52. Adam Gurowski, Diary (3 vols.; Washington: Morrison, 1862–1866), 1:16–17 (section headed March 1861).
53. Robert L. Wilson to Herndon, Sterling, Illinois, 10 Feb. 1866, HI, 206.
54. Charles Francis Adams diary, 10 Mar. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
55. New York Tribune, 4 Mar. 1861.
56. Lincoln to William Sprague, Washington, 10 May 1861, Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln [hereafter CWL] (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 4:365.
57. William O. Stoddard, “White House Sketches, No. 5,” New York Citizen, 15 Sept. 1866, in Stoddard, Inside the White House, ed. Burlingame, 161.
58. Bates to James O. Broadhead, Washington, 26 Mar. 1861, Broadhead Papers, Missouri Historical Society, in Harry J. Carman and Reinhard H. Luthin, Lincoln and the Patronage (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), 54.
59. Galloway to Thurlow Weed, Columbus, 23 Mar. 1861, Weed Papers, University of Rochester; Galloway to David Davis, Columbus, 29 Mar. 1861, David Davis Papers, IHi.
60. Washington correspondence, 25 Feb., Philadelphia Press, 26 Feb. 1861.
61. Daniel W. Wilder to William H. Herndon, Rochester, New York, 24 Nov. 1866, HI, 419.
62. Lincoln to Seward, Washington, 8 Dec. 1860, CWL, 4:149.
63. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War: With the Leaders at Washington and in the Field in the Sixties (New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 3.
64. Lincoln, memorandum on the appointment of surveyor and collector of the port of New York, [ca. 8 Apr. 1861], CWL, 4:325.
65. Leonard Swett to William H. Herndon, Chicago, 17 Jan. 1866, HI, 165.
66. Washington correspondence, n.d., Cincinnati Commercial, n.d., copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 6 Mar. 1861.
67. Barney to Chase, New York, 23 July 1861, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
68. Charles A. Dana to Chase, New York, 22 Feb. 1861, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
69. John Austin Stevens, Jr., to John Austin Stevens, Sr., Washington, 9 July 1861, Stevens Papers, New-York Historical Society.
70. Lincoln to Chase, Washington, 8 May 1861, CWL, 4:361.
71. Bernitt, ed., “Two Manuscripts of Gideon Welles,” 594.
72. The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, ed. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (2 vols.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948–1949), 2:1092 (entry for 19 Nov. 1862); Charles Francis Adams diary, 1 May 1865, Adams Family Papers, MHi; Adams to Richard Henry Dana, London, 11 June 1862, Dana Papers, MHi.
73. Washington correspondence, 23 Mar., New York Evening Post, 23 Mar. 1861.
74. George W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872 (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1884), 183.
75. Springfield correspondence by Henry Villard, 3 Dec., New York Herald, 9 Dec. 1860.
76. Grimshaw to Lyman Trumbull, 3 Dec. 1863, quoted in Carman and Luthin, Lincoln and the Patronage, 118.
77. John T. Morton to Lyman Trumbull, Topeka, 16 Nov. 1863, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
78. Willard L. King, Lincoln’s Manager: David Davis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960), 179.
79. William P. Wood to the Senate Judiciary Committee, Washington, 8 July 1861, Lamon Papers, CSmH.
80. Benjamin Brown French to Henry Flagg French, Washington, 5 July 1861, French Family Papers, DLC.
81. Lavern Marshall Hamand, “Ward Hill Lamon: Lincoln’s ‘Particular Friend’ ” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1949), 233–252; Jesse W. Weik, The Real Lincoln: A Portrait, ed. Michael Burlingame (1922; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 218.
82. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 245 (entry for 8 Nov. 1864).
83. Richard C. McCormick’s reminiscences, New York, 29 Apr., New York Evening Post, 3 May 1865.
84. White to Jesse W. Weik, Kittery Point, Maine, 12 Aug. 1894, Weik, Real Lincoln, ed. Burlingame, 383.
85. Jason Marsh to Lyman Trumbull, Rockford, 26 May 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
86. O. C. Dake to David Davis, Washington, 7 May 1861, David Davis Papers, IHi.
87. Davis to W. W. Orme, St. Louis, 19 Jan. 1861, Morgan Papers, Illinois Historical Survey, University of Illinois, quoted in Hamand, “Ward Hill Lamon,” 133.
88. Davis to Harvey Hogg, West Point, New York, 17 June 1861, Lamon Papers, CSmH, quoted in Hamand, “Ward Hill Lamon,” 232.
89. O. C. Dake to David Davis, Washington, 7 May 1861, David Davis Papers, IHi.
90. George Gibbs to John Austin Stevens, Washington, 23 Oct. 1861, Stevens Papers, New-York Historical Society.
91. Washington correspondence, 31 Mar., New York Times, 1 Apr. 1861.
92. Washington correspondence, n.d., Missouri Democrat (St. Louis), 1 Apr., copied in the Portland Oregonian, 29 Apr. 1861.
93. George W. Julian in Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Review, 1888), 51.
94. Washington correspondence by X Y Z, 31 Mar., Philadelphia Press, 1 Apr. 1861.
95. Washington correspondence by Special, 30 Mar., Cincinnati Commercial, 1 Apr. 1861.
96. Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln and the Downfall of American Slavery (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 417.
97. Dr. Samuel Long to Lyman Trumbull, Collinsville, Illinois, 26 Nov. 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
98. David L. Gregg to Lincoln, Honolulu, 24 Jan. 1863, AL MSS DLC.
99. Baker to Anson G. Henry, Washington, 9 July [1861], Henry Papers, IHi.
100. Washington correspondence, 30 Mar., New York Herald, 31 Mar. 1861.
101. Cameron to Leonard Swett, Washington, 10 Mar. 1861, David Davis Papers, IHi.
102. John Hay, “Heroic Age in Washington,” Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 125.
103. CWL, 6:51.
104. Journal of Benjamin Moran, ed. Wallace and Gillespie, 2:1166 (entry for 21 May 1863).
105. Lincoln to James Pollock, Washington, 15 Aug. 1861, CWL, 4:485.
106. Lincoln to William B. Thomas, Washington, 8 May 1861, ibid., 4:362.
107. Lincoln to John W. Forney, Washington, 20 July 1861, ibid., 4:456.
108. Trumbull to [O. M. Hatch], Washington, 24 Mar. 1861, Hatch Papers, IHi.
109. CWL, 4:321.
110. David Donald, Lincoln’s Herndon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 153.
111. W. W. Orme to Leonard Swett, Washington, 14 May [1861], David Davis Papers, IHi.
112. Henry C. Whitney to Herndon, n.p., 23 June 1887, HI, 620; William H. L. Wallace to his wife, Washington, 9 Mar. 1861, Harry E. Pratt, ed., Concerning Mr. Lincoln, in Which Abraham Lincoln Is Pictured As He Appeared to Letter Writers of His Time (Springfield, IL: Abraham Lincoln Association, 1944), 71.
113. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis du Pont, [Washington], 20 Mar. 1861, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
114. Nicolay to Ozias M. Hatch, Washington, 7 Mar. 1861, Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 30.
115. Indianapolis correspondence by Charles A. Page, 30 Apr. 1865, in Charles A. Page, Letters of a War Correspondent, ed. James R. Gilmore (Boston: L. C. Page, 1899), 376.
116. Dubois to Lincoln, Springfield, 27 Mar. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
117. Lincoln to Dubois, Washington, 30 Mar. 1861, CWL, 4:302.
118. Dubois to Lincoln, Springfield, 6 Apr. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
119. Dubois to Henry C. Whitney, Springfield, 6 Apr. 1865, HI, 620.
120. Howard K. Beale and Alan W. Brownsword, eds., Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson (3 vols.; New York: W.W. Norton, 1960), 1:57.
121. Swett to Herndon, Chicago, 17 Jan. 1866, HI, 165.
122. Maunsell B. Field, Memories of Many Men and of Some Women: Being Personal Recoll
ections of Emperors, Kings, Queens, Princes, Presidents, Statesmen, Authors, and Artists, at Home and Abroad, during the Last Thirty Years (New York: Harper, 1874), 310.
123. Lamon to Richard Yates, Washington, 3 July 1864, draft, Lamon Papers, CSmH, quoted in Hamand, “Ward Hill Lamon,” 348–349.
124. Hawkins Taylor to William Butler, Washington, 22 Mar. 1861, Ozias M. Hatch Papers, IHi.
125. James M. Scovel, “Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln,” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine 44 (Aug. 1889): 248.
126. Knox to Lincoln, Chicago, 3 Oct. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
127. Conkling to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 31 May 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
128. Conkling to Lyman Trumbull, Peoria, 30 June 1862, ibid.
129. Horace White to William Butler, Chicago, 11 Nov. 1862, William Butler Papers, ICHi.
130. Peck to Trumbull, Chicago, 21 Mar. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC
131. W. M. Dickson to Friedrich Hassaurek, Cincinnati, 15 Feb. 1864, Hassaurek Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
132. Samuel R. Curtis to his wife, Washington, 1 May 1861, Kenneth E. Colton, ed., “ ‘The Irrepressible Conflict of 1861’: The Letters of Samuel Ryan Curtis,” Annals of Iowa, 3rd series, 24 (1942):47.
133. Grenville M. Dodge to his wife Annie, Washington, 12 Mar. 1861, typescript in “Data Chronologically arranged for ready reference in preparation of a Biography of Grenville Mellen Dodge,” Dodge Papers, Iowa State Archives, Des Moines.
134. Zachariah Chandler to Lincoln, Washington, 30 Mar. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
135. Fessenden to Elizabeth Warriner, Washington, 17 Mar. 1861, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College; Fessenden to James S. Pike, Portland, 8 Sept. 1861, Pike Papers, DLC.
136. Washington correspondence by “Aga,” 21 Mar., Baltimore Sun, 22 Mar. 1861.
137. Gardiner Worthington to Lincoln, New York, 27 Mar. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
138. Egbert L. Viele, “A Trip with Lincoln, Chase and Stanton,” Scribner’s Monthly 16 (1878):818.
139. John Conness to Andrew Johnson, New York, 31 May 1865, William H. Wallace file, Letters of Application and Recommendation during the Administrations of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, 1861–1869, Record Group 59, M 650, National Archives.
140. Charles H. Ray to John A. Andrew, Springfield, 17 Jan. 1861, Andrew Papers, MHi.
141. J. Edward Murr, “Some Pertinent Observations Concerning ‘Abe Lincoln—The Hoosier,’ ” 17–18, unpublished typescript, Murr Papers, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana.
142. Charles Washburn to Elihu B. Washburne, 23 May 1861, Russell K. Nelson, “The Early Life and Congressional Career of Elihu B. Washburne” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota, 1954), 238.
143. Halstead to Timothy C. Day, Washington, 8 June, 16 July 1861, Sarah J. Day, The Man on a Hill Top (Philadelphia: Ware Brothers, 1931), 243, 247.
144. Smith to Richard W. Thompson, Washington, 16 Apr. 1861, Thompson Collection, LMF.
145. Undated notes by George Harrington, Harrington Papers, Missouri Historical Society.
146. George W. Rives to Lyman Trumbull, Paris, Illinois, 12 Feb. 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
147. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 12 Nov., Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, 16 Nov. 1861.
148. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Notes and Anecdotes of Many Years (New York: Scribner’s, 1925), 65–66.
149. John B. Alley in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 589.
150. Alexander Milton Ross, Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist: From 1855 to 1865 (Toronto: Rowsell and Hutchinson, 1875), 138.
151. Statement by Whitney, [Nov. 1866?], in HI, 406.
152. La Patrie (Paris), 21 July 1861, in Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln, A Press Portrait: His Life and Times from the Original Newspaper Documents of the Union, the Confederacy, and Europe (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 274.
153. Titian J. Coffey in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 240.
154. James Mitchell to Matthew Simpson, Washington, 20 Oct. 1863, Matthew Simpson Papers, DLC.
155. John Lanahan to Matthew Simpson, Washington, 27 June 1864 and [Alexandria, Virginia?], Nov. 1861 [no day indicated], ibid.
156. D. H. Whitney to Matthew Simpson, Washington, 20 May 1863, ibid.
157. Field, Memories of Many Men and of Some Women, 310.
158. Washington correspondence, 14 Mar., New York World, 15 Mar. 1861.
159. New York Herald, 9 Dec. 1860.
160. Lincoln to Seward, Washington, 18 Mar. 1861, CWL, 4:293.
161. Washington correspondence by Special, 15 Mar., Cincinnati Commercial, 16 Mar. 1861.
162. New York Daily News, 28 Mar. 1861.
163. Gustave Koerner to Lyman Trumbull, Belleville, Illinois, 1 May 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC; Washington correspondence, 14 Mar., New York Herald, 16 Mar. 1861.
164. Clay’s recollections in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 300.
165. Michael Burlingame, “The Early Life of Carl Schurz, 1829–1865” (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1971), 320–354.
166. Albert G. Browne, Jr., to John A. Andrew, Washington, [28 Mar. 1861], Andrew Papers, MHi.
167. Koerner to [Richard Yates], Belleville, 28 May 1862, in the possession of a private collector represented by Jonathan Mann.
168. Washington correspondence by Special, 28 Mar., Cincinnati Commercial, 29 Mar. 1861.
169. Washington correspondence, 7 Mar., New York Herald, 8 Mar. 1861.
170. Thomas J. Pickett, “Reminiscences of Lincoln,” Lincoln, Nebraska, Daily State Journal, 12 Apr. 1881.
171. Charles Francis Adams diary, 10 Mar. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
172. Albert G. Browne, Jr., to John A. Andrew, Washington, [28 Mar. 1861], Andrew Papers, MHi.
173. Washington correspondence, 29 Mar., Cincinnati Enquirer, n.d., copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 2 Apr. 1861.
174. Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 73.
175. Wallace and Gillespie, eds., Journal of Moran, 2:909 (entry for 20 Nov. 1861).
176. William James Stillman, Autobiography of a Journalist (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), 1:369.
177. Lincoln to Seward, Washington, 18 Mar. 1861, CWL, 4:292.
178. The Nation, 24 Jan. 1867.
179. Charles Francis Adams diary, 12 Mar. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
180. Henry Cabot Lodge journal, 10 June 1876, Lodge Papers, MHi; Charles Francis Adams diary, 12, 28, 31 Mar. 1861, Adams Family Papers, MHi.
181. Letter by “Sparta,” n.d., Indianapolis Daily Journal, 5 Apr. 1861.
182. John B. Alley in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 577–579; Edward Everett Hale, Memories of a Hundred Years (2 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1904), 2:78.
183. Lincoln to John A. Gilmer, Springfield, 15 Dec. 1860, CWL, 4:151.
184. Washington correspondence, 18 Mar., New York Herald, 19 Mar. 1861.
185. Josiah M. Lucas to Hicks, Washington, 11 Jan. 1861, Hicks Papers, Maryland Historical Society.
186. Hicks to Seward, Annapolis, 28 Mar. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
187. Davis to [John Sherman], n.p., 30 May 1862, Sherman Papers, DLC.
188. Benjamin Brown French to his son Frank, Washington, 20 Mar. 1861, French Family Papers, DLC.
189. Washington correspondence by Ben: Perley Poore, 7 Mar., Boston Journal, 7 Mar. 1861.
190. Washington correspondence, 27 Mar., Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, 30 Mar. 1861; Washington correspondence, 25 Mar., Baltimore Sun, 26 Mar. 1861.
191. Clemens to [W. W. Shiver of Wheeling, Virginia], Washington, 1 Mar. 1861, William P. Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.
Chapter 22. “You Can Have No Conflict Without Being Yourselves the Aggressors”
1. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vols.; New York: Century, 1890), 3:371.
2. Charles Francis Adams,
Jr., to Frederic Bancroft, n.p., 11 Oct. 1911, copy, Allan Nevins Papers, Columbia University.
3. New York Tribune, 27 Feb. 1861.
4. Baron Rudolph Schleiden, minister to the United States from the Republic of Bremen, dispatch to his home government, Washington, 18 Feb. 1861, copy, Carl Schurz Papers, DLC.
5. Memorandum by John A. Campbell, n.d., in Henry G. Connor, John Archibald Campbell, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1853–1861 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 116.
6. Charles S. Morehead, speech delivered in Liverpool, England, on 9 Oct. 1862, Liverpool Mercury, 13 Oct. 1862, excerpted in David Rankin Barbee and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr., eds., “Fort Sumter Again,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 28 (1941):66.
7. John Forsyth and Martin J. Crawford to Robert Toombs, dispatch no. 3, Washington, 8 Mar. 1861, copy, Confederate States of America Papers, DLC.
8. Edward Everett journal, 23 Aug. 1861, Everett Papers, MHi.
9. John D. Defrees to Jesse K. Dubois, Indianapolis, 12 Nov. 1860, AL MSS DLC.
10. Edouard de Stoeckl to Alexander Gortchakov, Washington, 9 Apr. 1861, dispatch 20, photocopy, Principal Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russian Reproductions, Papers of the Foreign Copying Project, DLC; Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland: World, 1952), 49.
11. Martin Crawford, ed., William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 26.
12. Scott to Seward, Washington, 3 Mar. 1861, in John Bigelow, ed., Letters and Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden (2 vols.; New York: Harper, 1908), 1:157.
13. Montgomery Blair to Gideon Welles, Washington, 17 May 1873, Welles Papers, DLC.
14. Howard K. Beale and Alan W. Brownsword, eds., Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy under Lincoln and Johnson [hereafter Welles Diary] (3 vols.; New York: W. W. Norton, 1960), 1:4. See also Gideon Welles, “Fort Sumter,” The Galaxy 10 (Nov. 1870), Albert Mordell, comp., Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1959), 40–42; John Niven, Gideon Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 325.
15. Howard K. Beale, ed., The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866 (Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1930, vol. 4; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), 177 (entry for 9 Mar. 1861).
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