170. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 15 Apr. 1863, CWL, 6:175.
171. Memorandum, 28 Apr. 1863, CWL, 6:190–191.
172. E. A. S. Clarke to W. P. Palmer, New York, 3 Apr. 1914, Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society.
173. Washington correspondence, 2 May, Sacramento Daily Union, 27 May 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 49.
174. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 28 Apr. 1863, CWL, 6:189–190.
175. Robert C. Winthrop, Sr., to Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., New York, 27 Apr. 1863, Winthrop Family Papers, MHi.
176. Washington correspondence by Van [D. W. Bartlett], 11 Mar., Springfield, Massachusetts, Republican, 14 Mar. 1863.
177. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:291 (entry for 4 May 1863).
178. CWL, 6:196; Daniel Butterfield to Lincoln, Head Quarters, Army of the Potomac, 3 May 1863, AL MSS DLC.
179. Lincoln to Daniel Butterfield, Washington, 3 May 1863, Roy P. Basler, ed., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, First Supplement (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974), 186–187.
180. Nicolay to Therena Bates, Washington, 3 May 1863, in Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House, 110–111.
181. Reminiscences of John W. Forney in a lecture delivered in Nov. 1865 before the Ladies’ Soldiers’ Aid Society of Weldon, Pennsylvania, New York Evening Post, 30 Nov. 1865.
182. Washington correspondence, 8 May, Sacramento Daily Union, 5 June 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 50; Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 58.
183. John Sherman to William T. Sherman, Mansfield, Ohio, 7 May 1863, William T. Sherman Papers, DLC.
184. “Lincoln as the Loneliest Man,” clipping from the Drayter [?] Gleaner, 2 Nov. 1937, LMF.
185. Wendell Phillips, Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston: Walker, Wise, 1864), 549.
186. Boston Traveller, n.d., copied in the New York World, 29 May 1863.
187. Bellows to Mrs. Schuyler, New York, 3 Feb. 1863, Bellows Papers, MHi.
188. Medill to Nicolay, Niagara Falls, 17 Aug. 1863, Nicolay Papers, DLC.
189. Washington correspondence by Agate [Whitelaw Reid], 29 Oct., Cincinnati Gazette, 3 Nov. 1863.
190. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:336 (entry for 20 June 1863).
191. Meade to his wife, 8 May 1863, in George Gordon Meade, ed., The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade (2 vols.; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 1:372.
192. Lincoln to Hooker, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, 7 May 1863, CWL, 201.
193. Washington correspondence, 8 May, Sacramento Daily Union, 5 June 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 51.
194. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 14 May 1863, CWL, 6:217.
195. Meade, Meade, 1:385.
196. Washington correspondence by Whitelaw Reid, 25 May 1863, Cincinnati Gazette, n.d., scrapbook, Reid Family Papers, DLC.
197. Leander Jay S. Turnkey to Matthew Simpson, Olympia, 23 Feb. 1863, Simpson Papers, DLC.
198. James [Hill?] to Edward McPherson, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 19 Dec. 1862, Edward McPherson Papers, DLC.
199. Washington correspondence, 5 June, Boston Commonwealth, 12 June 1863.
200. Washington correspondence, 4 July, Sacramento Daily Union, 28 July 1863, in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 56.
201. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 5 June 1863, CWL, 6:249.
202. Marszalek, Halleck, 175.
203. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 10 June 1863, CWL, 6:257.
204. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:328–329 (entry for 14 June 1863).
205. Garfield to J. Harrison Rhodes, Washington, 22 Sept. 1862, in Frederick D. Williams, ed., The Wild Life of the Army: Civil War Letters of James A. Garfield (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1964), 138–139.
206. Lincoln to Schenck, Washington, 14 June 1863, CWL, 6:274.
207. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 14 June 1863, CWL, 6:273.
208. Elizabeth Blair Lee to Samuel Phillips Lee, Silver Spring, Maryland, 23 June 1863, Virginia Jeans Laas, ed., Wartime Washington: The Civil War Letters of Elizabeth Blair Lee (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 276.
209. Joseph Hooker to Lincoln, Fairfax Station, 16 June 1863, AL MSS DLC.
210. Lincoln to Hooker, Washington, 16 June 1863, CWL, 6:282.
211. Ibid., 6:281.
212. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:340 (entry for 23 June 1863).
213. Ibid., 1:344 (entry for 26 June 1863).
214. George S. Boutwell in Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Lincoln, 128.
215. Nevins, War for the Union, 3:95.
216. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 59–60.
217. Lincoln to Meade, Washington, 27 July 1863, CWL, 6:350.
218. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 18–19.
219. Horace White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 203.
220. Card by Vallandigham, Cincinnati Enquirer, 10 Nov. 1860, in The Record of Hon. C. L. Vallandigham on Abolition, the Union and the Civil War (Columbus: J. Walter, 1863), 91.
221. Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Appendix 52–60.
222. OR, I, 23, 2:237.
223. James Madison Cutts, Jr., to Lincoln, Cincinnati, 20, 26 July 1863, AL MSS DLC.
224. OR, II, 5:636, 641.
225. American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1863 (New York: D. Appleton, 1864), 689.
226. Ibid., 799.
227. New York Herald, 19 May 1863.
228. National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York), and New York Independent, n.d., quoted in The Crisis (Columbus), 27 May 1863.
229. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge to William H. Seward, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, 24 May 1863, AL MSS DLC.
230. Harper’s Weekly, 30 May 1863.
231. American Annual Cyclopedia, 1863, 474.
232. Ibid., 481.
233. Stanton to Burnside, Washington, 8 May 1863, Burnside Papers, Generals Papers and Books, Record Group 94, National Archives.
234. Lincoln to Burnside, Washington, 29 May 1863, CWL, 6:237.
235. Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America during the Great Rebellion (Washington, DC: Philp & Solomons, 1865), 162.
236. Chicago Times, 28 Feb. 1863, in Craig D. Tenney, “Major General A. E. Burnside and the First Amendment: A Case Study of Civil War Freedom of Expression” (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1977), 70.
237. Grant to Hurlbut, Lake Providence, Louisiana, 13 Feb. 1863, OR, I, 24, 3:50.
238. Stanton to Burnside, Washington, 1 June 1863, OR, II, 5:724.
239. Isaac N. Arnold and Lyman Trumbull to Lincoln, Chicago, 3 June 1863, forwarding F. C. Sherman and several others to Lincoln, Chicago, 3 June 1863, AL MSS DLC.
240. Illinois Legislature, Resolutions, 4 June 1863, Springfield, AL MSS DLC.
241. Lincoln to Erastus Corning & others, Washington [12 June] 1863, CWL, 6:260–269.
242. New York World, 16 June 1863.
243. George William Curtis to Charles Eliot Norton, [North Shore, New York], 19 June 1863, Curtis Papers, Harvard University.
244. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (10 vols.; New York: Century, 1890), 7:349.
245. Barney to Chase, New York, 16 June 1863, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
246. American Annual Cyclopædia for 1863, 803.
247. CWL, 6:302.
248. Alexander K. McClure to Lincoln, Philadelphia, 30 June 1863, AL MSS DLC.
249. Lincoln to McClure, Washington, 30 June 1863, CWL, 6:311.
250. Statement of John Harper in George C. Gorham, Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 2:99.
251. Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 248.
252. Marszalek, Halleck, 175–176.
253. Reminiscences of Tannatt, typescript dated 1913, F. F. Browne Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago.
254. James B. Fry in Rice, ed.
, Reminiscences of Lincoln, 402.
255. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 62 (entry for 14 July 1863).
256. Lincoln to Halleck, Washington, 6 July 1863, CWL, 6:318.
257. Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Lincoln, 480.
258. Halleck to Meade, Washington, 8 July 1863, OR, I, 27, 1:85.
259. Marszalek, Halleck, 179.
260. OR, I, 27, 1:84.
261. Elizabeth Blair Lee to Samuel Phillips Lee, Washington, 4 July 1863, Laas, ed., Wartime Washington, 283.
262. Tarbell, Life of Lincoln, 3:141–142.
263. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:363–364 (entry for 7 July 1863).
264. Robert Todd Lincoln, memo sent to Nicolay, 5 Jan. 1885, in Burlingame, ed., Oral History of Lincoln, 88-89.
265. OR, I, 27, 1:92.
266. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 62, 63 (entries for 14, 15 July 1863).
267. OR, I, 27, 1:92.
268. Ibid., 93–94.
269. Lincoln to Meade, Washington, 14 July 1863, CWL, 6:327–328.
270. William Swinton, Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (New York: C.B. Richardson, 1866), 371n.
271. Lincoln to O. O. Howard, Washington, 21 July 1863, CWL, 6:341.
272. Burlingame and Ettlinger, eds., Hay Diary, 64–65 (entry for 19 July 1863).
273. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:370-371 (entry for 14 July 1863).
274. Ibid., 1:383 (entry for 24 July 1863).
275. Ibid., 1:439 (entry for 21 Sept. 1863).
276. Dana to James Shepherd Pike, 29 July 1863, in Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 275.
277. Washington correspondence, 17 July 1863, Cincinnati Gazette, n.d., Reid Family Papers, scrapbook, DLC; David Davis to Julius Rockwell, Bloomington, Illinois, 19 Aug. 1863, Davis Papers, DLC.
278. Verses on Lee’s invasion of the North, [19 July 1863], Basler, ed., Collected Works of Lincoln, First Supplement, 194.
279. Peter Cozzens, ed., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 6 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 264.
280. OR, IV, 2:687.
281. Grant to Halleck, before Vicksburg, 7 March 1863, OR, I, 24, 1:19.
282. Dahlgren, Memoir, 389 (diary entry for 29 Mar. 1863); Albert D. Richardson to Sydney Howard Gay, Washington, 20 Mar. 1863, Gay Papers, Columbia University; Albert D. Richardson, The Secret Service: The Field, the Dungeon, and the Escape (Hartford, CT: American Publishing, 1865), 324–325.
283. Anson G. Henry to his wife, Washington, 12 Apr. 1863, Henry Papers, IHi.
284. Fox to D. G. Farragut, Washington, 2 Apr. 1863, in Thompson and Wainwright, eds., Correspondence of Fox, 1:331.
285. Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 269.
286. Lincoln to McClernand, Washington, 22 Jan. 1863, CWL, 6:70.
287. Washington correspondence by D. W. Bartlett, 6 June, New York Independent, 11 June 1863.
288. Washington correspondence, 25 May 1863, Philadelphia Inquirer, copied in the Chicago Tribune, 29 May 1863, in Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Lincoln, 11.
289. Albert B. Chandler in Ward, ed., Lincoln: Tributes from His Associates, 220.
290. Brooks, “Personal Recollections of Lincoln,” in Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed, 217.
291. Beale, ed., Welles Diary, 1:364–365 (entry for 7 July 1863).
292. Response to a serenade, 7 July 1863, CWL, 6:319–320.
293. Charles Ray Wilson, “The Cincinnati Daily Enquirer and Civil War Politics: A Study of Copperhead Opinion” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1934), 224.
294. G. Dean to S. S. Cox, n.p., 10 July 1863, Cox Papers, RPB.
295. Brooks, “Personal Reminiscences of Lincoln,” Scribner’s Monthly 15 (1877–1878): 567.
296. Lincoln to Grant, Washington, 13 July 1863, CWL, 6:326.
297. Chicago Republican, n.d., copied in the New York Evening Post, 14 June 1865.
298. Meigs to Halleck, Washington, 22 Nov. 1862, Banks Papers, DLC.
299. Lincoln to Banks, Washington, 22 Nov. 1862, CWL, 5:505–506.
300. Washington correspondence by Whitelaw Reid, ca. 7 Mar. 1863, Cincinnati Gazette, n.d., clipping in scrapbook, Reid Family Papers, DLC.
301. Conway journal, 5 Feb. 1863, in d’Entremont, Southern Emancipator, 91–92.
302. Halleck to Banks, Washington, 23 May 1863, OR, I, 26, 1:500.
303. CWL, 6:409.
304. Lincoln to Banks, Washington, 5 Aug. 1863, CWL, 6:364.
305. George William Curtis to Charles Eliot Norton, North Shore, New York, 12 July 1863, Curtis Papers, Harvard University.
306. Sumner to John Murray Forbes, Washington, 25 Dec. 1862, in Sarah Forbes Hughes, ed., Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 1:349.
307. Washington correspondence, 24, 25 Dec., New York Tribune, 25, 26 Dec. 1862.
308. OR, I, 26, 1:45.
309. New York Times, 11 June 1863.
310. Dana, Recollections, 86.
311. Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 224.
312. New York Tribune, 8 Sept. 1865.
313. Grant to Lincoln, Cairo, Illinois, 23 Aug. 1863, AL MSS DLC.
314. Lincoln to James C. Conkling, Washington, 26 Aug. 1863, CWL, 6:408–410.
315. Charles Russell Lowell to John Murray Forbes, Centreville, 13 Sept. 1863, and to Josephine Lowell, Washington, 3 Aug. [1863], Edward W. Emerson, Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell, Captain, Sixth United States Cavalry, Colonel Second Massachusetts Cavalry, Brigadier-General United States Volunteers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1907), 296, 290.
316. Washington correspondence, 20 Mar., New York World, 21 Mar. 1863.
317. Order of retaliation, 30 July 1863, CWL, 6:357.
318. Weekly Anglo-African, 17 Aug. 1863, in Donald Yacovone, “The Pay Crisis and the ‘Lincoln Despotism,’ ” in Martin H. Blatt, Thomas J. Brown, and Donald Yacovone, eds., Hope & Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment (Amherst: University of Massachusetts in association with Massachusetts Historical Society, 2001), 45.
319. This account relies most heavily on Douglass to George Luther Stearns, Philadelphia, 12 Aug. 1863, copy, Records of the Free Military School for Command of Colored Regiments, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Douglass’s speech of 4 Dec. 1863, in John W. Blassingame et al., eds., The Frederick Douglass Papers, Series One: Speeches, Debates, and Interviews (5 vols.; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979–1992), 3:606–608.
320. Douglass’s speech of 4 Dec. 1863, in Blassingame et al., eds., Douglass Papers, 3:606.
321. Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore, 18 Apr. 1864; Lincoln to Stanton, Washington, 17 May 1864, CWL, 7:302–303, 345.
322. Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, CT: Park, 1881), 423–424.
323. Lincoln to Stanton, Washington, 17 May 1864, CWL, 7:346.
324. Douglass, Life and Times of Douglass, 423.
325. New York World, 11 Dec. 1863.
326. Bates to Chase, St. Louis, 19 July 1863, Chase Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
327. Bates to Welles, Washington, 6 June 1863, Lincoln Collection, Yale University.
Chapter 31. “The Signs Look Better”
1. Fell to Lyman Trumbull, Cincinnati, 11 Aug. 1863, Trumbull Papers, DLC.
2. George D. Morgan to George G. Fogg, Irvington, 24 Nov. 1863, Fogg Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.
3. Franklin B. Sanborn to Moncure D. Conway, n.p., 2 Nov. [1863, misfiled 1864], Conway Papers, Columbia University.
4. Washington correspondence, 5 July, New York Examiner, 9 July 1863, in Michael Burlingame, ed., Dispatches from Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 162–163.
/> 5. Hay to Nicolay, Washington, 7 Aug., 11 Sept. 1863, Michael Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 49, 54.
6. Diary of Joseph T. Mills, 19 Aug. 1864, in Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln [hereafter CWL] (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 7:507.
7. Amos Tuck to William E. Chandler, Boston, 12 Dec. 1864, Chandler Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society.
8. B. Rush Plumly to N. P. Banks, New Orleans, 20 Oct. 1864, Banks Papers, DLC.
9. John F. Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 183.
10. “The House Top: A Night Piece (July, 1863),” Selected Poems of Herman Melville, ed. Hennig Cohen (New York: Fordham University Press, 1991), 34.
11. Washington correspondence, 25 July, New York Independent, 30 July 1863.
12. New York Tribune, 15 July 1863.
13. Seymour to Samuel J. Tilden, Albany, 6 Aug. 1863, Tilden Papers, New York Public Library.
14. Thurlow Weed in the Albany Evening Journal, ca. 15 Apr. 1863, in Stewart Mitchell, Horatio Seymour of New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938), 274n.
15. John F. Seymour to his brother, Washington, 19 Jan. 1863, manuscript biography of Horatio Seymour by the governor’s nephew, Horatio Seymour, in Alexander J. Wall, A Sketch of the Life of Horatio Seymour, 1810–1886 (New York: privately printed, 1929), 29–30.
16. Horace Greeley, The American Conflict (2 vols.; Hartford, CT: O. D. Case, 1867), 2:502, 500.
17. Mitchell, Horatio Seymour, 305.
18. Philo Shelton to Thurlow Weed, Bolton, Massachusetts, 16 July 1863, Weed Papers, University of Rochester; Washington correspondence 15, 16 July, New York Tribune, 16, 17 July 1863.
19. Michael Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 70 (entry for 6 Aug. 1863); Lincoln to Seymour, Washington, 7 Aug. 1863, CWL, 6:369.
20. Lincoln to Seymour, Washington, 16 Aug. 1863, CWL, 6:391.
21. Seymour to Belmont, Albany, 12 Aug. 1863, in Allan Nevins, The War for the Union (4 vols.; New York: Scribner, 1959–1971), 3:170 (original in privately-owned Belmont Papers).
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