A History of the World in 12 Maps

  Great Trigonometrical Survey of 344

  in the Hereford mappamundi 87

  imperial mapping 344

  in Jerome’s map of Palestine 96

  partitioning of 373–4

  Portuguese arrival in 155, 188, 189

  Portuguese maps of 189–90

  Russian threat to British interests in 362

  Victoria proclaimed Empress of 347

  in the Waldseemüller map 172

  Indian Ocean 20, 63, 65, 162, 187, 188, 189, 195, 197–8, 281, 282

  Indonesia 383

  Indus, river 96

  infinite empty space theory, Chinese 125

  InfiniteReality 416

  The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Mahan) 370

  information access, online mapping 406–8, 409–14, 428

  see also online mapping

  information technology 412–20

  Initia doctrinae physicae (Melanchthon) 230

  Innocent II, Pope 68

  Innocent III, Pope 108

  Innocent VIII, Pope 187

  integrated circuits (ICs) 413

  International Geographical Congress, Berne 439, 441

  International Map Committee 441

  International Map of the World (IMW) 439–44, 443, 445

  Internet 414–15, 420, 428, 434

  search engines 405–6, 422–4

  World Wide Web 415, 422–3, 427–8

  see also online mapping

  Intrinsic Graphics 416

  Ionian Revolt against the Persians 27, 32

  Iran 408

  Iraq 61

  War with 421–2

  Ireland, Hereford mappamundi 86

  Isabel of Portugal 209, 210

  Isabella I of Castile and León 186

  Isabella d’Este 198

  Isidore of Seville 84, 100, 106

  Etymologiarum 100–101, 170, 171

  Munich ‘Isidore’ mappamundi 103–5

  Islam

  and Christianity 56, 70, 78

  Islamic theology 56

  as a universal, missionary religion 120

  Islamic Caliphate 59–61, 63–4, 66–7

  Islamic world maps 55–81

  Ibn 65, 75

  maps and Entertainment 55–9, 67, 68, 71–8, 79, 81, 99

  Italian composite atlases 292

  italic hand 227, 324

  Ives, Frederick 355

  Jacob, Christian 35, 236

  Jacotin, Philippe 329

  Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert 315

  Janssonius, Johannes 275, 276, 277, 280, 283, 284, 290–91

  Janszoon, Willem see Blaeu, Willem Janszoon

  Japan 115, 118, 172–3, 362, 376

  Japheth 96

  Jerome, St 92–3, 106

  Liber locorum 93, 94–5, 96

  Jerusalem

  in the Book of Revelation 87

  heavenly 112–13

  in the Hereford mappamundi 89

  on 77

  in T-O maps 100

  Jesus Christ 90, 107

  crucifixion date 243–6

  represented by the sun 101

  Jews 375–6

  Jia Dan 131

  Jin dynasty 131

  Jin, Jurchen 134

  jing tian 127

  John Carter Brown Library 181, 182, 183

  John II of Portugal 186, 187

  John III of Portugal 199, 203, 209, 210

  Jones, Michael T. 416, 426, 428, 431

  Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 298

  Jugurtha, King of Libya 97

  The Jugurthine War (Sallust) 97–8, 97

  Jülich 240

  Jupiter 288, 289

  moons of 299, 306

  Jurchen Jin 134

  Le Jurisconsulte national (Agier) 327

  57, 64, 76

  Kai t’ien theory 124

  Kaifeng 134

  Kangnido map 117–19, 120–23, 139–41, 143–5, 438

  influence of Chinese mapmaking 123–37

  political context of 121–3, 128–30

  Kangnido 117, 143–4

  Kant, Immanuel 352

  Kashmir 374

  Keere, Coletta van den 275

  Kennedy, Paul 372

  Kenya, Mount 354–5, 355

  Kenyan maps (Mackinder) 355–6, 365

  Kepler, Johannes 267

  Keyhole, Inc. 418

  acquisition by Google 422, 424

  and the CIA 422

  Earthviewer 421–2, 424, 425

  al-Khwārazmi 62–3

  Kilby, Jack 413

  Kim Sahyong 121

  Kissinger, Henry 149, 368

  al-‘ibar (Ibn ) 79

  Ibn 65

  Ibn 63

  65

  Kjellén, Rudolf 370

  Kohl, Helmut 148

  Korea 114–23, 137–45, 376

  Choson dynasty 114–17, 121, 138, 140–41, 144

  Koryo dynasty 114–15

  Korean mapmaking 116–23, 137–9

  Kangnido map see Kangnido map

  Koryo dynasty 114–15

  Korzybski, Alfred 7, 13, 400

  Kremer, Gerard, later Gerard Mercator 222, 224

  see also Mercator, Gerard

  Krugman, Paul 398

  117, 120–21, 122, 123, 140, 141, 142–3

  Kyonbok Palace 116, 117

  Kyushu 118

  La Coruña 207

  La Hire, Philippe de 306

  Carte de France corrigée 306–7, 307

  projection 341, 342

  Lagrange projection 341

  Lambert, Johann Heinrich, map projection 395–6

  ‘Lands Recently Discovered’ (Paesi novamenti retrovati) 179

  Lansbergen, Philips 267

  Las Casas, Bartolomé de 193, 194

  Lateran Council, Fourth 82

  Latin Fathers 92–6

  latitude calculations 34, 39, 45–6, 50, 205, 309

  see also graticules

  Lebensraum (living space) 370

  Lefebvre, Henri 398, 399

  leggers (templates) 281

  Leiden 267, 275

  Leonardo de Argensola, Bartholomé 202–3

  Leopold I of Austria 290

  Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi viaggi 164, 165

  Levy, Steven 430–31

  Lewis, H. A. G. 380

  Lewis, Meriwether 150

  Li Zemin of Wumen 121, 123

  Liaodong peninsula, China 114, 142

  Liber locorum (Jerome) 93, 94–5

  Library of Congress 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 177, 182, 183

  Libya

  and Herodotus 27–8

  and Isidore of Seville 101

  and Sallust 97–8

  see also Africa

  Liesvelt, Jacob van 230, 240

  Light of Navigation (Blaeu) 268, 276

  Lisbon 189, 190, 207, 209

  lithography 339, 343

  living space (Lebensraum) 370

  Livingstone, David 359, 396

  On the Location and Names of Hebrew Places (Jerome) 93, 94–5, 96

  London

  Geographical Society of 337–8

  Raleigh Travellers Club 337

  Royal Society 332

  London School of Economics 348, 351

  longitude calculations 34, 39, 45–6, 50, 195, 205–6, 225, 299, 306

  see also graticules

  Lorraine, duchy of 159

  Louis XIV 290, 295, 298, 307, 308

  Louis XV 309, 315�
�18, 321

  Louis XVI 294, 327

  Louvain, Belgium 218, 219, 226, 239, 240

  University 223, 224, 240

  Lovelock, James 378

  Low Countries 218–19, 222, 223, 225, 239, 297, 298

  Netherlands see Netherlands

  loxodromes (rhumb lines) 249–51, 251, 253

  Lu You 135

  Lucan 97

  Lud, Gaultier/Vautrin 159

  Luke, Gospel of 90, 92

  Luoyi (Louyang) 128

  Luther, Martin 222–3, 227–30, 231

  Lutheranism 219, 227–30, 231, 235–6, 238

  McClendon, Brian 416

  McCracken, Harry 424–5, 426

  MacCulloch, Diarmaid 238

  Machault, Jean-Baptiste de 318–19

  Mackinder, Halford 346–72

  Britain and the British Seas 357–9, 358–9, 366

  climbing Mount Kenya 354–5, 355

  Democratic Ideals and Reality 366, 367

  ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ 360–67, 371

  Kenyan maps 355–6, 365

  ‘The Natural Seats of Power’ world map 362–3, 363, 364–7, 372, 431

  Mackinder Valley 356

  McLuhan, Marshall 378

  Macrobius 98–9, 224, 236, 254

  Mactan 197

  Madagascar 172

  Maes, Nicolaes 272

  Magellan, Ferdinand 37, 192–7, 198

  Maggioli Azimuthal projection 234

  Magog 59, 87–8, 103

  Mahan, Alfred 370

  Maimonides, Moses 66

  Makassar, king of 282

  Malacca 191, 192

  Maling, Derek 380

  Malipiero, Domenico 189–90

  60

  world map 60–61

  Manchuria 114

  Mandate of Heaven 115–16

  al-Mansur 59, 76

  Manuel I of Portugal 187, 188

  map communication model (MCM) 411–12

  ‘Map of integrated regions and terrains’ (Qingjun) 121, 122, 122

  ‘Map of the Chinese and Foreign Lands’ (Hua yi tu) 132–3, 133, 135

  ‘Map of the Tracks of Yu’ (Yu ji tu) 131–2, 132, 133–5

  ‘Map of the vast reach of resounding teaching’ (Li Zemin) 121, 123

  ‘A Map of the World According to the Tradition of Ptolemy and the Voyages of Americus Vespucius and others’ see Waldseemüller map, Universalis cosmographia

  mapmaking and cartography

  and abstraction 7

  administrative power of maps 339, 385

  aeronautical charts 442

  animals’ use of mapping procedures 4

  artists reproducing Dutch maps 272–3

  biblical maps 93, 94–5, 96, 227–32

  Blaeu dynasty 265–93

  cartographic espionage 190

  cartographic ethics 400

  cartographical myths (Peters) 390

  cartography as a discipline 12, 340

  cartography’s rise 340

  celestial see celestial mapmaking

  challenges and opportunities of world maps 6–12

  Chinese see Chinese mapmaking

  Christian mappaemundi see mappaemundi

  circular maps 11, 72, 80–81

  clip-mapping 416–18

  cognitive mapping 4

  collected atlases 292

  as a commercial enterprise 263–93, 429–31, 436 see also Google Earth

  copperplate engraving 161, 220, 225–7, 261–3, 268, 273, 275, 278, 285–91, 329, 339

  critical deconstruction of maps 7–8, 13, 399

  Dutch industry of 263–93

  earliest known map of the world 1–3

  establishment of principles of Western cartography by the Cassinis 297

  expanding definitions of maps and mapmakers with virtual mapping 407

  fidelity of position 392

  first collection of maps using term ‘atlas’ 220

  first nationalization of a private mapmaking project 294–7, 328–9

  and geographical discovery 154–7, 162–7, 173, 175–6, 178

  geomantic 137–9, 140

  and global geographical disputes 186–217

  globe gores 167, 168, 180, 232, 252

  with graticules see graticules

  Greek (classical) see Greek maps

  Greek (Hellenistic) 33–41, 34

  historical turning point of the 1820s–30s 338–9

  human instinct of mapmaking 4

  iconography of maps 128

  imperial mapping 344–6, 356, 357–9, 358–9, 365

  and information access (online mapping) 406–8, 409–14, 428 see also Google Earth

  international (IMW) 439–44, 443, 445

  Islamic see Islamic world maps

  Italian composite atlases 292

  Korean see Korean mapmaking

  legal authority of maps 201, 212, 217

  leggers (templates) 281

  and lithography 339, 343

  Lutheran influence on 227–30

  map communication model 411–12

  marble maps 117, 260–61, 287

  and mathematics see mathematics

  military value of 296, 330, 385

  and national consciousness 294–336, 373–4

  nature and definitions of maps 4–6, 7–8, 14–15, 35

  and navigation 152–3, 183–4, 193–8, 200, 247, 249–54, 256 see also discovery, geographical

  navigational instruments depicted on maps 208–9

  objectivity of maps 13, 28, 50, 385, 399, 401, 403, 404

  online mapping 15, 296, 405–36, 444

  orientation see orientation of maps

  of Pei Xiu 130–31

  perspective, and the viewer’s position 8–11

  political cartographic manipulation 373–7, 385, 386, 403

  political nature of all maps 385, 400, 403 see also geopolitics; political geography

  portolan sailing charts 11, 152, 249, 250

  by Portuguese trade organizations 200–201

  power and fascination of maps 5

  prehistoric inscriptions 3–4

  and the printing revolution 157–9, 162–3, 184

  profitability of 263–93, 429–31, 436

  projection see projection of maps

  propaganda maps 374–5, 375

  regional mapping (chorography) 44, 50–51, 81, 301, 304–5, 306, 314, 365

  relation between geography and maps 5, 10

  Roman 38, 40

  scale see scale of maps

  sea charts see sea charts

  star mapping 116–18, 394–5 see also celestial mapmaking

  T-O tradition 96–9, 97, 100, 101, 170, 171

  terrestrial globes as navigational aids 194–5

  thematic mapping 343, 365

  of theological construction 84–113

  see also mappaemundi

  and three-dimensional images 421, 422, 424, 426

  by trade organizations 200–201

  triangulation in see triangulation

  virtual mapmaking 15, 405–36

  woodcut 161, 167–9, 168, 170, 173, 225

  zonal see zonal maps

  mappaemundi 57, 84, 91, 96, 100, 101–10, 151, 227, 366–7

  Hereford mappamundi see Hereford mappamundi

  Munich mappamundi 103–5

  MapQuest.com 405, 420, 433

  Marduk 2

  Maria of Hungary (sister of Charles V) 219, 237, 239

  Marinus of Tyre 43, 44, 46, 232

  Markham, Sir Clements 356, 359

  Marmini Ethiopia
ns 88

  The Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Martianus Capella) 101, 157

  Mars 288, 289

  Martellus, Henricus, world map 187

  Martianus Capella 101–2, 106, 157

  Martin IV, Pope 83

  ‘Martin of Bohemia’ see Behaim, Martin

  Martyr, Peter 205

  ‘Marvels of the Seven Climates to the End of Habitation’ 61

  Mary, mother of Jesus 90

  Maskelyne, Neil 332

  60

  mathematics 37, 53, 224, 225, 232, 233, 259, 434–5

  and map projections 232, 253–4, 340–42, 341, 343–4, 390

  of triangulation 225, 306, 313–14

  Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 309–11

  The Figure of the Earth 310

  Maurice of Orange 267, 274

  Maximilian Caesar Augustus 165

  Mecca 57, 64, 66, 76, 80

  Medici, Lorenzo de’ 163

  Mela, Pomponius 224

  Melanchthon, Philipp 230, 235

  Mellon, Henry 149

  Melo, Francis de 200, 201

  Mencius 127

  Mennonite movement 274

  Mercator, Gerard 178, 219–20, 221–2, 223–7, 231–2, 233, 235–7, 238–49, 250–59, 263, 405, 437

  1538 world map 232, 237

  1569 world map see Mercator world map (1569)

  accused of heresy 238–40

  Atlas 256, 258, 275, 287

  Chronologia 243–7, 244–5, 254, 258

  and cosmography 221–2, 225, 240, 241–3, 246–9, 255–9

  edition of Ptolemy’s Geography 256

  Evangelicae historiae 256

  globes 226–7, 238, 240, 254

  map of Flanders 237–8

  map of the British Isles 241

  map of the Holy Land 227, 231–2

  Peters compared with 387–8, 391

  projection see Mercator projection

  Vita Mercatoris (‘Life of Mercator’, Ghim) 220, 224, 237

  wall map of Europe 241

  Mercator-Hondius Atlas 275, 277

  Mercator projection 220, 222, 232, 246, 247–56, 259, 391, 431

  Willem Blaeu’s use of 268–72, 270–71

  British Empire exaggeration in 364–5

  challenged by new mathematical projections 340–42

  cordiform 235, 237

  and Gauss 342

  Mackinder’s use of 364–5, 366

  Peters’s projection and attack on 378–404

  twin hemispherical stereographic convention 256, 287–8

  Mercator world map (1569) 220, 241, 246, 247–56, 391

  projection 220, 222, 246, 247–56, 259

  Mercury 288, 289

  Mesure de la terre (Picard) 302, 303

  Meteorologica (Aristotle) 30, 31–2, 70

  Meyer, Hans 354

  microchips 413

  micrometers 302

  Microsoft 418

  TerraServer 418

  Middleburg 267