earth
3 D terrain modelling. 426
centre 30
circumference 30, 35–6, 39–40, 44–5, 62, 73, 195, 302
diameter 301–2
Digital Earth (Gore) 419–21
flat 11
foundation 2, 26 see also cosmogony, Greek; cosmology
Gaia hypothesis 378
in a geocentric universe 26, 30, 31, 41–2, 98, 154, 160–61, 266–7, 288–9
global village 378
Google Earth see Google Earth
in heliocentric theory 42, 258, 262, 267, 279, 280, 289–90, 293
inhabited world (Greek) see
oblate 308–11, 413
periodos /circuit of the earth see circuit of the earth
prolate 308, 309
seen from space 377–8, 385, 405–7, 419 see also Google Earth
shape controversy 308–11, 312–14
spherical 11–12, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30–31, 42, 73
square 125, 126
surface area 3
terrestrial globes see globes, terrestrial
true earth (Socrates) 29
world population 404, 434
Earthviewer 421–2, 424, 425
East India Company 344
Easy Guide to the Constellations (Gall) 394–5
Eckert IV projection 389
Eden/Paradise 57, 90, 101, 103, 104, 107
Edney, Matthew 344
Edward I 82–3
Eisenstein, Elizabeth 158
Elcano, Juan Sebastião see Cano, Juan Sebastião del
electronic technology 412–19
see also information access, online mapping
Eliade, Mircea 8–9
Elvas 199, 201, 202
De emendatione temporum (Scaliger) 258
empty space theory, Chinese 125
England
Anglo-American statecraft 368
censuses 343
Greenwich 332, 383, 440
London see London
Mackinder and geopolitics in see Mackinder, Halford
Ordnance Survey see Ordnance Survey
Entertainment (The Book of Roger) 55–9, 67, 68, 71–8, 79, 99
equal-area projection
Bonne 341, 342
Gall 393–5, 394, 396
Goode 389, 390, 393
Hammer 390
Lambert 395–6
Peters 378–404
pseudo-cylindrical 341, 342
Erasmus, Desiderius 223, 239
Eratosthenes 18, 35–7, 38, 39
Against Eratosthenes (Hipparchus) 39
Ercole I d’Este, duke of Ferrara 190, 191, 198
Eros 24
Espinossa, Gonzalo Gómez de 197, 198
Etymologies (Isidore of Seville) 100–101, 170, 171
Munich ‘Isidore’ mappamundi 103–5
Euclid 18, 37
Euclidean geometry 37–8, 47–8, 49, 50, 157
Eudoxus of Cnidus 30
Euphrates, river 2, 96
Eurasia 361, 369, 372
Eurasian ‘heartland’ 368
Europa 101
Europe
Eurocentrism 220, 379, 384, 393
in the Hereford mappamundi 86
and Herodotus 27–8
Internet penetration 434
in the Kangnido map 119
on the Mercator projection 247, 253, 391
population at start of sixteenth century 157
and the printing revolution 157–9, 162–3, 184
Renaissance see Renaissance, European
Eusebius 93
Evangelicae historiae (Mercator) 256
Eve 90
evolutionary theory 347
see also Darwinism
Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe François Nazaire 294, 295, 296
Fain, Baron 331
Faleiro, Ruy 195
Fauchet, Abbé Claude 327
feng shui 137–9, 140
Ferdinand V of Castile and León 186
Fernandez, Simão 202
Ferrara 190, 191
Ferraris, Joseph Jean François, Comte de 298
Fettweis, Christopher 372
The Figure of the Earth (Maupertuis) 310
Finé, Oronce 236–7, 243
world map 235
Fischer, Joseph 148, 180, 181
Flanders 222
Mercator’s map of 237–8
Florence 160, 161
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de 299, 300, 307
Forceville, Mlle de 329
Foucault, Michel 184–5, 399
France
Académie des Sciences 298–300, 301–9, 322, 329
anti-French sentiment 86
Carte de France corrigée 306–7, 307
censuses 343
Dépôt de la Guerre 294–5, 329–30, 331
general map of see Cassini map of France, Carte de Cassini
lithographic maps 343
National Assembly 330
national consciousness 294–336, 374
National Convention of Republican France 294–5, 296, 297
‘New Map of France’ (Cassini III) 314, 316–17
proclamation of a French Republic 327
and the representation of political boundaries on maps 298
Société de Géographie 338, 340
Société de la Carte de France 322, 328
Third Estate 327
Francis I of France 214
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 79
The Freeman 387
Freiburg, University of 157
Frisius, Gemma 225, 226, 233, 239
Froschauer, Christopher 230
Fugger, House of 195
Fuller Dymaxion projection 389
Fust, Johann 157
Gaia 24
Galileo Galilei 267, 279
Gall, James 393, 394, 395, 396
map projection 393–5, 394, 396
Galton, Sir Francis 350
Gama, Vasco da 172, 188, 189
Gangelt 222
Ganges, river 96, 248
Gangines Ethiopians 88
Garcia, Nuño 201, 205
Gauss, Carl Friedrich 12, 342
General Perspective Projection 435
‘The General Survey Map of China and Non-Chinese Territories from the Past to the Present’ 136
geocentric theories 26, 30, 31, 41–2, 98, 154, 160–61, 266–7, 288–9
geodesy 295, 296, 307–8, 319, 332, 342
GeoEye 426
The Geographer (Vermeer) 272
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 378, 413–14
Geographical Association 348
geographical distribution, evolutionary 347
‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ (Mackinder) 360–64, 371
‘The Natural Seats of Power’ world map 362–3, 363, 364–5, 372
Geographical Section of the General Staff (GSGS) 441
Geographical Society of London 337–8
geography
1820s–30s as turning point in history of 338–9
as an academic discipline 12, 350–51, 370
‘anthropogeography’ 353, 370 see also human geography
and astronomy 19, 40–41, 301–7, 309–11
Bible’s 230
biogeography 353
Blaeu on 290
Chinese 126–7, 131, 134–5 see also Chinese mapmaking
development in early sixteenth century 157–67
Dutch culture and the role of 266
geographical discovery see d
iscovery, geographical
geographical information access (online mapping) 406–8, 409–14, 428 see also Google Earth
and global disputes 186–217
Greek 21–41 see also Ptolemy’s Geography
human 40–41, 74–5, 97–8, 222, 348, 353, 429, 440 see also ‘anthropogeography’
and Lutheranism 227–30
mythical 26–7, 134–5
political see political geography
relation to maps 5, 10
Renaissance tradition of 259
Roman 38
and science 326
Tobler’s First Law 428–9
Geography (Ptolemy) see Ptolemy’s Geography
Geography (Strabo) 40–41
geomancy 137–9, 140
geometry 101–2
Euclidean 37–8, 47–8, 49, 50, 157
geomorphology 352, 353
geopolitics
and global warfare 370
ideological language of 370–71
Mackinder and 346–72, 374
Nazi theory of 369
political geography in general see political geography
geospatial applications 15, 296, 405–36, 444
geospatial technologists 407, 413–14, 416–19, 426, 444
German Cartographical Society 381
Germany
colonial expansion 358, 360
and Czechoslovakia 374–5, 375
German philosophical tradition 352
imperialism 223, 354
Nazism see Nazism
relationship with US 147, 148–50
Treaty of Versailles 442
World War II 367–8, 375–6
Gerritsz, Hessel 274, 277
Die Geschichte der Kartographie 12
Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (Berlin Geographical Society) 338
Ghent 219, 237–8
Ghim, Walter 220, 224, 237, 241
Gilbert of Gloucester, Earl 110
GIS (Geographic Information Systems) 378, 413–14
Gleick, James 410
global circumnavigation, first 192–8
‘Global Map’ 444, 445
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 420
globe gores 167, 168, 180, 232, 252
globes, celestial 30, 42, 194, 240, 267
celestial globe gores 180
globes, terrestrial
Behaim 194–5
Joan Blaeu 282
Mercator 226–7, 238, 240, 254
as navigational aids 194–5
projection onto 224–5
Gloucester, Gilbert of, Earl 110
gnomons 36
Gnosticism 58
Goepper, Roger 137–8
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 352
Gog 59, 87–8, 103
Golden Fleece 87
Gomarists 274
Gomarus, Franciscus 274
Gómez, Esteban 203, 207, 208
Goode, J. Paul, map projection 389, 390, 393
Google 405–6, 422–4, 425, 429–30, 432–3, 436, 438
acquisition of Keyhole 422, 424
‘Googlenomics’ 430–31
Street View 408
Google Earth 405–9, 422–36, 444, 445
APIs 406
background to development of 410–22
Community 433
and a cultural worldview 409, 432
and the digital divide 433–4
General Perspective Projection 435
Google Maps 408, 425–6, 429, 431, 432
Map maker 426–7
Gore, Al 419–21
Gothic lettering 169, 225–6
GPS (Global Positioning Systems) 420
Graf, Klaus 149–50
Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de 238
Granvelle, Nicholas Perrenot de 238
graticules 11, 20, 46, 63, 80, 130, 132, 175, 177, 356, 374–5, 382, 392, 402
Gravesend, Richard 109
Gray, Colin 368
Great Bear 101
Great Trigonometrical Survey of India 344
Greek astronomy 21, 28, 30, 35–6, 39–40, 41–3, 45, 47–8
Greek cosmogony 24–6, 30–31
Greek cosmology 26, 28–32, 42
Greek geography 21–41
see also Ptolemy’s Geography
Greek maps 11, 22–4, 32, 33
Anaximander 26–7
Hecataeus 27
Hellenistic 33–41, 34
Herodotus and 27–8
in Ptolemy’s Geography 20, 51–2
Greenland 253, 391, 405
Greenman, Simon 420, 436
Greenwich 332, 383, 440
griffin 87
Grotius, Hugo 279
GSGS (Geographical Section of the General Staff) 441
Guardian 372, 378–9
Guelders, duchy of 239
Guiraudet, Toussaint 328
Guiscard, Roger I, count of Sicily 54, 68
Gulf War, first 372
Gulf War, second 421–2
Gurjal, Staish 373
Gutenberg, Johann 157
Gymnasium Vosagense 159–60, 163–71, 175, 176–8, 182
see also Cosmographia introductio; Waldseemüller map, Universalis cosmographia
Gypsies 375–6
Habban 2
Habsburgs 165, 192, 218–19, 226–7, 237, 239
see also Charles V, Emperor
65
Hakluyt, Richard 259
Halley, Edmund 343
Ham 96
Hamburg 146
Hammer, Ernst, equal-area projection 390
Han dynasty 129
Han Feizi 128
Hangzhou 134
Hanke, John 422
Hanover 342
Hanyang 116, 118, 138
Harley, J. B. 399–401
and Woodward, D. 5, 12, 438
Harris, Elizabeth 182–3
Hartshorne, Richard 369
Harvey, David 259
Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, polyconic projection 342
Hausburg, Campbell 356
Hausburg Valley 356
Haushofer, Karl 369
Hauteville dynasty 54, 68–9
heart 235–6
cordiform projection 233, 234, 235–7, 247
Heart of Darkness (Conrad) 344
heartland theory (Mackinder) 366–8, 370–71
On the Heavens (Aristotle) 30–31
Hebrews, Epistle to 107
Hecataeus 27
heliocentric theory 42, 258, 262, 267, 279, 280, 289–90, 293
Hellenistic mapmaking 33–41, 34
Hem, Laurens van der 292
Hennessy, John 407
Henry VII 201
Henry VIII 210, 215
Hephaestus, god of fire 24
Hereford Cathedral 84–5
Hereford diocese 83
Hereford mappamundi 84–113, 438
and the Bible 87, 89–90
compared with Waldseemüller map 151–2, 171
and Mackinder 357, 366–7
Herodotus of Halicarnassus 27–8,
32’s-Hertogenbosch, groote school 223
Hesiod 24, 25
Hess, Rudolf 369
Hessler, John 177–8
Heyden, Gaspar van der 225, 226
Hilary, St 92
Himantopods 88
Hipparchus of Nicaea 39
Hippolytus 25
Hispaniola 174
History against the Pagans (Orosius) 71, 99–100
History of Cartography (Har
ley and Woodward) 5, 12, 438
Hitler, Adolf 367, 369
Hoe, Yi 122
Hoff, Ted 413
Hohenstaufen dynasty 68–9
Holbein, Hans: The Ambassadors 215–16, 215
Holdich, Sir Thomas 345, 348
Holtzbrinck Group 148–9
Holy Land maps 93, 94–5, 96, 227–32, 228–9
Holy Roman Empire 223
Homem, Lopo 201
Homer 22–4, 25
Hondius, Henricus 275, 277, 280
Hondius, Jodocus the Elder 259, 264, 272, 275
Mercator-Hondius Atlas 275, 277
Hondius, Jodocus the Younger 275–6
Hong Kong 362
Honorius II, Pope 69
Hoogstraten, Samuel van 15
Horace: Epistles 256–7
Hounslow Heath 332
House of Islam 56, 63–4
House of Mina and India 200
House of Trade, Seville 200, 201, 202, 263
House of War 56
House of Wisdom 60, 62
HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) 415
Hua yi tu (‘Map of the Chinese and Foreign Lands’) 132–3, 133, 135
Hugh of Saint-Victor 103–5
human geography 40–41, 74–5, 97–8, 222, 348, 429, 440
‘anthropogeography’ 353, 370
humanism 223–4
Humboldt, Alexander von 348, 352
Hungarian National Office of Lands and Mapping 443
huntian theory 124–6
Hunyi jiangli tu (Qingjun) 121, 122, 122
Huygens, Christiaan 298
Huygens, Constantijn 260
Hven 266
Hylacomylus, Martin see Waldseemüller, Martin
Hyperion 24–5
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) 415
Iapetus 24–5
IATO atlases 292
Ibn ‘Abd Allah, Muhammad 68
Ibn , 65, 75
Ibn Jubayr 70
Ibn 79
Ibn 63, 64, 75, 76
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 66
iconography of maps 128
idealism 352
, 55, 56, 66–78, 81, 437, 438
Entertainment 55–9, 67, 68, 71–8, 79, 99
Ilacomilus, Martin see Waldseemüller, Martin
Iliad 22–4
Imagined Communities (Anderson) 335
Imago Mundi 12
imperialism 37–8, 47–8, 49, 50, 157, 347, 374
British 344–7, 356–9, 360, 362
cyber 408
European imperial politics 188, 196–217, 220, 236
geography and the science of 371
German 223, 354
imperial mapping 344–6, 356, 357–9, 358–9, 365
Roman 40, 41
Russian 362
IMW (International Map of the World) 439–44, 443, 445
In-Q-Tel 422
India
in Cantino planisphere 191
cosmology 61
in Eratosthenes’ map 37
and Google Earth 408
A History of the World in 12 Maps Page 63