. 174n
Jevons, W.S. 65
Jodeit, J.G. 263n
JOHNNIAC computer 236
Jones, C.B. 276n
Jones, J.C. 27n, 147n
Journal of the ACM 129, 280
Juley, J. 80n
Kasami, T. 223n
Katz, C. 222n
/> Kekulé, F.A. von 10
Kelvin (Lord) 92
Keynes, J.M. 49
keypunch 32, 34
Kilburn, T. 123–124, 132n, 149, 150, 162, 184, 187n, 258, 259, 263n, 290
King’s College, Cambridge 48, 49, 57, 119, 120
Kleene, S.C. 261n
know-how knowledge 151
know-that knowledge 151
knowledge 151
Knuth, D.E. 136, 146n, 147n, 192, 193, 195, 219n, 220n, 221n, 251–253, 261n, 262n, 263n, 281, 290
Koestler, A. 181, 188n, 196
Kohavi, Z. 261n
Koopmans, T.C. 238n
Koster, C.H.A. 224n
Kuhn, T.S. 83, 84, 88n, 91, 114, 119, 131n, 146, 242, 249, 259, 262n, 264n, 278, 285n, 290
laboratory society 57
LaCapra, D. 285n
Lachman, J.L. 240n
Lachman, R. 240n
Lakatos, I. 88n
Lake, C.D. 69, 73, 290
Lamarckian evolution 127
Landes, D.S. 43n
Landin, P.J. 272, 290
Langdon, G.G., Jr. 175n, 261n
language 136, 170, 193, 203, 212, 217, 246
language design 190, 196, 197, 200, 204, 216
language genus 198
language theory 280
language translator 145, 197
Lanigan, M.J. 263n
Laning, H. 195, 196, 203, 220n
Laplace, Comte de 24
Lardner, D. 15, 290
Larson, E. (Judge) 102, 107n
Lashley, K. 162
Latin 203
Laudan, L. 88n, 188n
Lavington, S.H. viii, 132n, 133n, 149, 155n, 187n, 220n, 261n
law of recapitulation 99
laws of physics 49–50, 134, 243
laws of science 151
Le Bourgois Gentilhomme 226
Lee, J.A.N. 221n, 262n
Leibniz, G.W. 9, 13, 24, 38, 290
Leibniz’s theme 9, 10, 31
Lennard-Jones, J. 121
levels of abstraction 135
levels of description 206
Lewis, P.M. II 263n
Lexeme 248
lexical analysis 247–248, 249
library science 281
liminal artifact 4, 8, 134, 141, 142, 145, 196, 201, 219, 234, 242, 250, 253, 255, 281
liminality 8n, 134, 136, 141, 146
Lindsay, C.H. 224n
linear equation 63, 94, 95, 96, 103
linguistic universals 171
linguistcs 211, 214
LISP programming language 236–238, 255, 272
List data structure 236
List processing language 236
literal (constant) 75
Little Science 196, 220n
loader 145, 151, 153, 203
logarithmic function 63, 112
logarithmic method of multiplication 37
logarithms 10, 29, 37
logic design 243, 244, 281
logic diagrams 22
Logic Theorist (LT) 229–234, 235, 236, 270
logical connective 231
logical design 111, 112, 180, 250
logical value 64
logical variable 65
London Mathematical Society 117, 141
long-term memory 124
look-ahead strategy 168
Los Alamos National Laboratory 109, 113
Lovejoy, A.E. 41n, 282, 285n
Lovelace, A.A., Countess of 18, 19, 21, 24–25, 26n, 27n, 36, 38, 41, 48, 65, 70, 85, 137, 138, 158, 173, 190, 194, 252, 290
Lowes, J.L. 16n
Lucas, K. 276n
Ludgate, P. 35–38, 40, 42n, 54, 290
Lyell, C. 111
Lyons, J. 223n
MacCullum, I.R. 262n
machine code 194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 206, 260
machine cognition 232
machine culture 138, 169
machine description language 218
machine independent programming language 192, 196, 201, 205, 216, 247
machine intelligence 234
machine language 170, 190, 201, 202
machine learning 173, 235
machine state 51, 244
machine translation 169–171
Maeir, C. 147n
magnetic tape 141
magnetophone 117
Mailloux, B.J. 224n
main memory 137
maintainability 181
Mallach, E. 187n
Manchester Atlas computer 249, 257–258
Manchester Mark I 124–126, 127, 129, 134, 145, 149, 166, 178, 195, 196, 202, 241, 278
Mandler, G. 131n
Manhattan Project 109, 113
Mantissa 82n
Markov, A.A. 252
Marquise du Chatêlet 24
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 30, 92, 182, 185, 195, 211, 234, 259
Master Programming Unit (ENIAC) 98, 99, 135
matching 35
material artifact 3, 8, 21, 29, 85, 111, 117, 127, 134, 145, 219, 245, 253, 255, 269, 281
mathematical computation 31, 32, 69, 129, 194
mathematical culture 138, 169
mathematical discovery 225
mathematical knowledge 45
Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge 120, 129, 141
mathematical logic 65
mathematical machine 18, 19, 29, 49, 87, 90
mathematical proof 55
mathematical reasoning 266
mathematical table 1, 10, 11, 17, 68
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation (MTAC) 129
mathematical thinking 21, 44, 193
Mathematics Centrum, Amsterdam 265
mathematics tripos 48, 120, 142
matrices 218, 229
Mauchly, J.W. 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106n, 110, 111, 115, 121, 127, 129, 130n, 140, 141, 142, 147n, 162, 193, 290
Maudslay, H. 13
Mayr, E. 41n
McCarthy, J. 205, 222n, 234, 235, 236, 239n, 240n, 272, 276n, 290
McCracken, D. 280n
McCulloch, W. 159–164, 174n, 290
McCulloch-Pitts neuron 159–164
McDermott, D. 176n
McGraw-Hill Computer Science Series 281
McKeeman, W.M. 262n
McNulty, K. (Mauchly) 283
McShea, D.W. 224n
Mealy machine 244
Mealy, G.H. 244, 261n, 263n, 264n, 290
measurement 151
mechanical computer 22, 73, 75, 92, 134, 158
mechanical technology 22, 75, 86, 101
mechanical world 28, 34, 38
Medawar, J.S. 106n
Medawar, P.B. 50, 59n, 106n
Meerttens, L.G.L.T. 224n
Meltzer, B. 131n
memory 20, 29, 31, 74, 75, 78, 85, 86, 95, 97, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 127, 136, 137, 142, 145, 151, 152, 153, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187n, 243, 244, 245, 255, 257–259
memory address 136, 142
memory hierarchy 258–259
memory management 258–259
memory protection 260
memory space 248
Menabrea, L.F. 17, 18, 24, 25, 26n, 36, 291
mental process 21, 159
mercury delay line memory 110, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 179, 185, 187n
merging 35, 136
meta-language 209–213, 215, 216, 229, 272, 273
metalinguistic connective 209
metalinguistic formula 209, 211
metalinguistic variable 211, 214
meta-mathematics 45, 46, 55
metaphor 19, 29
method of difference 11, 15
method of substitution 231, 232
methodology 39, 86, 150, 151, 235, 242, 281
methodology of science 48
Metropolis, N. 82n, 88n, 105n, 130n, 131n, 219n
Michie, D. 77, 78, 131n
microinstruction 183
microoperation 188n
microprogram 183
micropro
gram correctness 273
microprogram store 183, 185, 186
microprogrammed control unit 183
microprogamming 178–186, 250
Middle Ages 29
military-science complex 74
Mill (Analytical Engine) 18, 21, 28
Mind 172
Minmax strategy 168
Minsky, M. 59n, 239n, 245, 261n, 262n, 281, 291
misogyny 24
missing link 29, 34
Misunas, D.P. 261
models of grammar 212
modernity 28
modular structure 139
Molière 226
Mollenhoff, C.R. 106n
monitor 257
Moore machine 244, 245
Moore School of Electrical Engineering 89, 93, 97, 99, 104, 109, 110, 117, 121, 124, 128
Moore, E.F. 244, 261n, 291
Moral Science Club 48
Moreau, R. 26n, 42n, 80n, 81n, 105n, 188n
Morgenstern, O. 108, 167, 176n, 291
Morris, D. 262n
Morris, F.L. 276n
mortality data 32, 68
Moser, N.B. 220n
Mountbatten, L. 171
Multics computer system 259–260, 266
Multics operating system 259–260
multiplication 37, 62, 85, 101, 112
multiplication machine 37, 101
multiplier 98, 101, 103
multiprocessing 63
multiprogramming 257–259, 260, 268–269
multitasking 257
Museum of Alexandria 39
Musgrave, A. 88n
mutual exclusion problem 268
myth 110, 111
Nagel, E. 58n, 59n
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 63
National Defense Research Council 62
National Museum of Computing 76
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) 78, 117, 119, 123, 129, 172
National Research Council 129
natural history 41n
natural history museum 41n
natural language 170, 171, 190, 199, 201, 215, 235
natural philosophy 5
natural science 2, 4, 5, 6, 86, 109, 120, 128, 152, 188n, 205, 206, 208, 242, 270
natural scientist 2, 116
natural selection theory 13, 116
natural world 39, 158, 163
Nature (Journal) 38
Nature of Aesthetics and Design 12
Nature of Explanation 158, 168, 233
Naur, P. 207, 222n, 223n, 264n, 275n, 291
Nautical Almanac Office (U.K.) 68
Nelson, R.A. 221n
Nersessian, N. 285n
nervous system 159
neural computing 166, 234
neuron 159–165
neurophysiology 159
Newcomen atmospheric engine 13
Newcomen, T. 9, 13
Newell, A. 81n, 133n, 150, 155n, 226–236, 239n, 262n, 270, 284, 285, 285n, 291
Newman, J. 58n, 59n
Newman, M. 49, 57, 58, 76, 78, 88n, 291
Newton, I. 10, 13, 128, 254
Newton’s Principia 58, 254
Newtonian physics 24, 226
Nisbett, R.E. 26n
Nobel Foundation 227
Nobel Prize 72, 227
nonlinear equations 109
It Began with Babbage Page 47