131. Yates to Gustave Koerner, [Springfield], ca. 23 Oct. 1861, Thomas J. McCormack, ed., Memoirs of Gustave Koerner, 1809–1896 (2 vols.; Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press, 1909), 2:188.
132. Chase to Cameron, Washington, 7 Oct. 1861, in Niven, ed., Chase Papers, 3:100.
133. Curtis to Lincoln, Benton Barracks (near St. Louis), 12 Oct. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
134. “Report of Lorenzo Thomas, 21 October 1861,” in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, House Reports (3 vols.; Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1863), 3:8.
135. Trumbull to Lincoln, Alton, 1 Oct. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
136. Wool to Sarah Wool, Fort Monroe, 7, 9, 10, 21 Oct. 1861, Wool Papers, New York State Library, Albany.
137. Howard K. Beale, ed., The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866 (Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1930, vol. 4; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), 198 (entry for 18 Oct. 1861).
138. Bates to James Broadhead, in William E. Parish, Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 73.
139. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 29 Oct., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 1 Nov. 1861.
140. CWL, 5:1.
141. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 123 (entry for 9 Dec. 1863).
142. Moncure Conway, Autobiography: Memories and Experiences of Moncure Daniel Conway (2 vols.; London: Cassell, 1904), 1:380.
143. Nicolay to John Hay, Springfield, 21 Oct. 1861, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 61.
144. Bates to Chase, St. Louis, 11 Sept. 1861, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
145. Richard Smith to Chase, Cincinnati, 7 Nov. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC
146. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 5 Nov., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 8 Nov. 1861.
147. Cincinnati Press, n.d, copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 13 Nov. 1861.
148. Thaddeus Stevens to Simon Stevens, Washington, 5 Nov. 1861, Stevens Papers, DLC.
149. The Liberator (Boston), 20 Sept. 1861.
150. Garrison to Oliver Johnson, Boston, 7 Oct. 1861, Walter M. Merrill, ed., The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison (6 vols.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971–1981), 5:37.
151. Speech at Albany, 7 Feb. 1862, National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 22 Feb. 1862.
152. Julian in Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Review, 1888), 55.
153. Henry D. Bacon to S. L. M. Barlow, n.p., 20 Jan. 1862, Barlow Papers, CSmH, copy, Allan Nevins Papers, Columbia University.
154. W. A. Croffut, An American Procession, 1855–1914: A Personal Chronicle of Famous Men (Boston: Little, Brown, 1931), 73.
155. Washington correspondence, 27 Nov., Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 Nov. 1861.
156. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis Du Pont, [Baltimore], 18 Dec. 1861, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
157. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion [hereafter ORN], I, 17:19.
158. Benjamin Butler, Autobiography and Personal Reminiscences of Major-General Benj. F. Butler: Butler’s Book (Boston: A. M. Thayer, 1892), 287–288.
159. CWL, 4:528.
160. Samuel F. Du Pont to Henry Winter Davis, New York, 8 Oct. 1861, in John D. Hayes, ed., Samuel Francis Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters (3 vols.; Ithaca, NY: Published for the Eleutherian Mills Historical Library by the Cornell University Press, 1969), 1:163.
161. Diary of William T. Coggeshall, 25 Nov. 1861, in Freda Postle Koch, Colonel Coggeshall: The Man Who Saved Lincoln (Columbus, Ohio: Poko Press, 1985), 61.
162. Sherman to Lincoln, 17 Oct. 1861, AL MSS DLC; Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 27 (entries for 17, 18 Oct. 1861).
163. David Homer Bates, Lincoln Stories Told by Him in the Military Office in the War Department during the Civil War, Recorded by One of the Listeners (New York: W. E. Rudge, 1926), 24.
164. New York Evening Post, 1 Nov. 1864.
165. Mark Howard to Gideon Welles, Hartford, 14 Nov. 1861; Fanny Eames to Welles, New York, 14 Nov. 1861, Welles Papers, DLC.
166. ORN, 12:291.
167. Ron Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave Trader (New York: Atria Books, 2006), 153.
168. John G. Barnard, remarks made at a dinner in 1871, as recalled by “S.S.,” New York Tribune, 21 Oct. 1885.
169. Dawes to his wife, Washington, 11 Dec. 1861, Dawes Papers, DLC.
170. Adam Gurowski, Diary (3 vols.; Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1862–1866), 1:136 (entry for Dec. 1861).
171. McClellan to Lincoln, Washington, 10 Dec. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
172. John A. Bingham to Joshua Giddings, Washington, 19 Dec. 1861, Giddings Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
173. Chandler to his wife, Washington, 27 Oct. 1861, Chandler Papers, DLC.
174. Dawes to his wife, Washington, 6 Jan. 1862, Dawes Papers, DLC.
175. Wade to Zachariah Chandler, Jefferson, Ohio, 8 Oct. 1861, Chandler Papers, DLC.
176. Conway to George Luther Stearns, Washington, 1 Nov. 1861, in Frank Preston Stearns, The Life and Public Services of George Luther Stearns (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1907), 257; Conway to James Freeman Clarke, Washington, 27 Jan. 1862, Clarke Papers, MHi.
177. Charles F. Mitchell to John Sherman, Flemingsburg, Kentucky, 21 Dec. 1861, 1 Feb. 1862, Sherman Papers, DLC.
178. John Y. Simon, “Truman Smith and Lincoln,” Lincoln Herald 67 (1965):127.
179. Charles E. Pike to James S. Pike, Oskosh, 2 Oct. (continuation of a letter begun on 15 Sept.) 1861, Pike Papers, University of Maine.
180. Mrs. L. B. Farnum to George Bancroft, n.p., 5 Jan. 1862, Bancroft Papers, MHi.
181. [F. M. Finch?] to Julian, Franklin, 26 Jan. 1862, Giddings-Julian Papers, DLC.
182. Henry Winter Davis to Sophie Du Pont, [n.p.], 4 Dec. 1862, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
183. Charles Eliot Norton to George Perkins Marsh, Cambridge, 9 Nov. 1861, Marsh Papers, University of Vermont; George Gibbs to John Austin Stevens, Washington, 12 Sept. 1861, Stevens Papers, New-York Historical Society.
184. P. P. Enos to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 7 Jan. 1862, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
185. Gustave Koerner to Lyman Trumbull, Belleville, 26 and 2 Jan. 1862, ibid.
186. J. F. Amkeny to Washburne, Freeport, 23 Dec. 1861, Washburne Papers, DLC.
187. J. W. Shaffer to Washburne, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 24 Dec. 1861, ibid.
188. W. C. Dunning to Washburne, Byron, Illinois, 10 Jan. 1862; A. J. Betts to Washburne, Durand, Illinois, 29 Jan. 1862, ibid.
189. Wait Talcott to Lyman Trumbull, Rockford, 18 January 1862, Lyman Trumbull Papers, DLC.
190. J. H. Jordan to John Sherman, Cincinnati, 22 Dec. 1861, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
191. Timothy C. Day to John Sherman, Cincinnati, 18 Jan. 1862, ibid.
192. E. B. Talcott to Elihu B. Washburne, Chicago, 28 Dec. 1861, Washburne Papers, DLC.
193. John A. Dahlgren diary, copy, Nicolay Papers, DLC (entry for 2 Jan. 1862).
194. Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans: Lincoln’s Vanguard for Racial Justice (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), 184.
195. CWL, 5:88.
196. Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1885), 297.
197. William O. Stoddard, “White House Sketches No. 6,” New York Citizen, 22 Sept. 1866, in Stoddard, Inside the White House, ed. Burlingame, 167.
198. Fessenden to his family, Washington, 14 Jan. 1862, in Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 1:259–260.
199. William S. Holman to Allen Hamilton, Washington, 17 Jan. 1862, Richard W. Thompson
Papers, LMF.
200. Weed to William Evarts, 20 Feb. 1862, Brainerd Dyer, The Public Career of William M. Evarts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1933), 52.
201. W. M. Dickson to Friedrich Hassaurek, Cincinnati, 27 Sept. 1861, Hassaurek Papers, Ohio Historical Society.
202. Lincoln to McClernard, Washington, 10 Nov. 1861, CWL, 5:20.
203. Lawrence Beaumont Stringer, “From the Sangamon to the Potomac: More Light on Abraham Lincoln,” typescript of an unpublished manuscript, p. 94, Edgar Dewitt Jones Papers, Detroit Public Library.
204. Buell to Lincoln, Louisville, 5 Jan. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
205. Halleck to McClellan, St. Louis, 28 Nov. 1861, OR, I, 8:389.
206. Lincoln to Hunter, Washington, 31 Dec. 1861, CWL, 5:84–85.
207. Lincoln to Buell, Washington, 6 Jan. 1862, ibid., 5:90–91.
208. Lincoln to Buell, Washington, 7 Jan. 1862, ibid., 5:91–92.
209. Lincoln to Cameron, Washington, 10 Jan. 1862, ibid., 5:95.
210. John A. Dahlgren diary, copy, Nicolay Papers, DLC (entry for 2 Jan. 1862).
211. Meigs to his father, Washington, 2 Mar. 1862, Meigs Papers, DLC.
212. M. C. Meigs, “The Relations of President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton to the Military Commanders in the Civil War,” an article written in 1888, American Historical Review 26 (1921):292.
213. McDowell memorandum, 13 Jan. 1862, in Henry J. Raymond, The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Derby and Miller, 1865), 773.
214. McDowell memorandum, 13 Jan. 1862, in Raymond, Lincoln, 776; Meigs, “Relations of Lincoln and Stanton to the Military Commanders,” 292–293, 295.
215. William B. Franklin, “The First Great Crime of the War,” in Alexander K. McClure, ed., The Annals of the War Written by Leading Participants North and South (Philadelphia: Times Publishing Company, 1879), 79.
216. McDowell memorandum, 13 Jan. 1862, in Raymond, Lincoln, 777; Meigs, “Relations of President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton to the Military Commanders,” 293.
217. Malcolm Ives to James G. Bennett, Washington, 15 Jan. 1862 [misdated 1861], Bennett Papers, DLC.
218. Beale, ed., Bates Diary, 223 (entry for 10 Jan. 1862).
219. New York Times, 17 Nov. 1861.
220. Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial History of the Civil War in the United States of America (2 vols.; Hartford: Belknap, 1868), 2:156.
221. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 19 Nov., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 23 Nov. 1861.
222. Gideon Welles, “Capture and Release of Mason and Slidell,” in Albert Mordell, compiler, Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles (New York: Twayne, 1959), 270.
223. Titian J. Coffee in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 245.
224. Stoeckl to Gortchakoff, n.d., in Albert A. Woldman, Lincoln and the Russians (Cleveland: World, 1952), 92.
225. Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward (New York: Sheldon, 1874), 185–187; Welles, “Capture and Release of Mason and Slidell,” 276; “Suppressed dispatch,” Washington correspondence, 29 Dec., New York Tribune, 31 Dec. 1861.
226. Weed to Archbishop John J. Hughes, London, 7, 22 Dec. 1861, photostatic copies, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
227. Russell, Diary, 126 (entry for 4 July 1861).
228. Lossing, Pictorial History of the Civil War, 2:162.
229. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 35.
230. Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning (2 vols.; Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1925–1933), 1:514 (entry for 10 Dec. 1861).
231. Ibid., 1:515 (entry for 15 Dec. 1861).
232. Anson S. Miller to E. B. Washburne, Rockford, 25 Dec. 1861, Washburne Papers, DLC.
233. Richard J. Corwine to John Sherman, Cincinnati, 29 Dec. 1861, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
234. Russell, Diary, 217 (entry for 16 Dec. 1861).
235. Charles Cowley, Leaves from a Lawyer’s Life, Afloat and Ashore (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1879), 192.
236. John A. Dahlgren diary, copy, Nicolay Papers, DLC (entry for 18 Dec. 1861).
237. Washington correspondence, by “Occasional,” 18 Dec., Philadelphia Press, 19 Dec. 1861.
238. Forney’s Progress, 4 Sept. 1884, typed copy, David Rankin Barbee Papers, Georgetown University.
239. Pease and Randall, eds., Browning Diary, 1:516 (entry for 21 Dec. 1861).
240. Sumner to Bright, Washington, 30 Dec. 1861, Edward L. Pierce, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols.; Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1877–1893), 4:59.
241. James R. Doolittle to Lincoln, Washington, 19 Dec. 1861, AL MSS DLC.
242. CWL, 5:63.
243. Pease and Randall, eds., Browning Diary, 1:516 (entry for 21 Dec. 1861).
244. Sumner to Bright, Washington, 23 Dec. 1861, Palmer, ed., Sumner Letters, 2:87; Edward Waldo Emerson, ed., Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1856–1863 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 380 (entry for 31 Jan. 1862).
245. Beale, ed., Bates Diary, 216 (entry for 25 Dec. 1861).
246. John Niven, ed., The Salmon P. Chase Papers (5 vols.; Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1993–1998), 1:319–320 (diary entry for 25 Dec. 1861).
247. Frederick Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, 1830–1915 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916), 189–190.
248. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 408–409.
249. Washington correspondence by Agate [Whitelaw Reid], 19 Apr. 1863, Cincinnati Gazette, n.d., clipping in scrapbook, Reid Family Papers, DLC.
250. Sumner to Richard Cobden, Washington, 31 Dec. 1861, in Palmer, ed., Sumner Letters, 2:92.
251. Alexander T. Galt, memorandum, Washington, 5 Dec. 1861, in Oscar Douglas Skelton, The Life and Times of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1920), 315.
252. Boston correspondence, 30 Dec. 1861, New York Herald, 1 Jan. 1862
253. Joseph Gillespie to William Kellogg, Edwardsville, Illinois, 28 Dec. 1861, Gillespie Papers, ICHi.
254. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis Du Pont, [Baltimore], [late Dec. 1861], transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
255. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 11 Jan. 1862.
256. John A. Logan to his wife, Washington, 27 Dec. 1861, John A. Logan Papers, DLC.
257. Washington correspondence, 1 Jan., Philadelphia Press, 2 Jan. 1862.
258. Washington correspondence, 3 Jan., Indianapolis Journal, 11 Jan. 1862; Washington correspondence, 23 Dec., Chicago Evening Journal, 27 Dec. 1861.
259. Lynn Marshall Case and Warren F. Spencer, The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970), 193–194.
260. Memo by Slidell, Paris, 25 July 1862, ORN, II, 3:484.
261. John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 178.
262. Welles to an unidentified correspondent, Hartford, 19 Mar. 1874, Lincoln Cabinet Collection, LMF.
263. Sumner, conversation with Edward Everett Hale, Washington, 26 Apr. 1862, Hale, Memories of One Hundred Years (2 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1902), 2:192.
264. Bancroft to his wife, [Washington], 16 Dec. 1861, Bancroft Papers, Cornell University.
265. This is based on Fisher’s unpublished essay, “The Trial of John H. Surratt for the Murder of President Lincoln,” typescript, pp. 3–3½, George P. Fisher Papers, DLC; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Delaware, 1609–1888 (2 vols.; Philadelphia: L. J. Richards, 1888), 1:345n-346n, which indicates no source; and on the reminiscences of Burrton’s son, in H. Clay Reed, “Lincoln’s Compensated Emancipation Plan and its Relations to Delaware,” Delaware Notes 7 (1931): 38.
266. Pease and Randall, eds., Browning Diary, 1:512 (entry for 1 Dec. 1861); David Davis to Leonard Swett, 26 Nov. 1862, David Davis Papers, IHi.<
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267. Bancroft to his wife, [Washington], 16 Dec. 1861, Bancroft Papers, Cornell University.
268. George W. Smalley told this to George Luther Stearns. Stearns to his wife, Washington, 25 Jan. 1864, Stearns, Life and Public Services of Stearns, 327.
269. CWL, 5:48–49.
270. Snethen to Wendell Phillips, Baltimore, 25 Aug. 1864, Phillips Papers, Harvard University.
271. John A. Logan to his wife, Washington, 12 Jan. 1862, Logan Papers, DLC.
272. House Journal, 1862, quoted in Harold Bell Hancock, Delaware during the Civil War: A Political History (Wilmington: Historical Society of Delaware, 1961), 110.
273. Congressional Globe, 3 April 1862, in Patience Essah, A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 170.
274. Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1923–1924 (6 May 1862).
275. Dover Delawarean and Samuel Townsend, quoted in William H. Williams, Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639–1865 (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1996), 175.
276. Essah, House Divided, 171.
277. E. Darwin Smith to Thurlow Weed, Rochester, 13 Nov. 1861, Weed Papers, University of Rochester.
278. CWL, 5:35–53.
279. New York World, Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 Dec. 1861; Missouri Democrat (St. Louis), 5 Dec. 1861.
280. Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 83 (12 Dec. 1861).
281. Washington correspondence, 11 Dec., Chicago Times, n.d., copied in the Illinois State Register (Springfield), 16 Dec. 1861.
282. Cincinnati Commercial, 4 Dec. 1861. See also Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 4 Dec. 1861.
283. New York Evening Post, 4 Dec., copied in the New York World, 5 Dec. 1861.
284. Charles H. Brown, William Cullen Bryant (New York: Scribner, 1971), 435.
285. Norton to George William Curtis, Cambridge, MA, 5 Dec. 1861, Sara Norton and M. A. De Wolfe Howe, eds., Letters of Charles Eliot Norton (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 1:246.
286. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 27 Nov., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 29 Nov. 1861.
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