nonnumeric computation 136
nonterminal symbol 214
normal science 84, 114, 115, 119, 165, 242, 249, 259, 278
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 259
notation as a tool of thought 217
NULL function in LISP 237
number 1, 45, 69
number cruncher 78, 87
numeric analysis 71, 279, 281
numeric computation 38, 85, 90, 96, 136, 166, 206, 236, 242
Numerische Mathematik 206, 207, 280
Nutt, R. 221n
Nygaard, K. 224n
object code generation 202, 248
object code/program 201, 202, 247, 248, 272
observation 151
Olivetti Company 132n
one-level store 258
one-pass compiler 202
ontogeny 91, 99, 100, 102, 105n, 153
ontology 39, 134, 283, 285
open problems 44
open subroutine 143
operand 70, 76, 142
operating system 64, 257–260, 266, 268–269, 281
operation code (opcode) 181, 182
operational knowledge 151, 152, 154
operational principle 151, 152
operational semantics 272–273
optimization 72, 202, 221n, 228
order 123, 144, 178, 181
order code 123, 136, 142, 186
Organick, E.I. 189n, 224n, 263n
organism 61
originality 13
output 103, 123, 125, 179, 244
output device 85, 97, 126
Padegs, A. 263n
paging 258–259, 260
paper tape 36, 38, 42n, 62, 63, 70, 73, 74, 75, 78, 85, 125, 145
paradigm 83–84, 88, 91, 111, 112, 114–116, 117, 119, 126, 127, 128, 129, 146, 162, 165, 190, 202, 241, 242, 250, 278, 279, 283, 285
paradigm shift 260
parallel arithmetic unit 75, 179, 180, 184, 187n
parallel processing 35, 75, 85, 180, 183, 184, 217
parameter 143, 153
Pardo, L.T. 192, 193, 195, 219n, 219n, 221n
Paris Exposition 1889 37
parity detector 52, 54
Parminedes 139
parsing 214, 247–249
partial correctness of a program 271
Pascal programming language 216
Pascal, B. 9
Passages from the Life of a Philosopher 10
pattern recognition 54
Peacock, G. 10
Peano, G. 45
Peano’s axioms 45, 278
Peck, J.E.L. 223n
Peirce, C.S. 65
Pender, H. 121
periodicals of computer science 279–280
Perlis, A.J. 150, 155n, 205, 206, 222n, 284, 285, 285n, 291
Petroski, H. 106n
Pevsner, N. 156n
Philo of Byzantium 39
philosophical aspects of computer science 252
Philosophical Magazine 166, 226
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 128, 252
philosophy of computer science 283–285
phylogeny 17, 26n, 34, 73, 76, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 260
physical design 112
physical machine 202, 250, 269
Piaget, J. 114, 131n, 155n
piezoelectric effect 118
Pigou, A.C. 49
Pilot ACE 119
Pinch, T.J. 264n
pipeline processing 35
Pitts, W. 159–164, 174n, 291
PL/I programming language 215, 260, 273, 281
PL/360 programming language 215
Plankalkül 191–193
planning 109
Planning and Coding Problems for an Electronic Computing Instrument 135, 137, 139
Planning the Use of a Paper Library 142
Plato 277
plugboard 34, 85, 101, 102, 109
Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator 73
pointer 236
Polanyi, M. 151, 155n
Polya, G. 225–226, 238n, 291
polynomial 12, 47, 61, 62, 229, 279
Popperian schema 208, 216
Popper, K.R. 172, 177n, 207, 223n, 269, 270, 276n, 291
Post production 211
Post, E. 210–211, 223n, 291
postcondition 274
postmodern 283
precondition 274
predicate calculus (logic) 272
Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument 127, 137, 139
Prentice-Hall Series on Automatic Computation 280
preparadigmatic state 84, 86, 278
Preparation of Problems for EDVAC-Type Machines 140
Preparation of Programmes for an Electronic Digital Computer 146, 280
prescription 151
prescriptive paradigm 116
present-centeredness 7, 28, 104
Principia Mathematica 45, 46, 229, 230, 232
printer 34, 35, 63, 100, 256
problem preparation 129, 136, 137, 138, 142
problem solving 226, 227, 234
procedural knowledge 242
procedural language 236
procedure 152, 193, 209, 272
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 183
processing unit 18, 70, 97
production rule 212–214
program 34, 70, 78, 82n, 85, 99, 103, 109, 112, 120, 134–139, 183
program as theorem 270–271
program behavior 259
program bug 270
program debugging 267
program development 140, 153, 178, 267–269, 272
program efficiency 200, 202, 203
program loader 145
program optimization 202
program tape 76
program text 138
program translation 145
program verification 267
programmable computer 58, 63, 71, 183, 190, 192
programmable machine 34, 54, 58, 90
programmability 85
programmer 135, 137
programming 101, 103, 109, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 146, 149, 169, 178, 186, 190, 195, 216
programming aesthetics 266, 267
programming as a human activity 265–266
programming complexity 138
programming environment 260
programming language 76, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 190–229, 246, 249, 252, 252, 255, 260, 272, 281
programming language description 204, 272–275
programming methodology 139, 150, 152, 153, 252, 270, 281
programming notation 136, 137, 139, 151
programming tool 200
programming style 198, 208, 216, 242, 252
programming system 145, 150, 194, 201, 203, 247
proof 44, 45, 46, 229, 267, 269–271
Proposal for Development in the Mathematics Division of an Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) 118
propositional calculus (logic) 65, 66, 67
proving program correctness 266, 268, 269–271, 273–275
Psychological Review 233
psychology 228
Public Administration 226
publication language (Algol) 206
punch 75, 97, 256
punched card system 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 68, 69, 70, 87, 94, 97, 99, 186, 256
Purdue University 241
purposive behavior 227
purposiveness 3, 8, 60, 100, 227
Pye, D. 12, 16n
Pyenson, L. 27n, 285n
Quarterly Journal of Economics 226, 228
Queen’s College, Cork 64
Queen’s University, Kingston 217
radar 110, 117, 121, 122
radio 73, 100, 120
radio physics 120
Radnitzky, G. 79n
Rajchman, J.A. 127, 291
RAND Corporation 226, 228, 236
Randell, B. 26n, 35, 42n, 79n, 80n, 81n, 82n, 88n, 103, 104, 105n, 13
1n, 133n, 219n, 221n, 224n, 262n, 264n, 275n
random logic 180, 188n
Rathmere College of Commerce, Dublin 35
rational decision making 72
rationality 227, 228, 266
Ray, S. 115
RCA Laboratory 127
read-only memory 186
read-write memory 97
reader 75, 78, 97, 125
real number 50, 192
real time 257
reasoning 41
record (data structure) 192
recursive function theory 56
reference language (Algol) 206
Regencentralen, Copenhagen 206
register 62, 63, 70, 73, 86, 98, 243
register allocation problem 202
regularity 179, 181
relay circuit 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 76, 86, 161, 243
relay computer 61, 62, 129
reliability 90, 179, 181
relocatability of programs 136, 142
Remington Rand 102, 203, 204, 220n
remote terminal 257
renaissance 29
renaissance man 226
Renwick, W. 122, 123, 129, 132n, 133n, 188n, 291
research tradition 227
reserved word (Algol) 248
resistor 95, 243
Revens, L. 133n
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 207, 209, 211, 212, 215
rewrite rule 212, 213
Rice University computer 259
Rice, J.R. 261n
Richards, R.K. 80n, 106n, 187n, 280
Ridgeway, R.K. 220n
Robinson family of computers 77
Rochester, N. 239n
Rockefeller Foundation 165, 170
Rogers, H. 261n
Rohl, J.S. 221n, 262n
Rolt, L.T.C. 15n
Roman Empire 29
Romanticism, Age of 23, 27n
Rosen, S. 187, 220n, 221n, 222n, 261n
Rosenbloom, P.S. 8n, 155n
Rosenbluth, A. 157n, 179
Rosin, R.F. 189n, 262n, 263n
Rota, G.-C. 82n, 88n, 105n, 130n, 131n, 219n
routine 135, 142, 153, 255, 271
Royal Armament Research Establishment 195
Royal Society 10, 13, 18, 24, 38, 65, 78, 119, 124, 128
Royal Society Computing Laboratory 119
Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences 39
rule of deduction 44
rule of inference 229–230, 270
rule of sequential composition 274, 275
rule of substitution 230, 231
rule of thumb 225, 230
Russell, B. 45, 47, 48, 229, 230, 232, 233, 239n, 291
Russell, L.J. 221n, 224n, 262n
Rutherford, E. 57, 77, 120
Rutihauser, H. 193, 196, 205, 222n, 223n, 291
Salisbury, A.B. 189n
Salton, G. 281
Saltzer, J.H. 264n
Samelson, K. 206, 222n, 223n, 291
Sammet, J. 204, 222n
Sampson, J.R. 175n
Samuel, A.L. 235, 240n, 292
satisficing 72, 228–229, 233
Sayre, D. 198, 221n
scalar data type 218
schema 114–115, 116, 126, 131n, 250, 278, 279
Scheutz Difference Engine 15, 23
Scheutz, E. 15
Scheutz, G. 15, 292
Schwartz, J.T. 221n
science 25, 38, 39, 44, 57, 109, 128, 225
Science (Journal) 284
Science Museum, London 14, 21
science of the artificial 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 86, 96, 109, 116, 120, 152, 188n, 208, 270, 282, 283
science of computing 84, 91, 154
Sciences of the Artificial, The vii,
science of the individual 7, 8, 282
scientific communication 74
scientific computing 31, 62, 68, 75, 79, 103, 129, 194, 195, 204, 235
scientific knowledge 5, 151
scientific partnership 227
scientific periodical 128
scientific society 128
scientific style 154
scientific thinking 217
scientific writing 268
scientist of the artificial 206
searching 71, 167–168, 204, 228, 230
secondary memory 125, 256, 258–259
segmentation of memory 258–259, 260, 269
selectron 127, 137
self-constructing automaton 164
self-reproducing automaton 164–165, 181
semantics 199, 202, 206, 209, 214–215, 217, 235, 236, 272–275
semaphore 268
semiconductor technology 186
semilogarithmic notation 75
Seminumerical Algorithms 252
Sen, A.K. 79n
sentence 212–213, 246
sequential circuit/machine 243–247, 269
sequential process 268, 269
serial computer 179
servomechanism 226
Shannon, C.E. 65, 66, 80n, 160, 165–166, 167–169, 175n, 228, 234, 239n, 243, 261n, 292
Shaw, C.J. 228, 233, 234, 235, 239n
Sheets-Pyenson, S. 27n, 285n
Sheridan, P.B. 221n
Shestakov, V. 65
shift register 78, 243
Shockley, W. 243
Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis 280
short-term memory 124
Shreyer, H. 75, 82n, 292
shuttle 36
Sign-and-magnitude 22
significant digit 70
Simon, H.A. vii, viii, 2, 8n, 72, 81n, 109, 130n, 131n, 150, 155n, 225–235, 238n, 239n, 240n, 266, 270, 284, 285, 285n, 292
Simonton, D.K. 79n
simplicity 178, 179, 217
SIMULA programming language 215
simulation 55, 158, 167, 233, 234
simultaneous equation 94, 95
single-address machine 76, 82n, 123, 124, 127
Sintsoff, M. 224n
Sketch of the Analytical Engine 18
slide rule 37
Smithberg, D.R. 238n
Smithies, F. 130n
social aspect of computer science 279
social groups 227
social text 201
Society for the Encouragement of the Arts 13
Society of Arts 13
software 120, 145, 146, 149, 150, 254–255, 259–260, 270
software crisis 260
software engineering 259
solvability 245
Sommerville, M.F. 24
Sondak, N. 187n
Sorbonne 39
sorter 34, 35
sorting 30, 31, 33, 35, 71, 136, 143, 204
source code (program) 201, 202, 248, 249
special purpose machine 11, 15, 54, 61, 62, 78, 85, 90
special theory of relativity 116
speed of execution 136
speedcode 195
Sperry Gyroscope 102
Sperry Rand 102
square root extraction 76, 85, 98, 112
St. John’s College, Cambridge 49, 120, 158
Stanford University 225, 226, 234
state of mind 51
state table 51, 55
statistical table 68
Steadman, J.P. 106n
steam engine 9, 10
Stearns, R.E. 261n, 263n
Steiner, G. 147n, 176n
stepwise refinement in programming 267–269
Stern, H. 221n
Stern, N. 107n, 130n
Stevens, W.Y. 263n
Stibitz, G. 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 79n, 81n, 292
storage technology 129
store 18, 21, 28, 85, 124
stored program computer vii, 91, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134, 136, 139, 145, 150, 152, 154, 191, 195, 241, 250, 281
stored program computing paradigm 116, 119, 120, 123, 126, 127, 137, 145, 146, 203, 242, 259, 278, 281
Stringer, J.B. 188n
structure 178
Structure of Scientific Revolutions 83
structured programming 265–269, 271–272
Sturt, G. 27n
style 154, 165, 198, 283
subatomic physics 127
subjective rationality 227
subparadigm 126, 127, 186, 227, 242–243, 245, 251, 257, 259, 270, 271, 279, 281, 283
subroutine 140–143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 193, 203
subroutine library 142, 151, 255
subroutine linkage editor 203
subschema 115
Sumner, F.H. 263n
supervisory program 255, 257
Sussenguth, E.H. 224n
Swade, D. 16n
switch 90
switching circuit theory and design 65, 66, 95, 96, 160, 165
symbol 1, 35, 46, 50–56, 134, 135
symbol processing 1, 2, 3, 8, 21, 35, 41, 50–56, 134, 145, 150, 158, 228, 233, 235, 283
Symbol Processing Model (SPM) of cognition 233, 234
symbol structure 4, 29, 35, 135, 235, 236
symbol system 143, 233
symbolic artifact 270
symbolic language 151, 169, 191
symbolic logic 229
symbolic representation 6, 8, 143, 153, 158, 202
symbolic variable 65
Symposium on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers (Washington, DC) 194
Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machines (Harvard) 128, 140
synapses 159–161
synchronous system 78, 90, 268
syntactic analysis 214
syntactic category 214, 272
syntactic correctness 193, 210, 214, 246
syntactic rule 139, 210, 213, 246
Syntactic Structures 211, 246
syntax 135, 139, 199, 201, 206, 209–214, 215, 216, 235, 236, 249, 272
syntax analysis 248
Syntax and Semantics of the Proposed Algebraic language of the Zurich ACM-GAMM Conference 209
system program 64, 146, 255
system programmer 145
system software 255, 257
table search (lookup) 71, 85
tabulating 31, 32, 33
Tabulating Machine Company 33
tabulating system 42n, 68, 73, 134, 149
tabulator 34, 35, 68, 94
Tagore, R. 157, 174n
tallying 30, 31
tape memory 256
tape recorder 117
Taub, A.H. 146n, 174n
Technische Hochschule Berlin 74
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (THE) 265, 268
technological complexity 63, 90, 91
technological evolution 63
technological knowledge 151
technological system 260
Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), Malvern 123
telephone network 60, 61
teleprinter 125
teletype apparatus 62, 63
terminal symbol 214
testing 183
textile machinery 20
THE Multiprogramming System 268–269
The Third Man 57
theorem 229
theorem proving 230
theoretical computer science 56, 162, 181
theory 86, 87, 96, 109, 120, 126, 127, 151, 183, 201, 281
Theory of Algorithms 252
It Began with Babbage Page 48