A History of the World in 12 Maps
Page 65
Miletus 25, 26
military value of maps 296, 330, 385
Miller cylindrical projection 389
Milner, Alfred 347
Ming dynasty 114, 115, 120, 122, 140–42
Minorca 86
On the Misery of the Human Condition (Innocent III) 108
Mitchell, William J. 432
Mnemosyne 24–5
MO4 (GSGS) 441
Mollweide, Karl Brandan, 342
map projection 341, 342, 389
Moluccas 191, 192, 193, 196, 197–9, 201–17, 227, 264
Monachus, Franciscus 225, 240
money from mapmaking 263–93, 429–31
Monmonier, Mark 384
Monoculi 89
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de 297
Moseley, Henry 347
Mountains of the Moon 58, 65
MSN Maps 433
Multimap 420, 433
Mundus Novus 163–4, 165
Munich ‘Isidore’ mappamundi 103–5
Münster, Sebastian 178
Murdoch equidistant conic projection 341
Muslim world maps 55–81
Mussolini, Benito 369
Nancy, Battle of 159
Napoleon I 330–31
NASA
first extraterrestrial photograph of the earth 405
maps of the Solar system 259
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) 414, 443
national consciousness 294–336, 373–4
National Convention of Republican France 294–5, 296, 297
National Gallery exhibition, Washington, ‘Circa 1492 : Art in the Age of Exploration’ 148
National Geographical Society 379, 381
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) 422
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 368
De natura rerum (Isidore of Seville) 100
Natural History (Pliny the Elder) 106
‘The Natural Seats of Power’ world map (Mackinder) 362–3, 363, 364–5, 372, 431
The Nature of Things (Isidore of Seville) 100
Naumann, Michael 148–9
Nazism
‘Final Solution’ 375–6
Hitler’s invasion of Russia 367
Nazi–Soviet Pact 367
Nazi theory of geopolitics 369
and Peters 385
and the power of maps 374–6
and World War II 367–8, 375–6
NCGIA (National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis) 414, 443
Needham, Joseph 131
Neo-Confucianism 115, 138, 141
Neoplatonism 99–100
Netherlands
Amsterdam see Amsterdam
Austrian 315
Blaeu dynasty 265–93
Blaeu’s maps of 286–7
Dutch astronomy 267
Dutch Calvinist culture 265–6
Dutch industry of mapmaking 263–93
Dutch painters 272–3
Dutch Republic 260–93
Eighty Years War 261
Spanish 267, 308
States General 264, 273, 275, 290
Thirty Years War 261
twelve-year truce 274
United Provinces see United Provinces
network society 409–10
New Atlantis (Bacon) 299
The New Cartography (Peters) 380–81, 383, 390–93
‘The New Geography’ (Mackinder) 347–8
New Internationalist 379–80
‘New Map of France’ (Cassini III) 314, 316–17
New Testament 219
Hebrews 107
Luke 90, 92
Revelation 87, 90, 243
‘New Unknown Lands’ (Newe unbekanthe landte) 179
‘New World Map by Willem Janszoon’ 268–72, 270–71
New York Times 150
New Zealand 261
Newe unbekanthe landte (‘New Unknown Lands’) 179
Newfoundland 201
Newton, Isaac 302, 308, 309–11, 314
Nicodoxus 91–2
Nicolas of Lynn 248
Nile Delta 18, 51
Nile, river 58, 65, 87, 88, 96, 103, 105, 248
NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) 422
nine, number, in Chinese classification 126–7
Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell) 369
Nivala, Annu-Maaria 433
Noah’s Ark 87, 96, 103, 104–5
noise-free communication 411–12, 414, 436
nonary squares 126–7, 137
Normans 54–5, 56, 67–9
North Korea 408
north orientation of maps 10–11, 58, 139–40, 152
Nova orbis terrarum geographica (Blaeu) 268–72, 270–71
Novus Atlas (Joan Blaeu) 283–4
Novus Atlas (Willem Blaeu) 278
Noyce, Bob 413
Nuremberg 162–3, 168
Nuzhat 73
Nyx 24
Oceanus (god) 24–5
Oceanus Occidentalis (Western Sea) 174, 178
Ochtervelt, Jacob 272
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 398
(Greek inhabited world) 24, 26, 31, 41, 44–6, 49–50, 405
size 36–7, 40
Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van 274
online mapping 15, 296, 405–36, 444
Onomasticon (Eusebius) 93
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (Copernicus) 42, 262
‘The Orders and Ranks of the Patriarchal Thrones’ (Doxapatres) 70
Ordnance Survey 259, 296, 297, 332–3, 339, 344, 441, 442
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 398
orientation of maps 10–11
Islamic maps 57–8
Kangnido map 118, 139–40
mappaemundi 85, 96
northern 10–11, 58, 139–40, 152
Peters map of the world 392
Waldseemüller map 151–2
Origins see Etymologies (Isidore of Seville)
‘The Origins of Physics’ (Melanchthon) 230
Orosius, Paulus 71, 75, 84, 106
History against the Pagans 71, 99–100
Orry, Philibert 311–12
Ortelius, Abraham 10, 15, 236, 258, 263, 275, 298
orthographic projection 233, 389, 393–6, 394
orthophanic projection 381
Orvieto, Italy 82, 83
Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty-Four 369
Oxfam 380
Oxford Kriegspiel Society 347
Oxford Union 347
Oxford University 348, 350–51
Extension movement 347
Pacific Ocean 191, 196–7
in the Waldseemüller map 150, 175
Paektu, Mount 138, 139, 140
Paesi novamenti retrovati (‘Lands Recently Discovered’) 179
Page, Larry 422–3, 427–8
PageRank 423, 427–8, 431
Pakistan 373–4
Palermo, Sicily 54, 68–9, 70
Palestine map, Liber locorum (Jerome) 93, 94–5, 96
Palmyra 62
Panama Canal 363
Paradise/Eden 57, 90, 101, 103, 104, 107
Parameters 372
Paris 86, 294–5, 297, 320
Cassini III’s map of 321, 322
and Greenwich 332
map trade 315
meridian 302, 306, 308, 313–14, 325
Observatory 298–300, 309, 319, 326, 329, 333
regional mapping 301, 304–5, 306
Parmenides 28, 31
Parsons, Ed 427, 428, 429
Patte, Pierre 324
Paulusz, Dionysus 282
Pauw, Reynier 274
Peace of Westphalia 261–2
Pecham, John 82–3, 109, 111
Pei Xiu 130–31
Penck, Albrecht, International Map of the World 439–44, 445
People of the Book (ahl al-) 56
Pergamon 38
‘Period of the Warring States’ (Zhanguo) 127–8, 129
Periodikum 388
periodos see circuit of the earth
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 43
Perot, Ross 149
Perrenot, Antoine 238
Persia 58, 61
perspective of maps 8–11
General Perspective Projection 435
Peschel, Oscar 352
Petermann, August Heinrich 352
Petermanns geographische Mitteilungen (PGM) 352
Peters, Arno 378, 379–80, 383–94, 396, 397, 403, 404, 437
Mercator compared with 387–8, 391
The New Cartography 380–81, 383, 390–93
The Peters Atlas of the World 380, 383, 403
Peters projection 378–404, 415–16, 434
Synchronoptische Weltgeschichte 386–8
world map 378–83, 384, 390–93, 401–2, 438–9
‘Peutinger Map’ 51
Phaedo (Plato) 70, 405
Pharos tower 17
Philesius, Matthias see Ringmann, Matthias
Philip II of Spain 258
Philippines 197
in the Kangnido map 118
Philli 88
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Newton) 302
Phoebe 24–5
Picard, Jean 298, 301–6, 308, 311
Carte de France corrigée 306–7, 307
‘Carte particulière des environs de Paris’ 304–5, 306
‘Picture of the Earth’
Ibn 65
62
Pigafetta, Antonio 193, 194, 197, 198
pinax 4, 22, 24
Plancius, Petrus 264, 266, 267, 268, 269
Plato 28–9, 98, 246, 405
Phaedo 70, 405
Pliny the Elder: Natural History 106
pluralism, clerical 82–3
Plutarch 25
Poetics of Space (Bachelard) 398
Pole Star 58
Policlitus 91–2
political geography 17, 67, 71, 78, 128, 141, 227, 349–50, 354, 369, 370, 374, 376
beginnings of 56
Eurocentrism 220, 379, 384, 393
France and the representation of political boundaries on maps 298
global warfare and geopolitics 370
globalism and the Ribeiro world maps 186–217
and Google Earth 408
ideological language of geopolitics 370–71
imperial mapping 344–6, 356, 357–9, 358–9, 365
and the International Map of the World 439–44
and Islam 63
Mackinder and geopolitics 346–72, 374
Nazi theory of geopolitics 369
and the partitioning of India 373–4
political cartographic manipulation 373–7, 385, 386, 403
political equality and the Peters projection 378–404
propaganda maps 374–5, 375
and ‘spatial law’ 408
Political Geography (Ratzel) 370
polyconic projection 342
Pompadour, Madam de 322
Pompey 39–40
portolan sailing charts 11, 152, 249, 250
Portuguese
arrival in India 155, 188, 189
Cantino planisphere 190–91
capture of Malacca 191, 192
Carreira da India 189
Casa da Mina e India 200
conflict with Castile over the Moluccas 191–2, 193, 196, 197–200, 201–17
cosmographers 250
discoveries about circumnavigation of Africa 162, 173, 187
empire 155, 186–7, 189, 191–2
mapmaking by Portuguese trade organizations 200–201
maps of India 189–90
and the Treaty of Tordesillas 186–7, 199, 203, 213
Posidonius 39–40, 236
‘The Position and Borders of the Promised Land’ (Cranach) 228–9, 230–31
‘Positions of the Heavenly Bodies in their Natural Order and their Allocated Celestial Fields’ 116–17
Powers of Ten 416
prehistoric inscriptions 3–4
Prester John (mythical king) 172
The Primeval Man Unveiled (Gall) 394
printing revolution 157–9, 162–3, 184
Priuli, Girolamo 186–7
The Production of Space (Lefebvre) 399
projection of maps 11–12, 232–6, 234
azimuthal 233, 234, 342
and conformality see conformality
cordiform 233, 234, 235–7, 247
cylindrical 232, 251–3, 268, 389, 395
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century projections 340–42, 341
equal-area see equal-area projection
and imperialism 364–5, 366
interrupted projections 389, 393
Marinus 46, 232
and mathematics 232, 253–4, 340–42, 341, 343–4, 390
Mercator see Mercator projection
and navigation 249–54, 256
onto globes 224–5
orthographic 233, 389, 393–6, 394
orthophanic 381
Peters projection 378–404, 415–16, 434
pole-based 233–5, 341
and political equality 378–404
polyconic 342
pseudo-conic 341, 342
pseudo-cylindrical 341, 342, 389
Ptolemy 46–50, 47, 52–3, 175–8, 232, 435
Renaissance projection diagrams 234
transverse equirectangular 319
twentieth-century projection diagrams 389
twin hemispherical stereographic 256, 287–8
Waldseemüller map 175–8
Prometheus 25
propaganda maps 374–5, 375
proportionality, cartographical 392
protectionism 356–7, 360
Providence, Divine 102
pseudo-conic projection 341, 342
pseudo-cylindrical projection 389
equal-area 341, 342
Ptolemaic dynasty 17–19, 21, 38, 52
Ptolemy III 35
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) 11, 19, 20–21, 98, 155, 157, 195, 224, 232, 246, 249, 405, 437
Almagest 41–3, 70
Behaim and the maps of 195
in Blaeu’s 1662 world map 288
Castilians and the authority of 206
in Cosmographia introductio 165–6, 167
‘Guide to Geography’ see Ptolemy’s Geography
Magellan’s reliance on maps of 197, 206
and the Waldseemüller map 152, 153–4, 171–2, 175, 176–8, 179
Ptolemy’s Geography 19–21, 41, 43–53, 47, 435
and world map 60–61
Alexandrian setting of 17–19
Greek and Hellenistic background to 21–43
and Islamic maps 60–61, 62–3, 71, 73, 75–6
and the Kangnido map 119
maps in 20, 51–2
projections 46–50, 47, 52–3, 175–8, 232, 435
Renaissance editions 160–62, 163–5, 179, 180–82, 256
Punjab 373
Py
e, Norman 380
dispute 141
Pythagoras 28, 29
Pytheas of Massalia 33–4
Qin dynasty 128, 129
Qingjun 122, 123
map of China 121, 122, 122
quadrivium 101–2, 157
Quarterly Review 338
Quételet, Adolphe 343
Quintilian 224
57, 59, 70, 87–8
Radcliffe Award 373–4
Radcliffe Boundary Commission 373
Radcliffe, Sir Cyril 373
Raleigh Travellers Club 337
Ramamurthy, V. S. 408
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista 259
Rand McNally 379, 381
Raqqa 62
Rassam, Hormuzd 1
Ratzel, Friedrich 370
Reading University 348
Reael, Laurens 277, 278, 279
Reformation 219, 221, 222–3, 257
Calvinism see Calvinism/Calvinists
Lutheranism 219, 227–30, 231, 235–6, 238
Reinel, Jorge 195–6, 201, 202
Reinel, Pedro 195–6, 201, 202
Reisch, Gregor 157
De la religion nationale (Fauchet) 327
religious repression/intolerance 218, 219, 221, 239–40, 243, 259
religious tolerance 219, 257
Remonstrants 274, 277, 283
Renaissance, European 10, 155–63, 235
and America 148, 150–51
diagrams of different Renaissance map projections 234
end of 262–3
geography 259
printing revolution 157–9, 162–3, 184
Renaissance editions of Ptolemy’s Geography 160–62, 163–5, 179, 180–82, 256
self-fashioning 220
and the Waldseemüller map 146–57, 163–85
René II, duke of Lorraine 159
Rennel, James 344
Republic (Cicero) 98
Republic (Plato) 98
Revelation, Book of 87, 90, 243
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (Copernicus) 42, 262
Rhea 24–5
Rheingold, Erasmus 242
Rhodes 35, 39–40
rhumb lines/loxodromes 249–51, 251, 253
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars (Monmonier) 384
Ribeiro, Diogo 195, 196, 201–2, 203, 205, 207
world maps 207–9, 210–11, 212–16, 431, 437
Richard of Haldingham 109, 110
Richard of Lafford 109
Richthofen, Ferdinand von 352
Ringmann, Matthias 160, 163, 164, 165, 179, 184
Cosmographia introductio 165–7, 179, 180–81
Universalis cosmographia see Waldseemüller map, Universalis cosmographia
Ritter, Karl 338, 340, 348, 352
Robaert, Augustijn 264
Robinson, Arthur 381, 382, 397, 438, 443
map communication model 411–12
map projection 379, 381, 389, 397
rock art, prehistoric 3–4