287. Washington correspondence, 4 Nov., National Anti-slavery Standard (New York), 9 Nov. 1861.
288. Giles Badger Stebbins’s speech at the 29th annual meeting of the Massachusetts Antislavery Society, New York Evening Express, 27 Jan. 1862.
289. Helen Nicolay, Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Century, 1912), 32.
290. Washington correspondence by James Brooks, 31 Jan., New York Evening Express, 1 Feb. 1862.
291. Lydia Maria Child to Mary Stearns, Wayland, Massachusetts, 15 Dec. 1861, 30 Jan. 1862, Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880, ed. Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982), 399–400, 405.
292. Owen Lovejoy, His Brother’s Blood: Speeches and Writings, 1838–64, ed. William F. Moore and Jane Ann Moore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 277.
293. Lincoln to Bancroft, Washington, 18 Nov. 1861, CWL, 5:26.
294. Washington correspondence by Sigma, 3 Dec., Cincinnati Commercial, 9 Dec. 1861.
295. National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 14 Dec. 1861.
296. Mott to Martha Coffin Wright, Philadelphia, 5 Dec. 1861, in Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed., Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 317–318.
297. Elizabeth Cady Stanton to Gerrit Smith, Seneca Falls, NY, 16 Dec. 1861, in Ann D. Gordon, ed., The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (4 vols.; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997–2006), 1:470.
298. Child to Mary Stearns, Wayland, Massachusetts, 15 Dec. 1861, 30 Jan. 1862, Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, ed. Meltzer and Holland, 399–400, 405.
299. William P. Fessenden to his son Frank, Washington, 6 Dec. 1861, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
300. Fessenden to his son William, Washington, 15 Dec. 1861; Fessenden to Elizabeth Warriner, Washington, 4, 19 Jan. 1862, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
301. Henry L. Dawes to his wife Electa, Washington, 4, 5 Dec. 1861, Dawes Papers, DLC.
302. James H. Paige to John F. Potter, Milwaukee, 1 Jan. 1862, Potter Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.
303. Conkling to Lyman Trumbull, Springfield, 16 Dec. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
304. Shubal York to Lyman Trumbull, Paris, Illinois, 5 Dec. 1861, ibid.
305. Dr. P. A. Allaire to Lyman Trumbull, Aurora, Illinois, 10 Dec. 1861, ibid.
306. John Russell to Lyman Trumbull, Bluffdale, Illinois, 17 Dec. 1861, 4 Feb. 1862, ibid.
307. New York Independent, n.d., copied in New York World, 7 Dec. 1861; Worthington G. Snethen to Lyman Trumbull, Baltimore, 8 Dec. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC; Worthington G. Snethen to George W. Julian, Baltimore, 20 Jan. 1862, Giddings-Julian Papers, DLC.
308. Garrison to Oliver Johnson, Boston, 6 Dec. 1861, Merrill, ed., Letters of Garrison, 5:47; Garrison to Sumner, Boston, 20 Dec. 1861, ibid., 5:53; The Liberator (Boston), 6 Dec. 1861.
309. New York Tribune, 27 May 1862.
310. New York Herald, 17 April 1862.
311. Weekly Anglo-African (New York), 7 Dec. 1861.
312. Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 149.
313. Douglass to Gerrit Smith, Rochester, 22 Dec. 1861, Smith Papers, Syracuse University; Douglass’s Monthly, Jan. 1862, p. 577.
314. “Emigration to Hayti,” Douglass’s Monthly, Jan. and May 1861, 386, 450; John W. Blassingame et al., eds., The Frederick Douglass Papers, Series 1: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews (5 vols.; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979–1991), 4:437–438 (speech of 11 May 1853).
315. Gerrit Smith to Thaddeus Stevens, 6 Dec. 1861, The Liberator (Boston), 20 Dec. 1861.
316. Chicago Tribune, n.d., copied in the Missouri Democrat (St. Louis), 6 Dec. 1861.
317. Washington correspondence, 4 Dec., Boston Journal, 6 Dec. 1861.
318. Lincoln quoted Senator Davis’s remark to Kansas Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy. Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, Washington, 25 Aug. 1862, Gay Papers, Columbia University.
319. Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1633 (11 Apr. 1862).
320. Ibid., 2504–2505 (2 June 1862).
321. Charles N. Schaeffer to Edward McPherson, Gettysburg, 16 Dec. 1861, McPherson Papers, DLC.
322. James M. McPherson, ed., The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (New York: Pantheon Books, 1965), 77.
323. Eli Nichols to John Sherman, New Castle, Ohio, 20 Jan. 1862, John Sherman Papers, DLC.
324. William Davis Gallagher to Chase, St. Louis, 12 Feb. 1862, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennysylvania; Richard S. West, Lincoln’s Scapegoat General: A Life of Benjamin F. Butler, 1818–1893 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 83–85.
325. Douglass’s Monthly, Mar. 1861, p. 420.
326. National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), 15 Feb. 1862, and Once a Week: An Illustrated Miscellany of Art, Science, and Popular Information, 1 Feb. 1862, in Harriet Martineau, Writings on Slavery and the American Civil War, ed. Deborah Anna Logan (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002), 161, 183–184.
327. Sears, ed., Papers of McClellan, 26.
328. Washington correspondence, 9 Dec., New York Herald, 10 Dec. 1861.
329. Washington correspondence, 14 Nov., New York Tribune, 15 Nov. 1861.
330. Ibid.
331. Washington correspondence, 20 Nov., Cincinnati Gazette 21 Nov. 1861; Smith to S. L. M. Barlow, 22 Nov. 1861, Barlow Papers, in Richard J. Thomas, “Caleb Blood Smith: Whig Orator and Politician—Lincoln’s Secretary of Interior” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Indiana, 1969), 205.
332. Barlow to Stanton, New York, 21 Nov. 1861, in Frank A. Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (New York: Western W. Wilson, 1905), 122.
333. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vols.; New York: Century, 1890), 5:125–126.
334. Francis B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 136.
335. Washington Sunday Chronicle, 29 Dec. 1861.
336. James Smart, ed., A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865 (2 vols.; Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1976), 1:83–84 (dispatch from Frankfort, Kentucky, 17 Dec. 1861).
337. Washington correspondence, 4 Dec., Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 Dec. 1861.
338. Washington correspondence, 4 Dec., Philadelphia Inquirer, 5 Dec. 1861; OR, III, 1:708.
339. C. H. Ray to Elihu B. Washburne, Chicago, 5 Dec. 1861, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, DLC; C. H. Ray to Lyman Trumbull, Chicago, 6 Dec. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
340. John H. Bryant to Lyman Trumbull, Princeton, Illinois, 8 Dec. 1861, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
341. Speech of Phillips in Boston, 7 Jan. 1862, Boston Post, n.d., copied in the New York Evening Express, 9 Jan. 1862.
342. Speech at the Massachusetts Antislavery Society in Boston, New York Evening Express, 27 Jan. 1862.
343. W. W. Orme to Leonard Swett, Washington, 14 May [1861], David Davis Papers, IHi.
344. Nicolay memorandum, 2 Oct. 1861, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 59.
345. Reminiscences of Edward Jay Allen in E. J. Edwards, “New Chronicles,” Pittsburgh Gazette-Times, [6 Nov.?] 1913, clipping, C. L. Goodwin Papers, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis.
346. [James G. Blaine] to Gen. John L. Hodsdon, Washington, 13 May 1861, Records of the Adjutant General, Congressional Delegation Correspondence, Maine State Archives, Augusta.
347. Grimes to William P. Fessenden, Washington, 13 Nov. 1861, copy, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
348. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis Du Pont, [Baltimore], 18 Dec. 1861, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
349. Barnett to S. L. M. Barlow, Washington, 14 June 1861, Barlow Papers, CSmH.
350. New York Times, 28 Aug. 1861; Simeon N
ash to S. P. Chase, Gallipolis, Ohio, 27 Aug. 1861, Chase Papers, DLC; John B. Alley to Henry L. Dawes, Lynn, Massachusetts, 19 Aug. 1861, Dawes Papers, ibid.; Washington correspondence by “Rhode Island,” 12 Sept., Providence Journal, 16 Sept. 1861.
351. Jacob W. Schuckers to Whitelaw Reid, Philadelphia, 3 Oct. 1872, Reid Family Papers, DLC.
352. New York Times, 25 July 1861.
353. Boston Transcript, 19 Aug., copied in the Cincinnati Commercial, 24 Aug. 1861.
354. Hitchcock to Mary Mann, St. Louis, 22 Feb. 1862, Hitchcock Papers, DLC.
355. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:127 (entry for 12 Sept. 1862).
356. Albert G. Riddle, Recollections of Wartimes: Reminiscences of Men and Events in Washington, 1860–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 180.
357. CWL, 5:96.
358. Henry Winter Davis to Samuel Francis Du Pont, [Baltimore], 8 Feb. 1862, transcript, S. F. Du Pont Papers, Hagley Museum, Wilmington, Delaware.
359. Niven, ed., Chase Papers, 1:325 (diary entry for 12 Jan. 1862).
360. Alexander K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 150; Fessenden to his father, Washington, 20 Jan. 1862, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
361. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:57.
362. Washington correspondence by Sigma, 19 Jan., Cincinnati Commercial, 23 Jan. 1862; Boston Advertiser, 10 Feb., copied in the Cincinnati Commercial, 14 Feb. 1862.
363. Washington correspondence, 14 Jan., Philadelphia Inquirer, 15 Jan. 1862.
364. Israel D. Andrews to David Davis, Washington, 28 Jan. [1862], David Davis Papers, IHi.
365. Washington correspondence by “Observer,” 31 Jan., Iowa State Register (Des Moines), 5 Feb. 1862.
366. Boston Transcript, 19 Aug., copied in the Cincinnati Commercial, 24 Aug. 1861.
367. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, 138–139.
368. Samuel Galloway to Henry L. Dawes, Columbus, 9 June 1862, Henry L. Dawes Papers, DLC.
369. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 1 Oct., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 5 Oct. 1861.
370. Niven, ed., Chase Papers, 1:325 (diary entry for 12 Jan. 1862).
371. William B. H. Dowse to Albert J. Beveridge, Boston, 10 Oct. 1925, Albert J. Beveridge Papers, DLC.
372. Albert E. H. Johnson, “Reminiscences of the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society 13(1910): 71.
373. Charles F. Benjamin to Horace White, 1 June 1914, White Papers, IHi.
374. Dawes, “Recollections of Stanton under Lincoln,” Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1894, 163; Dawes, “Some Sayings of Mr. Lincoln,” undated typescript, Dawes Papers, DLC.
375. Dawes to Julius Rockwell, Washington, 25 Jan. 1862, Rockwell Family Papers, Lenox Public Library, Lenox, Massachusetts.
376. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 15 Jan., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 18 Jan. 1862.
377. Fessenden to Elizabeth Warriner, Washington, 19 Jan. 1862, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
378. Portland Oregonian, 20 May 1862.
379. Washington correspondence, 19 Jan., Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 Jan. 1862.
380. Washington correspondence by James Brooks, 16 Jan., New York Evening Express, 17 Jan. 1862.
381. Fernando Wood to Lincoln, New York, 15 Jan. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
382. Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 Jan. 1862.
383. The Military Memoirs of General John Pope, ed. Peter Cozzens and Robert I. Girardi (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 115.
384. Lately Thomas, Between Two Empires: The Life Story of California’s First Senator, William McKendree Gwin (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 274.
385. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey, eds., Diary of George Templeton Strong, 1835–1875 (4 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1952), 2:203 (entry for 29 Jan. 1862).
386. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 15 Jan., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 18 Jan. 1862.
387. New York Herald, 15 Jan. 1862.
388. Fessenden to Elizabeth Warriner, Washington, 19 Jan. 1862, Fessenden Papers, Bowdoin College.
389. Holt to Lincoln, St. Louis, 15 Jan. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
390. Edwards Pierrepont to Lincoln, New York, 19 Jan. 1862, AL MSS DLC.
391. New York Tribune, in Tarbell, Lincoln, 2:80.
392. Stanton to Dana, Washington, 24 Jan. 1862, Dana Papers, DLC.
393. Bernard A. Weisberger, Reporters for the Union (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 223.
394. Washington correspondence by John Hay, 15 Jan., Missouri Republican (St. Louis), 19 Jan. 1862, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist, 196–197.
395. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:57.
396. McClellan’s Own Story: The War for the Union (New York: C. L. Webster, 1887), 152.
397. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:67–68.
398. Joshua F. Speed to Joseph Holt, Washington, 4 Feb. 1862, Holt Papers, DLC.
399. Washington correspondence, 27 Jan., Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 Jan. 1862.
400. Chicago Tribune, 26 Mar. 1864.
401. Memoirs of Pope, ed. Cozzens and Girardi, 115.
402. Russell, Diary, 372 (entry for 9 Oct. 1861).
403. CWL, 5:98–99.
Chapter 25. “This Damned Old House”
1. John Hay, “Life in the White House in the Time of Lincoln,” in Michael Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 134.
2. William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (1890; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 41; Helen Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay (New York: Longmans, Green, 1949), 227.
3. Edward Dicey, Six Months in the Federal States (London: Macmillan, 1863), 98.
4. Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, Recollections of a Long Life: An Autobiography (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1902), 143.
5. Stoddard, Inside the White House, ed. Burlingame, 5.
6. Ibid., 155.
7. Ibid., 11, 145.
8. Ibid., 145, 26.
9. “Report of the Commissioner of Public Buildings,” in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1864), 661.
10. Dicey, Six Months, 15.
11. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 20 July 1862, in Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 86.
12. Mary Lincoln to Mrs. Charles Eames, Washington, 26 July 1862, Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 130.
13. Lincoln to Welles, Washington, 16 Mar. 1861, Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln [hereafter CWL] (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 4:288.
14. William O. Stoddard, Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life (New York: Fords, Howard, & Hulbert, 1884), 403.
15. Anson G. Henry to his wife, Washington, n.d., fragment of a letter, Henry Papers. IHi.
16. Hay, “Life in the White House,” Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 134.
17. Albany Evening Journal, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, xix.
18. Hay to William H. Herndon, Paris, 5 Sept. 1866, Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 109; Washington correspondence, 17 Mar., New York Times, 18 Mar. 1861.
19. Washington correspondence, 6 Apr., New York Examiner, 9 Apr. 1863, Michael Burlingame, ed., Dispatches from Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 145.
20. J. G. Holland, Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, MA: G. Bill, 1866), 429.
21. Hay, “Life
in the White House,” Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 133.
22. Washington correspondence, 19 Oct., New York Evening Post, 21 Oct. 1865.
23. William Bender Wilson, A Few Acts and Actors in the Tragedy of the Civil War in the United States (Philadelphia: By the author, 1892), 110.
24. “Reminiscences of President Lincoln,” by the editor of the Lowell Citizen, in Frank Moore, ed., Anecdotes, Poetry and Incidents of the Civil War: North and South, 1861–1865 (New York: printed for subscribers, 1866), 483.
25. F. B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867), 279.
26. Frazer Kirkland, Reminiscences of the Blue and Gray, ’61–’65 (Chicago: Preston, 1895), 641.
27. Stoddard, “White House Sketches No. 10,” New York Citizen, 20 Oct. 1866, Stoddard, Inside the White House, ed. Burlingame, 188.
28. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, 251–252.
29. New York Evening Post, 1 Nov. 1864.
30. Cuyler, Recollections, 144–145.
31. Stoddard, “White House Sketches No. 2,” New York Citizen, 25 Aug. 1866, Stoddard, Inside the White House, ed. Burlingame, 149.
32. Hay, “Life in the White House,” Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side, 134.
33. Washington Post, 13 Mar. 1893.
34. Betty John Libby, The Sketches, Letters & Journal of Libby Beaman, Recorded in the Pribilof Islands, 1879–1880 (Tulsa, OK: Council Oak Books, 1987), 23; Edouard de Stoeckl to Alexander Gortchakov, Washington, 12 Mar. 1861, dispatch 15, photocopy, Principal Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russian Reproductions, Papers of the Foreign Copying Project, DLC.
35. William H. Russell, My Diary North and South (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1863), 22 (entry for 27 Mar. 1861).
36. Henry W. Bellows to his son, Washington, 17 Oct. 1861, Bellows Papers, MHi.
37. Olmsted to Mary Perkins Olmsted, Washington, 2 July 1861, Charles Capen McLaughlin et al., eds., The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted (6 vols.; Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977–1992), 4:126.
38. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., Diary of George Templeton Strong, 1835–1875 (4 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1952), 3:188, 204 (entries for 23 Oct. 1861 and 29 Jan. 1862).
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