The Cave and the Light

by Arthur Herman

  5. Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), 7.

  6. Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung (1934); translated into English as The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959; repr., New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

  7. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (New York: Harper & Row, 1961), 8.

  8. Plato, The Laws, trans. Trevor J. Saunders (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 93 (690b).

  9. Ibid., 448.

  10. Popper, Open Society, 1:199.

  11. See Aristotle, The Politics of Aristotle, trans. and ed. Ernest Barker (1946; repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), III, 12, 1 (1282b): “Justice is something that pertains to persons.”

  12. The Chekist M. Y. Latsis, quoted in Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001), 71.

  13. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), 63.

  14. Quoted in Popper, Open Society, 45.

  15. Borrowing the title, if not the theme, from George Will, Statecraft as Soulcraft: What Government Does (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983).

  16. Bruce Kuklick, Churchmen and Philosophers: From Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 233–39. Dewey is usually described as a follower of William James. However, Kuklick shows that the formative influence on Dewey’s thought was Hegelian long before he read any of James’s works. Dewey saw his own philosophy as a fusion of Idealism and Pragmatism, or Instrumentalism, as he called it.

  17. David Noble, The Paradox of Progressive Thought (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958).

  18. In fact, Croly argued, it was this American shibboleth of individualism that allowed this unjust concentration of wealth to take place. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (1909; repr., Boston: Northwest University Press, 1989), 147.

  19. Ibid., 50.

  20. Ibid., 266, 274.

  21. Ibid., 278.

  22. Ibid., 280, 267.

  23. Ibid., 169, 202.

  24. Wilson quoted in Ronald Pestrilto, Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).

  25. Wilson quoted in John M. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1983).

  26. John Maynard Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919; Project Gutenberg eBook, 2005), chapter III.

  27. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking 1919 (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1965), 36–37.

  28. Johnson, Modern Times, 233, 235.

  29. See John Kenneth Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977).

  30. Fritz Machlup, “Hayek’s Contribution to Economics,” in Machlup, ed., Essays on Hayek (Hillsdale, Mich.: Hillsdale College Press, 1976), 17.

  31. Friedrich von Hayek, “Ernst Mach and Vienna Social Science, “in J. T. Blackmore, R. Itagaki, and S. Tanaka, eds., Ernst Mach’s Vienna (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2001), 123–24.

  32. See Max Alter, Carl Menger and the Origins of Austrian Economics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), 112–20.

  33. Machlup, “Hayek’s Contribution,” 17–18.

  34. Friedrich von Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 79.

  35. Ibid., 83–85.

  36. Friedrich von Hayek, Law, Legislation, and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 2:29.

  37. Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944).

  38. See Arthur Herman, Freedom’s Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II (New York: Random House, 2012).

  39. John Steele Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 205.

  40. Robert Barro, Getting it Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), 111.

  41. Francis Walton, Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible (New York: Macmillan, 1956), 550.

  42. Quoted in Michael Novak, The Fire of Invention (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 6.

  43. Quoted in Herman, Freedom’s Forge, 206.

  44. Walton, Miracle of World War II, 540–41.

  45. Ayn Rand, For the New Intellectual (New York: Random House, 1961), 23.

  46. Ibid.

  47. Ibid., 27.

  48. Quoted in Paul Johnson, Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001).

  49. Stéphane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), passim.

  50. Aristotle, The Politics of Aristotle, trans. and ed. Ernest Barker (1946; repr., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), 48–55 (bk. II, chap. 5).

  Conclusion: From the Cave to the Light

  1. Victor McElheny, Drawing the Map of Life: Inside the Human Genome Project (New York: Basic Books, 2010).

  2. Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: Harper Collins, 2003).

  3. Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin, 2003), 208.

  4. A point explored at length, from a slightly different angle, in Nassim Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (New York: Random House, 2010).

  5. Alex Pollock, Boom and Bust: Financial Cycles and Human Prosperity (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2011).

  6. Ibid., 82, 7.

  7. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 58–9; Victor Turner, The Ritual Process (University of Chicago Press, 1979).

  8. Kevin Clinton, Myth and Cult: The Iconography of the Eleusinian Mysteries (Stockholm, 1992), 17–8, 84–5.

  9. George Mylonas, Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961), 266–68. Plato was very much aware of the Eleusinian mysteries and its Orphic rites, even if he never became an adept himself. His descriptions of the underworld in the Republic and elsewhere closely correspond to the descriptions in the Eleusinian Hymn to Demeter and other sources.

  10. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. J.G.A. Pocock (1790; repr., Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987), 83.

  11. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: Norton, 1978).

  12. Mike Davis, A Planet of Slums (London: Verso, 2006); Robert Neuwirth, Shadow Cities (London: Routledge, 2006).

  13. Kurzweil, Singularity, 98–99.

  14. For example, Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009).

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