Raj

by Lawrence, James

54 The Economist, 8 March and 27 September 1919.

  55 Mills, ‘The 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic &c.’, IESHR, 23, 2, 7, 36.

  56 Criminal Statistics of the High Court of Judicature . . . and the Courts of the Punjab for the Calendar Year ending the 31st of December 1920, 9.

  57 Ibid.; . . . for the Year ending the 31st of December 1919, 7; Note on the Administration of Criminal Justice in the Province of Oudh . . . during the Calendar Year ending 31st December 1919, 2.

  2: Strong Passion

  1 Gandhi, XIII, 59.

  2 Ibid., 223, 440.

  3 Ibid., 222.

  4 Sedition Committee Report, 73–4.

  5 Gandhi, XIII, 223.

  6 Ibid., 548–51.

  7 Ibid., XV, 15.

  8 Ibid., XIII, 231.

  9 Ibid., XV, 107.

  10 Ibid., 142.

  11 Ibid., 132.

  12 Russell and Islam, ‘The Satirical Works of Akbar Illahabad’, MAS, 8, 55.

  13 PRO, WO 157/1260, Summary 1.

  14 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/10, 409.

  15 PRO, WO 157/1260, Summary 33.

  16 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 523/10, App. C, Enclosure B.

  17 PRO, FO 371/5832, N 1253, 8; N 2965, 6–7.

  18 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 528/9, 303.

  19 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/8, 103.

  20 Gandhi, XV, 179, 212, 213, 220, 230.

  21 Ibid., 273, 280.

  22 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/10, ii, 230.

  23 O’Dwyer, 272, 280.

  24 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, 264/8, Enclosure B, 2.

  25 The Times, 25 July 1927.

  26 Dyer, 141, 217–18.

  27 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/1, ii, 43–4.

  28 Draper, 82.

  29 IWM, Morgan, 72/12/1.

  30 Draper, 75–6, 86.

  31 Ibid., 91.

  32 Colvin, 246.

  33 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/10, 217.

  34 Ibid., 216.

  35 Report of the Commissioners . . . Punjab Sub-Committee of the India National Congress, 169, 274, 326, 340.

  36 Ibid., 292, 372–3.

  37 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/8, 118.

  38 Ibid., 10, ii, 436.

  39 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 528/9, 215.

  40 Ibid., 171.

  41 Gandhi, XV, 367–8.

  42 Jeffrey, 101.

  43 PRO, Air 2/125/ B 11395.

  44 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/10, 403.

  45 PRO, Air 2/125/B 11395.

  46 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/10, 363.

  47 IWM, Lewis, 74/48/1, 29 February and 22 May 1920.

  48 Information from the late General Sir Ouvry Roberts.

  49 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/1, 146, 298–9.

  50 Ibid., 11, 302–3.

  51 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 523/10, 99.

  52 IOL, Mss Eur, Chelmsford, E 264/11, 10, ii, 264.

  53 Gandhi, XVI, 330.

  54 PRO, WO 33/990, 13701.

  55 Morning Post, 1 June and 6 July 1920.

  56 Hansard, 5th series, 131, 1710.

  57 Wilson, Military Correspondence, 187.

  58 Hansard, 5th series, Lords, 41, 248.

  59 New Statesman, 1 May 1920.

  60 Spectator, 17 July 1920.

  61 Matra, ‘Lenin and Roy &c.’, Indian History Congress, 500.

  62 PRO, WO 157/1261, 6 and 7 March and 17 July 1920.

  63 PRO, FO 371/5832, N 230.

  64 PRO, WO 157/1261, 27 March 1920.

  65 Teague-Jones (R. Sinclair), The Spy who Disappeared (1992).

  66 IWM, Morgan, 72/22/1.

  67 Hansard, 5th series, 131, 1739.

  68 Quoted in Dyer’s obituary, The Times, 25 July 1927.

  69 Ray, ‘Masses in Politics &c.’, IESHR, 11, 380.

  70 Nehru, Autobiography, 52.

  71 Anand, Sword and Sickle, 54.

  72 Bald, ‘Politics of a Revolutionary Elite &c.’, MAS, 8, passim.

  73 Nehru, Autobiography, 61.

  74 Ray, ‘Masses in Politics &c.’, IESHR, 11, 389–90, 408.

  75 PRO, FO 371/5382, N 1253, 7.

  76 Ray, ‘Masses in Politics &c.’, IESHR, 11, 398.

  77 Pannikar, 128.

  78 PRO, WO 106/157; Intelligence Review, 28 October 1921, 2–3; IOL, Mss Eur, Colebrook, D 789/2, L, 124, 248.

  79 PRO, WO 106/156, 4.

  80 Ibid., 156, 1.

  81 Ibid., 156, 10; IOL, Mss Eur, Colebrook, D 789/2, L 125, 7.

  82 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 528/9, 301, 303.

  83 Wilson, Military Correspondence, 307.

  84 IOL, Mss Eur, Montagu, D 528/9, 319, 2.

  85 Kumar, ‘From Swaraj &c.’, in Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj, 93.

  86 Wilson, Military Correspondence, 211; Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress, 12.

  87 Wilson, Military Correspondence, 289.

  3: This Wonderful Land

  1 Russell, With the Prince &c., 41.

  2 Ibid., 26, 63–4.

  3 Daily Graphic, 18 March, 1922.

  4 Daily Sphere, 14 January 1922.

  5 Duke of Windsor, 163, 169.

  6 Gregory, ‘Staging British India’, in Britton, Cave, Holden, Gregory and Pickering, 53.

  7 Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire, 106.

  8 The Great Delhi Durbar, 18–19, 20–21.

  9 Listener, 20 and 27 February 1929.

  10 Ibid., 30 September 1936.

  11 Ibid., 30 October 1937.

  12 Ibid., 27 August 1932.

  13 Ibid., 23 December 1936.

  14 IOL, Mss Eur, Martin, F 180/21, 3.

  15 Moore, Just as Good as the Rest, 31.

  16 Naidis, ‘G. A. Henty &c.’, VS, 8, 51.

  17 Chums, 22 May and 7 June 1920.

  18 Lady Lawrence, 63.

  19 Morning Post, 13 July 1920.

  20 Who’s Who, 1930, 2760.

  21 Picture Post, 3 June 1939.

  22 Gouldsbury, 255.

  23 Richards, Old Soldier Sahib, 86–7.

  24 ILN, 18 June 1938.

  25 National Geographic, LVI, 445, 502.

  26 Younghusband, A Soldier’s Memories, 273.

  27 Mayo, 15.

  28 Perrin, 125–6.

  29 Lee, Never Stop the Engine, 8.

  30 Savi, The Passionate Problem, 44.

  31 Morris, Hired to Kill, 207.

  32 Anon, ‘Unrest in India’, Quarterly Review, 209, 248.

  33 Fuller, The Empire of India, 375–6; Studies in India Life &c., 343.

  34 Lady Lawrence, 42.

  35 Moon, Strangers &c., 20.

  36 IOL, Mss Eur, Flack, F 180/21, 21–2.

  37 NLS, Lahari, Acc 8122, 7–8.

  38 IOL, Mss Eur, Flack, F 180/17, 8.

  39 Hyam, Empire and Sexuality, 130–1.

  40 PRO, WO 92/3, 6d.

  41 Baden-Powell, 31.

  42 Hyam, Empire and Sexuality, 132–3.

  43 Private information.

  44 Richards, Old Soldier Sahib, 197–9, 303–4.

  45 Mayo, 35–6.

  46 Huben, 46–8.

  47 Punch, 13 December 1911.

  48 PRO, FO 371/21065, 87, 114, 256.

  49 PRO, WO 106/1594C.

  50 Picture Post, 3 June 1939.

  51 Younghusband, A Soldier’s Memories, 187–8.

  52 IWM, Swindlehurst, n.n.

  53 Lady Lawrence, 213.

  54 IWM, Kingsford, 84/29/1, 18.

  55 PRO, WO 203/2356, Summary of 22 February 1946, 15.

  56 Thorne, 239.

  57 PRO, WO 208/816, 14–15.

  58 I am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel David Murray for this point (letter, 3 October 1996).

  59 IWM, Blackie, 27 August and 7 September 1946.

  60 I am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel David Murray for this point (letter, 6 October 1996).

  61 IWM, Blackie, 4 September 1947.

  62 Masters, 63; see also IOL, Mss Eur, Palit, R 142 and IWM, Blackie, 19 Au
gust, 1946.

  63 I am indebted to Captain James Squire for this point (letter, 20 September 1996).

  64 IOL, Mss Eur, Palit, R 142.

  65 Masters, 83.

  66 Adams, ‘Across Seven Seas &c.’, Oral History, 9, 34.

  67 Listener, 6 October 1937.

  4: A Great Trial of Strength

  1 Arnold, ‘Cholera and Colonialism &c.’, PP, No. 133, 149.

  2 Anand, Coolie, 99–100.

  3 Ibid., 267–78.

  4 Griffiths, 302–3.

  5 Gandhi, XLII, 419–22; XLIII, 39.

  6 Ibid., XLII, 425.

  7 Ibid., XLVII, 119–20.

  8 Ibid., XLII, 223, 433.

  9 Ibid., XLII, 470–1; XLIII, 224.

  10 Sudhur, ‘The Indian States &c.’, Indian History Conference, 365–66.

  11 Jeffrey, ‘A Sanctified Congress &c.’, in Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj, 435.

  12 Mukherjee, ‘Radicalism in Bihar &c.’, Indian History Conference, 370.

  13 Ibid., 369.

  14 IOL, LPJ, 8/609, 403, 407; Gupta, The Police of British India, 374, 469.

  15 IOL, Mss Eur, Colebrook, D 789/2, 77–80.

  16 Ibid., 82.

  17 Brown, 127.

  18 Mukherjee, ‘Radicalism in Bihar &c.’, Indian History Conference, 371.

  19 I am indebted for this observation by W. A. Simms, who was then a corporal in the King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.

  20 NAM, Alston, 8005-15-2, n.n.

  21 Ibid.

  22 PRO, Air 8/121, Memo, 20 July 1930, DI (Ap) 5.

  23 Roberts, The Holy Fox, 31.

  24 Gandhi, LXIV, 188.

  25 Roberts, The Holy Fox, 39.

  26 Nicolson, 509.

  27 Daily Mail Blue Book &c., 9.

  28 Stoddart-Kennedy, ‘The Christian Imperialism &c.’, JICH, 18, 348, 350, 352–3.

  29 Spectator, 26 July 1930.

  30 Middlemas and Barnes, 583.

  31 Gandhi, LI, 140.

  32 Rizvi, 18.

  33 Ibid., 28.

  34 Ibid.

  35 IOL, Mss Eur, Flack, F 180/7, 34.

  36 Dewey, 352–63.

  37 Moore, Churchill &c., 2–3, 13, 98–100; Glendevon, 87.

  38 Talbot, ‘The Role of the Crowd &c.’, JICH, 313, 314.

  39 Rattani, 11.

  40 Moore, Churchill &c., 23; Rizvi, 118–19.

  41 IWM, Marsland Gander, 78/62/1m, 14 May 1943; Glendevon, 48.

  42 Gandhi, LXXI, 804.

  43 Moore, Churchill &c., 28.

  44 Gandhi, LXXII, 6; Moore, Churchill &c., 38–9.

  45 Gandhi, LXXII, 188, 214–15.

  46 TP, I, 4.

  47 PRO, WO 208/804A n.n.; WO 208/819A, App. D, 35C.

  48 TP, I, 238.

  49 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 33, 5–6.

  50 PRO, WO 208/819B, App. A, 8.

  51 PRO, WO 208/763, 1A, 7B; WO 208/802, 70B.

  52 TP, I, 36–7.

  53 PRO, WO 208/763, 14A, App. C; LHC, Heard, 27.

  54 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 5.

  55 PRO, WO 208/763, 4; WO 71/1057 for the court martial.

  56 PRO, WO 208/807, 5–6.

  57 PRO, WO 208/763, passim.

  5: A Bad Knock

  1 TP, I, 48–9.

  2 PRO, WO 106/2569, 1.

  3 Fay, 29.

  4 PRO, WO 208/819A, n.n.

  5 PRO, WO 106/2744A, 6.

  6 PRO, WO 203/516, 38; WO 208/807, 1.

  7 PRO, WO 203/516, 38–9.

  8 PRO, WO 106/2569, 4, 10, 26, 32–3, 45–6.

  9 Ibid., ‘Comments on General Gordon Bennett’s Report’, 5.

  10 PRO, WO 106/2591, 4A, 4B, 5A.

  11 Elphick, 177.

  12 PRO, WO 106/2574A, 1B, 1.

  13 Elphick, 221, 230.

  14 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 33, 5–6.

  15 Sundaram, ‘A Paper Tiger &c.’, War and Society, 13, 36.

  16 PRO, WO 208/219A, 10A.

  17 Thorne, Allies &c., 208.

  18 PRO, WO 106/3723A, 125.

  19 Fay, 143.

  20 PRO, WO 208/819, 10A.

  21 PRO, WO 208/803, 60B, 72B; Fay, 146.

  22 PRO, WO 208/807, 4.

  23 PRO, WO 208/804A, n.n.

  24 PRO, WO 106/2574m, 3–5.

  25 PRO, FO 406/81, Pt 55, 10.

  26 PRO, FO 370/21065, 256.

  27 PRO, Air 8/529, Air Staff Memo (July 1937), 1–2.

  28 PRO, FO 371/21065, 3; FO 371/23620, 70, 76–7; FO 402/22, 100.

  29 PRO, FO 371/2360, 32; WO 208/773, Report of 2 April 1941.

  30 Hauner, ‘One Man Against the Empire &c.’ Journal of Contemporary History, 16, 199, 200–1, 211.

  31 PRO, WO 208/802, 8B.

  32 Ibid., 134B.

  33 Ibid., 22B.

  34 Ibid., 98A.

  35 Ibid., 158A.

  36 Ibid., 176 and n.n (September 1944).

  37 PRO, WO 208/819A, 24A.

  38 Fay, 190.

  39 Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, 28, 29, 479.

  40 Bhagat Ram Talwar’s confession is in WO 208/773.

  41 Menenzes, 376.

  42 PRO, WO 208/812, 2A.

  43 IOL, LPJ, 8/572A, 24–5.

  44 TP, I, 298–9.

  45 Ibid., I, 432.

  46 IOL, LPJ, 8/558, 122.

  47 Ibid., 70.

  48 Thorne, Allies &c., 242.

  49 Pandey, 162–63.

  50 Thorne, Allies &c., 245–7.

  51 TP, II, 665–6.

  52 PRO, WO 208/816, 14–15.

  53 Ibid., 35, 36, 49, 51, 55–6, 60, 73.

  54 Ibid., 38.

  55 Ibid., 21–22.

  56 Ibid., IF.

  57 WO 208/795, Linlithgow to Secretary of State, 3 June 1942.

  58 Ibid., passim.

  59 Gandhi, LXXVI, 126–7.

  60 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 500–1.

  61 Role, ‘La Stratégie Japonaise &c.’, Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains, 159, 68–70.

  62 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 487.

  63 Gandhi, LXXVI, 67–8.

  64 Ibid., 5.

  65 Ibid., 105.

  66 Ibid., 133.

  67 Ibid., 122–7.

  68 TP, II, 122, 134.

  69 Gandhi, LXXVI, 109–10.

  70 TP, II, 134.

  71 Chopra, Quit India &c., 1, 6–7.

  72 TP, II, 557–8.

  73 Amery, Empire at Bay, 823–4.

  74 Gandhi, LXXVI, 212.

  75 IOL, LPJ, 8/597, 234.

  76 TP, II, 223.

  77 Gupta, The Police &c., 526–7.

  78 IOL, LPJ, 8/609, 398, 400, 407.

  79 Ibid., 403.

  80 PRO, Air 23/2052, GHQ to HQ RAF, Bengal, 28 July 1942.

  6: An Occupied and Hostile Country

  1 IOL, Mss Eur, Flack, F 180/17, 19–20.

  2 PRO, WO 106/3721A, 1.

  3 Spectator, 4 and 14 August 1942.

  4 The Times, 17 August 1942.

  5 Gandhi, LXXXVI, 403.

  6 PRO, Air 23/2052, passim.

  7 Hansard, 5th series, 383, 948–9.

  8 Chopra, ‘Quit India &c.’, JIH, 49, 39–40.

  9 PRO, Air 23/2053, 5, 13.

  10 Ibid.

  11 I am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel Murray for this point.

  12 PRO, WO 208/819, 1A; Gupta, The Police &c., 542.

  13 TP, II, 853–4.

  14 Amery, Empire at Bay, 830.

  15 Hansard, 5th series, 383, 1342.

  16 Chopra, Quit India &c., 20–1, 59–63, 218–19.

  17 IOL, LPJ, 8/609, 361–2, 323–7, 375.

  18 NLS, Lahari, Acc 8122, 179–81.

  19 IOL, Mss Eur, Martin, F 180/21, 34–6.

  20 Henningham, ‘Quit India &c.’, Subaltern Studies, II, 131–5.

  21 IOL, Mss Eur, Martin, F 180/21, 33.

  22 Cruikshank, 85–6.

  23 The Times, 1 and 7 August 1942.

  24 Manor, ‘Gandhian Politics &c.’, in
Low (ed.), Congress and the Raj, 419–21; Jeffrey, ‘A Sanctified Label &c.’, in Ibid., 452–3.

  25 Pati, ‘The Climax of Popular Protest &c.’, IESHR, 29, 26–7.

  26 PRO, WO 106/3757, 1B.

  27 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 551.

  28 PRO, WO 208/819A, 25C.

  29 Chopra, ‘Quit India &c.’, JIH, 49, 32.

  30 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, D 807, 1.

  31 TP, II, 933.

  32 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 544, 546.

  33 Menenzes, 399.

  34 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 597–9; Fay, 286.

  35 PRO, WO 208/819A, 25C, App. C; WO 208/3812, 2A.

  36 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 605; Sundaram, ‘A Paper Tiger &c.’, War and Society, 13, passim.

  37 In the National Army Museum (7903–46).

  38 Hauner, India and Axis Strategy, 608.

  39 Fay, 297, 300; Menenzes, 395.

  40 PRO, WO 208/3812, passim.

  41 Hauner, India in Axis Strategy, 607.

  42 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-54, 33, 4–6.

  43 PRO, WO 208/819B, App. A, 8.

  44 PRO, WO 208/2268, 1L.

  45 PRO, WO 203/2045, 10P, 14Q.

  46 From copies of Josh in LHC, Heard 1.

  47 PRO, WO 208/2268, Report of January 1945, 14–15; PRO, WO 203/2268.

  48 Fay, passim; but for a more balanced verdict see Sundaram, ‘A Paper Tiger &c.’, War and Society, 13, passim.

  49 PRO, WO 203/2045, 10E.

  50 TP, IV, 278, 683.

  51 Ibid., 682–3.

  52 Sen, ‘The Food Problem &c.’, Third World Quarterly, 31, 172–73.

  53 TP, IV, 112.

  54 Maharatna, ‘The Demography of the Bengal Famine &c.’, IESHR, 31, 172–3.

  55 TP, IV, 79.

  56 Ibid., 358–9; Patel, III, 179.

  57 The Economist, 28 August and 4 September 1943.

  58 TP, IV, 43.

  59 Thirumati, ‘Peasant Classes &c.’, IESHR, 31, 232.

  60 TP, IV, 82.

  61 Ibid., 297, 413.

  62 Wavell, 81; Thorne, 6, 357.

  63 Wavell, 46, 61, 92, 95, 107.

  64 TP, IV, 376, 378.

  65 Wavell, 101.

  66 Ibid., 97.

  67 Ibid., 108.

  68 TP, IV, 1224.

  69 IOL, LPJ, 8/572A, 23, 27, 175–7.

  70 Wavell, 50, 51, 55.

  71 Ibid., 159.

  7: What Are We Here For?

  1 IWM, Blackie, 6 September 1947.

  2 Warner, 249–50.

  3 LHC, Heard, 1, 52.

  4 PRO, WO 208/828, Report, 3 January, 1945, 2, 4–5; Report, 7 February, 1; 4 September, 1.

  5 IOL, LWS, 1/1/1029, 7.

  6 Wavell, 181–4.

  7 Fay, 499–500.

  8 For the reactions of Indian other ranks I am grateful to Philip Mason; for British officers, see IOL, LWS, 1/1/1029, 69, 74.

  9 PRO, WO 208/3817, 44, 298.

  10 The Times, 8, 11 and 14 February 1946.

  11 PRO, WO 208/3817, 268, 276.

  12 IWM, Godfrey, 6, 97.