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Vietnam, An Epic Tragedy

Page 96

by Max Hastings


  Nguyen, An New Battlefield (as told to Nguyen Tu Duong) People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 2002

  Nguyen, Dinh Kien Nguoi linh voi bau troi Ha Noi [A Soldier and the Skies Over Hanoi] People’s Army Publishing Hanoi 2013

  Nguyen, Duong Vietnam: The Other Side (Challenging All Odds) privately published 2015

  Nguyen, Hung Linh & Mac, Hoang Anti-Reactionary Forces: Chronology of Events 1954–75 Ministry of Interior Political Security Department III Public Security

  Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Hanoi’s War: An international History University of North Carolina Press 2012

  Nguyen, Nathalie Huynh Chau South Vietnamese Soldiers Praeger 2016

  Nguyen, Viet Thanh The Sympathizer Atlantic Monthly Press 2015

  Nguyễn Tiến Đích [3rd] Division Memories [Ký Ức Sư Đoàn] People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 1995

  Nhien, Nguyen Van & Huu, Nguyen Thanh History of Chemical Troops 1958–2008 People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 2008

  Nichols, John B. & Tillman, Barrett On Yankee Station Bantam 1988

  Ninh, Bao The Sorrow of War Vintage 1998

  Nixon, Richard No More Vietnams Arbor House 1985

  Nolan, Keith William Sappers in the Wire: The Life and Death of Firebase Mary Ann Texas A & M 2007

  — The Magnificent Bastards Presidio 2007

  Nolting, Frederick From Trust to Tragedy Praeger 1988

  Oberdorfer, Don Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War Johns Hopkins 2001

  O’Brien, Michael Conscripts and Regulars: With the Seventh Battalion in Vietnam Allen & Unwin 1995

  O’Brien, Tim The Things They Carried Flamingo 1990

  — If I Die in a Combat Zone Dell 1973

  — Going After Cacciato Delacorte 1978

  Palmer, Bruce The 25-Year War: America’s Military Role in Vietnam Touchstone 1984

  Payne, Kenneth The Psychology of Strategy: Exploring Rationality in the Vietnam War Hurst 2015

  Pham, Dai Gia The Last Prisoners Prototech 2016

  Pham Van Chung et al. eds Hai Muoi Mot Nam Chien Tran cua Binh Chung Thuy Quan Luc Chien Viet Nam (1954–1975) [The Vietnamese Marine Corps’ Twenty-One Years of Warfare] Vol. II Vietnamese Marine Association of the US Santa Ana CA 2005

  Phan, Nhat Nam Dau ninh lua 1963–73: But ky chien Hien Dai [The Mark of a Warrior] Hien Dai Publishers Saigon 1973

  Phap, Nguyen Van et al. History of the Air Defence Service Hanoi 1991

  Phuong, Bui Vinh ed. Military Encyclopedia of Vietnam People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 2004

  Pike, Douglas Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam MIT 1966

  Polmar, Norman & Mersky, Peter The Naval Air War in Vietnam Zebra 1981

  Porter, Gareth & Loory, Stuart Vietnam: The Definitive Documentation of Human Decisions 2 vols Heyden 1979

  Pouget, J. Nous Etions à Dien Bien Phu Presses de la Cité Paris 1965 Publishing House Hanoi 1997 (circulated internally only)

  Prados John Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War 1945–75 Kansas University Press 2009

  Raskin, Marcus G. & Fall, Bernard B. eds The Vietnam Reader Vintage Books 1967

  Robbins, Christopher The Invisible Air Force: The Story of the CIA’s Secret Airline Macmillan 1979

  — The Ravens Crown 1987

  Robinson, Anthony ed. Weapons of the Vietnam War Gallery 1983

  Rocolle, Pierre Pourquoi Dien Bien Phu? Flammarion 1968

  Salisbury, Harrison Behind the Lines: Hanoi Harper & Row 1967

  Samuels, Charlie Machinery and Weapons of the Vietnam War Gareth Steven 2013

  Santoli, Al To Bear Any Burden: The Vietnamese War and its Aftermath Sphere 1986

  Schlesinger, Arthur Journals 1956–2002 Penguin 2007

  — Robert Kennedy and His Times New York 1978

  Scotton, Frank Uphill Battle Texas Tech 2014

  Shapley, Deborah Promise and Power: The Life and Times of Robert McNamara Little, Brown 1993

  Shaw, Geoffrey The Lost Mandate of Heaven Ignatius 2015

  Shawcross, William Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia André Deutsch 1979

  Sheehan, Neil A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam Random House 1988

  Shepherd, Jack & Wren, Christopher eds Quotations from Chairman LBJ Simon & Schuster 1968

  Siemon-Netto, Uwe Duc: A Reporter’s Love for the Wounded People of Vietnam CreateSpace 2013

  Simpson, Howard R. Tiger in the Barbed Wire Kodansha International 1992

  Smith, Ralph Vietnam and the West Ithaca 1971

  — An International History of the Vietnam War Macmillan 1985

  Snepp, Frank Decent Interval Random House 1977

  — Irreparable Harm Random House 1999

  Solis, Gary D. Marines and Military Law in Vietnam: Trial by Fire US Marine Corps 1989

  Sorley, Lewis ed. The Vietnam War: An Assessment by South Vietnam’s Generals Texas Tech 2010

  — The Abrams Tapes 1968–72 (ed.) Texas Tech 2004

  — A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Years in Vietnam Harvest 1999

  Sukhodrev, Victor Yazyk moi-drug moi [My Tongue is My Friend] Moscow 2008

  Suri, Jeremi Henry Kissinger and the American Century Harvard University Press 2007

  Swain, Jon River of Time Heinemann 1995

  Tai, Nguyen Doi Mat Voi CIA [Face to Face with the CIA] Writers’ Association Hanoi 1999

  Tang, Truong Nhu Tang A Vietcong Memoir Vintage 1986

  Taylor, Maxwell Swords and Plowshares Norton 1972

  Terry, Wallace Bloods: Black Veterans of the Vietnam War Presidio 2006

  Thach, M.-G. Pham Van History of the Resistance War Against the Americans to Save the Nation 1954–75 8 vols Military History Institute of Vietnam Hanoi 2008

  Than, M.-G. Huynh Cong Than On the Long An Battlefield: A Memoir as told to Nguyen Huu Nguyen, People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 1994

  Thompson, Robert Defeating Communist Insurgency Chatto & Windus 1966

  — Make for the Hills Pen & Sword 1989

  Thompson, Wayne To Hanoi and Back: The United States Air Force and North Vietnam 1966–1973 USAF Washington 2000

  Thorne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind Hamish Hamilton 1978

  Thuong, Pham Huy et al. The Lowlands Division [Central Highlands Corps] Vol. III People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 1984

  Tin, Thanh Their True Colors: The Political Memoirs of Bui Tin Turpin Press 1994

  Tougas, Shelley Weapons, Gear and Uniforms of the Vietnam War Capstone 2012

  Tourison, Sedgwick Secret Army, Secret War Naval Institute Press 1995

  Trach, Gam Ben Li Cuoc Chien Viet Tide 2015

  Tram, Dang Thuy Last Night I Dreamed of Peace Harmony 2007

  Tran, Hoi A Vietnamese Fighter Pilot in an American War XLibris 2014

  Tran, Trong Trung Supreme Commander Vo Nguyen Giap During the Years of American Imperialist Escalation of the War (1965–1969) [Tổng Tư Lệnh Võ Nguyên Giáp Trong Nhũng Năm Đế Quốc Mỹ Leo Thang Chiến Tranh (1965–1969] National Political-Truth Publishing House Hanoi 2015

  Tran, Van Nhut (with Christian Arevian) An Loc: The Unfinished War Texas Tech 2009

  Trullinger, James W. Village at War: An Account of Revolution in Vietnam Longman 1980

  Tuan, Tran Quoc et al. History of the General Staff During the Resistance War Against the Americans to Save the Nation 1954–75 People’s Army Publishing House Hanoi 2010

  Tucker, Spencer C. ed. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ABC-Clio 1998

  Turley, Gerald H. The Easter Offensive: The Last American Advisors in Vietnam 1972 Naval Institute Press 1985

  US Army Center of Military History (multiple authors) The US Army in Vietnam

  — John D. Bergen A Test for Technology 1986

  — Jeffrey J. Clarke Advice and Support: The Final Years 1992

  — William M. Hammond The Military and the Media 1990

 
— Ronald H. Spector Advice and Support: The Early Years 1985

  Veith, George J. Black April: The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75 Encounter 2012

  Weinberger, Sharon The Imagineers of War PenguinRandomHouse 2017

  West, Richard War and Peace in Vietnam Sinclair Stevenson 1995

  — Victory in Vietnam Private Eye 1974

  Westad, Odd Arne The Cold War: A World History Allen Lane 2017

  Westmoreland, William A Soldier Reports Doubleday 1976

  White, Theodore The Making of the President 1964 Athenaeum 1965

  — The Making of the President 1968 Jonathan Cape 1969

  — The Making of the President 1972 Jonathan Cape 1973

  Whitt, Jacqueline E. Bringing God to Men: American Military Chaplains and the Vietnam War University of North Carolina Press 2014

  Wiest, Andrew Vietnam’s Forgotten Army: Heroism and Betrayal in the ARVN NYU 2008

  Windrow, Martin The Last Valley Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2004

  Wirtz, James J. The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War Cornell 1991

  Woods, Randall Shadow Warrior: William Egan Colby and the CIA Basic Books 2013

  Young, Gavin A Wavering Grace Viking 1997

  Zaitsev, Anatoly Na Gromykovskikh Kovrakh [On Gromyko’s Carpet] Moscow 2001

  Index

  The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.

  NOTE: Ranks are generally the highest mentioned in the text

  ABM treaty, 546

  Abrams, Gen. Creighton: and increased use of air power, 51; proposed as successor to Harkins, 180; tactics, 253; on recruitment of graduates, 329; on obsession with charts, 335; on incompetence of district chiefs, 361; complains of ARVN inaction, 404; criticises Thompson’s slow progress, 412; mocks enemy after Tet, 416; replaces Westmoreland as commander, 416, 442; on US impotence against VC actions, 422–3; suggests swapping commanders with NVA, 440; on continuing war, 442; opposes promiscuous killing, 448–9; and US strategic policy, 450–1; and Davidson’s pessimism, 453; and US drug use, 455; praises Australian and New Zealand troops, 461; and Nixon’s new approach, 475; opposes Nixon’s withdrawal policy, 478; on US pulling out resources, 479; and US incursions into Cambodia, 480, 482; successes, 493; orders destruction of Ho Chi Minh trail, 495; and South Vietnam operation against Laos (Lam Son 719), 496–9; encounters Vietnamese family, 504; and enemy ability to penetrate perimeter wire, 507; dismisses Doyle and Baldwin after Mary Ann debacle, 511; anger at careless behaviour, 512; decline, 515, 546; on Lavelle’s misconduct, 515; and opening of North Vietnam offensive, 519–20, 524; learns of destruction of Dong Ha bridge, 527; reprimands Turley, 528; dislikes Vann, 529; and power of enemy offensive, 532–3; exasperated by South Vietnamese complaints, 537; on violence and brutality in fighting, 539; opposes Linebacker operation, 544; replaced, 546; on South’s successes against North’s offensive, 550; attempts to persuade Thieu over US settlement, 556; on South Vietnamese endurance of war, 586–7

  Acheson, Dean, 29–30, 419, 485

  Adams, Eddie, 403

  Adams, Sam, 590

  Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 122

  Agent Orange (defoliation substance), 122, 267–8

  AK-47 rifle (Kalashnikov), 350–1, 354, 373

  Aldridge, Maj. John, 566

  Algeria: revolts against French, 14

  Ali, Muhammad, 332

  Allen, Chuck, 119

  Allen, Lt. Joe, 410, 418

  Allen, John, 569

  Alsop, Joseph, 175, 227, 478

  Alvarez, Lt. Everett, 190

  Alward, Capt. John, 566

  Ambrose, Mike, 489

  Amory, Robert, 110

  An Khê, 74

  An Lạc, 426, 429–34

  An Lộc, 539–43

  Andersen air base, Guam, 561–3

  Anderson, Fred, 600

  André, Valérie, 37

  Andropov, Yuri, 632

  Anh, Miss (typist), 35, 256

  Ann-Margret, 247

  Anthony, Jeff, 408, 416, 423, 459

  Ấp Bắc, 136–42, 169

  Apache Snow, Operation, 478

  Argenlieu, Adm. Thierry d’: as high commissioner in Saigon, 12; calls for Vietminh to quit, 16

  Armalite rifle (AR-15), 351–2

  Armed Forces Council: reorganised, 199

  Armer, Sgt. Billy, 4225

  Arnett, Peter, 133–4, 140, 142

  Arnold, Eddie, 247

  ARVN (South Vietnamese army): street battle with Binh Xuyen, 94; Vietcong attacks on after Resolution 15, 104, 105; desertions from, 105, 210, 215, 372, 443, 542, 543, 601, 602; US military advisers, 105, 108, 112, 115–16, 118–19, 121–3, 126–7, 136–41, 159–67, 200–1, 242; limitations of, 115, 131–2, 370–1, 543; culture clashes with US personnel, 119; and American helicopters, 131, 136, 138, 139, 240; brutality of, 131; Ap Bac defeat (January 1963), 136–42; conscription, 137–8; soldiers’ pay, 138, 373; Frances Fitzgerald on, 141; and Buddhists’ revolt, 143, 145; morale slumps after coups, 156, 172, 173, 200, 214–15; local defence forces on Cambodian border, 159; US soldiers’ attitudes to, 159–60, 213–14, 216, 370–2; fortitude and acts of heroism, 165–6, 241, 530–2; higher commanders as regional warlords, 166; Popular Forces (PF), 168, 241, 335, 376, 493, 522, 536, 537, 592, 610, 618; Regional Forces (RF), 168, 216, 335, 371–2, 376, 393, 493, 533, 536, 540, 610, 618, 620; and Khanh’s coup, 172–3; OPLAN34-A covert missions, 184–5, 188–90; and Saigon street demonstrations, 194–5; Armed Forces Council, 196, 199–200, 208; huge losses in 1965, 210, 215; US troops supplant at forefront of war, 214–15, 334; ‘friendly fire’, 259–60; Buddhist chaplains, 275; Vietnamese marines, 275, 404–5, 500, 549, 605, 606, 620; communist penetration of, 337, 378–9, 604; and AK-47 rifle, 354; soldiers’ everyday lives, 370–3; diseases and chronic illness, 374; casualties, 376, 493, 550, 591; troop numbers in 1967, 376; losses during Tet, 416; and heroin shipments, 455; Nixon’s Vietnamisation policy, 477–8, 494–502, 519–20; incursions into Cambodia, 480, 482–3; and Phoenix programme, 487–8, 492, 493; Lam Son 719 operation, 495–502; NVA 1972 offensive, 523–44, 547–51; defence of FSB Charlie, 530–2; fall of Quang Tri to, 535–8; battle for Kontum city, 538–9; battle for An Loc, 539–44; battle to recover Quang Tri, 547, 549; departure of US advisers, 586; U Minh forest offensive, 587–8; shortages of materiel and munitions, 588, 589, 592–4, 601; Route 7 battles, 591; fighting for Hill 1062, 595; abandons Central Highlands, 599–602; battle for Xuan Loc, 610–11; defence of Saigon, 618–20, 622–3

  BATTALIONS: 7th Airborne, 164–5; 2/3rd Infantry, 389; 11th Airborne, 530–2

  BRIGADES: 1st Airborne, 611, 612, 620

  CORPS: IV, 136–41, 335, 404; I, 253, 276, 417, 497, 524, 536, 604–6; II, 274, 275, 529, 601, 608, 613

  DIVISIONS: 7th Infantry, 105; Airborne, 164–5, 216–18, 239–40, 595, 599, 604; 5th, 195–6, 540–2; 2nd, 276, 499; 1st, 388–9; 3rd, 523, 524; 22nd, 533; 23rd, 538, 599; 18th, 591, 610–11, 619, 633; Black Cat, 608–10

  REGIMENTS: armoured regiment based in Saigon, 337–8; 57th, 526; 53rd, 599; 42nd, 610

  ARVN elite/special forces: US military advisers, 159–60; amphibious raids, 185, 188, 190; and Green Berets, 258

  UNITS: Rangers, 144, 201, 241, 474, 497; 33rd Ranger Battalion, 216; Black Panthers (Hac Bao, 1st Division’s rapid reaction Force), 389, 412, 497; 39th Rangers, 498; 3rd Ranger Group, 539–40

  A Shau (spelled ‘A Sầu’ in Vietnamese), 255

  Ashley, Cliff, 565

  Asselin, Pierre, 86

  atomic weapons: US considers using, 406

  Australia: opens jungle warfare school, 124; war casualties, 124, 465, 469; troops in Vietnam, 238–9, 460–2; in action, 266, 463–7; fight off Tet attack, 400; anti-war protests, 461–2, 469; Special Air Service, 461, 467; 1st Royal Australian Regiment, 461; drinking and indiscipline, 468; evacuates personnel from Vietn
am, 614

  B-52 Arc Light strikes, 369–70

  Ba Me, 377

  Ba Trà, 358

  Baez, Joan, 327

  Baldwin, Hanson, 126, 178

  Baldwin, Maj.Gen. James, 511

  Ball, George: on Harriman/Hilsman telegram, 149; pessimism and scepticism, 176, 223–5, 235; opposes escalation, 197; supports renewed bombing, 210; warns against reinforcing Westmoreland, 220; urges Lippmann to lessen criticism, 227; hears Johnson’s briefings, 419

  Ban Me Thuột city, 597–9, 601

  Bảo Đại, Emperor, 10, 15–16, 22, 73, 76, 91, 94

  Bảo Ninh (Hoàng u Phương): suffers on Ho Chi Minh trail, 203; on shooting and eating orangutan, 366; on fellow-soldiers, 439, 535; on ‘Jungle of Screaming Souls’, 453; on slump in morale, 549; receives books and comforts, 584; relief at war’s end, 626; on North’s triumphalism, 636; The Sorrow of War, 365, 598, 628, 649–50

  Barker, Lt.Col. Frank, 449

  Barrel Roll, Operation (US), 198

  Barry, Maj. Michael, 457

  Bartlett, Charles, 147

  Baskir, Lawrence, 331

  Bastogne, Firebase, 535

  Bảy Đen, 137

  Bay of Pigs invasion (Cuba, 1961), 120

  Bảy Viễn, 93

  Bayard, Task Force, 26

  Bedell Smith, Walter, 73–4, 76

  Bến Cát, 591

  Bengler, Cmdr. Richard, 303

  Benton, Operation (1967), 643

  Berlin Wall: erected (1961), 120

  Berry, Col. Sid, 163–5, 213, 238, 247, 251, 460, 640

  Bidault, Georges, 47, 63, 64, 71

  Biên Hoà, 588

  Bigart, Homer, 135

  Bigeard, Col. Marcel, 37, 55–6, 62, 68–9

  Bình Định province, 518

  Bình Xuyên, 93–4

  Bisher, Jon, 570

  Bizard, Capt. Alain, 59

  Blaufuss, Phil, 568

  Boccia, Lt. Frank, 343

  Bolo, Operation, 289

  Bolt, Capt. Joe, 389

  bombing: effectiveness and limitations, 283–4

  Bonville, George, 251, 256, 259–60

  booby traps and mines, 261–4, 343

  Boomer, Adele, 523

  Boomer, Gen. Walt: eagerness to go to Vietnam, 236, 338; in action, 340, 350, 527–9; on effect of napalm, 344; stops US troops collecting enemy ears, 346; disciplines troops, 347; on night actions, 349; on malfunctioning rifles, 354; on racial tensions, 458; on Vietnamese hatred of US bullying, 523; on effect of Vietnam war, 645, 650

 

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