13 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 1–2.
14 IWM, Godfrey, 6, 99d–100; PRO, WO 208/3817, 281.
15 Ibid., 264, 266.
16 I am indebted to John Hailwood for this and other details of the mutiny.
17 LHC, Thompson (Findings of the Board of Enquiry . . . into the Mutiny at the Castle Barracks, 11).
18 Ibid.; NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 54, 68, 72; App. 8, 2.
19 Ibid.
20 PRO, WO 208/3817, 252.
21 PRO, WO 208/3816, 2B.
22 Ibid., 245.
23 The Times, 23 February 1946; Listener, 24 March 1949.
24 PRO, WO 208/3817, 222.
25 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 67.
26 IOL, Mss Eur, Bramble, R 143/2.
27 IOL, LPJ, 8/574, 120–1.
28 BLO, Attlee, 31, 169.
29 PRO, WO 208/761A, Intelligence Report, 14 September 1945, 3–4.
30 PRO, WO 203/2356, Report, 22 February 1946.
31 IWM, Kingsford, 107.
32 IWM, Blackie, 28 August 1946.
33 PRO, WO 208/3818, 194.
34 Thorne, 237.
35 I am indebted to Lieutenant-Colonel Murray for these quotations.
36 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 74.
37 IWM, Godfrey, 6, 98d, 100, 101.
38 IOL, LWS, 1/1/1029, 71.
39 Ibid., 71–3; PRO, WO 208/3817, 220, 242.
40 Ibid., 234.
41 Ibid., 248.
42 PRO, WO 208/761A, n.n.
43 Hansard, 5th series, 425, 1414–15.
44 Mosley, 22.
45 Hamid, 77.
46 Moore, Escape &c., 63, 67.
47 Patel, 3, 105.
48 TP, VIII, 25–7.
49 IOL, R2/139/65, 4–5, 16, 37.
50 PRO, WO 208/3817, 80, 87, 98, 107, 121.
51 TP, VIII, 207n.
52 PRO, WO 208/3817, 38, 46, 52, 65.
53 Ibid., 137–38.
54 TP, VIII, 225–7.
55 Ibid., 205, 209.
56 NAM, Bucher, 7901–87, 2 (Report of Disturbances in Calcutta &c., 1); PRO, WO 208/3818, 290; TP, VIII, 313.
57 NAM, Bucher, 7901–87, 2 (Report of Disturbances in Calcutta &c., 2); TP, VIII, 297 (slightly doctored text from Burrows’s report).
58 Ibid., 297–8.
59 The Times, 28 August 1946.
60 IOL, Mss Eur, Martin, F 180/21, 50–53.
61 PRO, WO 208/3818, 236, 240; TP, VIII, 532–3.
62 PRO, WO 208/3818, 211.
63 Ibid., 147.
64 Ibid., 181, 185, 220.
65 Copland, The Princes in India &c., 236.
66 Patel, 3, 87–8.
67 TP, VIII, 372, 472.
68 IOL, Mss Eur, Martin, F 180/21, 54.
69 Wavell, 403.
70 Moore, Escape &c., 187–8, 190–1, 208.
71 Hamid, 118.
72 BLO, Attlee, 36, 22.
73 Wavell, 341n.
74 TP, VIII, 575, 747–78; Moore, Escape &c., 202–3.
75 Wavell, 367.
8: Was It Too Quick?
1 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, D 807, 166–7.
2 Campbell-Johnson, 40, 43, 55–6.
3 IOL, Casey, Ms Photo Eur 48/3, 267.
4 Wheen, 211.
5 Moore, Escape &c., 218–19.
6 I am indebted for this point to Trevor Royle; see also Spectator, 12 December 1947 and Talbot, ‘Mountbatten and the Partition &c.’, History, 68, 32.
7 Hamid, 153, 172–3, 186; Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 107–8; Rabbani, 101.
8 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 27 March 1947.
9 Royle, 146, 148.
10 TP, XII, 215.
11 Ibid., 801–6.
12 I am indebted to Francis Beckett, Attlee’s most recent biographer, for this point.
13 Moore, Escape from Empire &c., 238.
14 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 29 March 1947.
15 TP, XII, 75.
16 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 18 April 1947.
17 Ibid., 19 April 1947.
18 TP, X, 625–6.
19 BLO, Attlee 53, 268, 285, 288.
20 Patel, 4, 142.
21 PRO, WO 208/3818, 242.
22 PRO, DO 142/415, 20–21.
23 TP, X, 75.
24 IOL, R 2/139/65, 65; NAM (Notes for GOC HQ Eastern Command, 24 August 1947), 7707-35, 1; Pearce, 127.
25 Ibid., 128.
26 NAM (Notes for GOC HQ Eastern Command, 24 August 1947), 7707-35, 2.
27 PRO, WO 208/3819, 315.
28 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, D 807, 25.
29 TP, XI, 20–2.
30 NAM (Notes for GOC HQ Eastern Command, 24 August 1947), Appendix A, ii; Pearce, 133–5.
31 Ibid., 137.
32 TP, XI, 31n.
33 Ibid., 158–9.
34 Aiyar, ‘August Anarchy &c.’, South Asia, 18, 28–31.
35 PRO, WO 208/3818, 94, 95.
36 TP, XII, 512.
37 IOL, Mss Eur, Christie, D 713, 3a, 68.
38 TP, XII, 512.
39 Major, ‘The Chief Sufferers &c.’, South Asia, 18, 60.
40 PRO, WO 208/3819, 212, 297, 319.
41 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, D 807, 13 (Marginal note by Jenkins, dated 3 March 1950); NAM, Savory, 7603-98-87, 21 May 1947, confirms Jenkins’s request.
42 TP, XII, 512.
43 Ibid., XI, 587–8.
44 Ibid., XII, 702.
45 The Times, 2 January 1969.
46 Patel, 4, 11–13, 20–4.
47 TP, XI, 680.
48 Hamid, 198.
49 Copland, The Princes &c., 185.
50 Ibid., 229, 236.
51 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 133.
52 Mosley, 158.
53 Copland, The Princes &c., 212–13.
54 Mosley, 164–5; Hamid, 196.
55 Mosley, 169–70.
56 TP, XII, 295, 297.
57 NAM, Lockhart, 8310-154, 257–8.
58 Moore, Escape &c., 312–13.
59 Mosley, 173–4; Copland, The Princes &c., 257–8.
60 TP, XII, 345–6.
61 Ibid., 453.
62 Hamid, 222.
63 TP, XII, 618–20.
64 Ibid., 638–9, 662.
65 Ibid., 633.
66 IOL, Mss Eur, Christie, D 718, 3b, 255.
67 Hamid, 222.
68 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, B 807, 178–178d, 205; Mss Eur C 645, 3.
69 IOL, Beaumont, 358, 1–4; Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 99–100; Daily Telegraph, 24 February 1992.
70 Hashim Raza, 92.
71 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 100.
72 Copland, The Princes &c., 260.
73 Hashim Raza, 93–4.
74 Campbell-Johnson, 179.
75 Ibid., 183.
76 Hamid, 234.
77 TP, XII, 736.
78 Ibid., XII, 700–4, 704–5.
79 PRO, WO 208/3520, 135.
80 TP, XII, 736–7.
81 Hamid, 234.
82 TP, XII, 537–8, 589.
83 Ibid., XII, 636.
84 TP, XI, 469, 572, 614, 668; XII, 75, 181–2.
85 Ibid., XI, 530.
86 PRO, DO 142/416, 166.
87 NAM (Notes for GOC HQ Eastern Command, 24 August 1947), 7707-35, Appendix A, ii.
88 PRO, DO 142/425, n.n.
89 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 117.
90 TP, XI, 613–14.
91 Ibid., XII, 736–7.
92 Ibid., XII, 709.
93 IOL, Mss Eur, Jenkins, D 807, 38.
94 PRO, WO 208/3820, 51, 65.
95 Patel, 4, 278–9.
96 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 129–32.
97 PRO, DO 142/416, 172.
98 PRO, WO 208/3811, n.n.
99 Major, ‘The Chief Sufferers &c.’, South Asia, 18, 62–3.
100 Jalal, ‘India’s Partition &c.’, JICH, 15, 298, 305–6.
101 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 109–10.
102 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 7 October 1947.
104 Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, 130.
105 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 20 November 1947.
106 Ibid., 23 October 1947.
107 Hamid, 231.
108 NAM, Savory, 7603-93-87, 12 December 1947.
Epilogue
1 Douds, ‘A Matter of Honour &c.’, in Addison and Calder (eds), A Time to Kill, 128.
2 Independent, 23 January 1996.
Index
Abbott, Captain James, 79–80, 81, 86, 114, 153
Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 9
Abor tribesmen, 413–14
Afghan War (1838–40), 90–1, 92–4, 144; Army of the Indus, 94, 101; Army of Retribution, 97, 99; British retreat from Kabul, 91, 96–7; occupation of Kabul, 94–5; popularity of Dost Muhammad, 90–2; rebellion, 95–6
Afghan War (1878–80), 373–9; objectives, 374–5; treaty of Gandamak, 375–6; use of terrorism, 375, 376; weapons, 374
Afghan War (1919–21), 475–6
Afghanistan: invasion of, to restore Shah Shuja, 80, 86, 89, 90; neutral under Amir Habibullah, 454; Russian interest post-1945, 590
aircraft, 473, 475, 529; used against rail saboteurs, 564–6
All-India Home Rule League, 457
All-India Congress Committee, 564, 600
America: anti-British journalists, 558–9; anti-imperial prejudices, 559; public opinion, 556, 558; trade concessions in India, 559
Amery, Leo, 546, 557, 565
Amritsar, 471, 472–4, 483–4; anti-Rowlatt disturbances, 472; curfew imposed by Dyer, 472; massacre of civilians, 473; princely states disturbed by events, 489; report on massacre, 477; retribution, 474; vindictive use of firepower, 483
Anand, M. R., 463, 486, 489, 505, 520, 522, 525
Anglo-Indian and European Defence Association, 351
The Anglo-Indians (Perrin), 499, 504
Annotations on the Sacred Writings of the Hindus (Sellon), 216
Arab Revolt, supported by Britain, 449, 453
architecture, 3–4, 5
Arcot, 24–6
Atlantic Charter (1941), 556
Attlee, Clement, 520, 557, 585; deadline for British withdrawal, 612, 617; dismisses Wavell, 607; doubts about Mountbatten, 638; head of Cabinet’s India committee, 586
Auchinleck, Field Marshal Sir Claude, 589, 602, 632–3, 637; opposed to creation of Pakistan, 590, 613; quashes sentences on INA leaders, 591; refusal of honour offered by Mountbatten, 638; task of splitting army, 615
Auckland, Lord, 85, 87, 89–90, 92, 95, 97, 183
Awadh Rent Act (1868), 334
Ayub Khan, 377
Azad Hind Radio, 555, 573
Baden-Powell, Sir Robert, 435, 508
Bahadur Shah, King of Delhi, 240, 258, 259, 260, 266
Baldwin, Stanley, 523, 533–4
‘The Ballad of East and West’ (Kipling), 395–6, 397
Bande Mataram (newspaper), 426, 427
Bangalore conspiracy, 226–7
battles: Abukir, 69; Aligarh, 71; Aliwal, 111; Ambur, 23; Argaum, 71; Assaye, 71, 72, 124; Buxar, 41, 42; Charasiah, 374, 376; Chillianwala, 117, 123, 125; Ctesiphon, 446; Delhi (1803), 71, 124; Ferozeshah, 110–11, 124; Gujrat, 118; Kandahar, 378; Kirki, 72, 122; Laswari, 65, 71, 121, 124; Maharajapur, 100, 124; Mahidpur, 73; Maiwand, 378; Miani, 103–4; Mudki, 110; Nagpur, 73; Panipat, 10; Panniar, 100; Peiwar Kotal, 375; Plassey, 35, 36–7; Poona, 73; Saint Thomé, 20; Sitalbi, 73, 123; Sobraon, 111–12; Sooti, 41; Velimdonpet, 23
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 495–6
Beaumont, Christopher, 630
Bengal, 30–44, 51, 58, 417–23, 424; economy brutally exploited by Company, 38–9, 48–9, 51, 52; famine (1769–70), 50, 51; famine (1943–44), 578–81; increasing terrorism (1915), 455; Mir Kasim, Nawab, 39–41; partition, 362, 419; reunited, 432; taxes ceded to Company, 38; see also East Bengal
Bennett, General Harry Gordon, 546, 547; flees Singapore, 548
Besant, Annie, 456–7, 458, 466
Birkenhead, Lord (F. E. Smith), 520
‘Black Hole of Calcutta’, 32
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 70; in Egypt, 68–9; seen as threat to India, 68–9, 83–4
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 520, 536, 553–5, 560, 561; death of, 575; founder of Forward Bloc, 540–1; Free Indian Legion, 553; meeting with Hitler, 573; national hero, 575; Netaji, 573, 575; propaganda broadcasting, 574; recruiting for Free Indian Legion, 555; sent to Japan to lead INA, 573–4
Bose, Rash Behari, 55
Boundary Commission, 629–31; decisions delayed, 632; illicit pressure exerted by Mountbatten, 630–1; map altered in favour of India, 630, 631
‘The Bridge Builders’ (Kipling), 301–3
British armed forces: advantages over Indian forces, 120; assaults on civilians, 360–1; casualty lists, 124; cavalry, 125; delays in demobilisation, 476–7, 596; garrison strength in 1911, 430; Indian perception of, 121; infantry, 124–5; leadership of officers, 122–4, 131–3, 250, 257, 396, 442; logistics of Company army, 143–5; morale (1945–46), 596–7; officers see officers; reputation damaged, 32, 98, 100, 114; rifles and artillery, 67, 142–3, 235; strength of, 120–1; see also British rankers; sepoys
British government of India: benevolent and idealistic, 151–2; by gentlemen, 154–6; contempt for Indian administrators, 343; economy for 1852–53, 183–4; famine relief, 304–6; fears of Axis operations in Afghanistan, 551–2; fears of Communist subversion, 481–3; foreign policy, 389; impulse to convert the heathen, 174–5; Indian participation, 432–3; Indian parties invited to join government of national unity, 557; official condescension, 506–7; predominantly Indian by 1941, 541; prejudices against educated Indians, 347–8, 503; prestige lost in defeat, 545, 555, 616; public works, 304–6; refusal to contemplate partition, 541; sustained by prestige of race, 307–8, 424, 436, 488, 504; threatened by German success in Africa and Russia, 560, 567; unable to keep the peace (1946), 602
British rankers: drink-related problems, 138–9; health of, 138–40; living conditions, 137–8, 140; modelled on Kipling characters, 514; prize money, 140–1; relations with sepoys, 140; liaisons with native women, 218–19; social background, 136–7; wives, 222–3
British society in India, 164–72; changes in moral tone, 221, 223; duelling, 166, 223; Eurasians excluded, 219–20; influx of European women, 221, 223; narrow and exclusive, 170–1, 310–11; social life, 170, 310, 311–12, 442; social status recognised by Indians, 163–4
Bugles and a Tiger (Masters), 517
Burke, Edmund, 54, 60
Burma: Quisling régime under Ba Maw, 549; welcomes Japanese as liberators, 545, 549
Burma Independence Army (BIA), 549
Burma wars, 74, 135, 410, 412
Burnes, Sir Alexander, 82–3, 86, 89, 95, 376
Burnt Offering (Duncan), 510
Burrows, Brigadier George, defeated at Maiwand, 377–8
Burton, Richard, 215
Cabinet mission (1946), 592, 598–600; compromise plan submitted, 599; plan accepted, 600
Calcutta massacres (1946), 602–4
Campbell, John, 201–2
Campbell, Sir Colin, 257, 261
Campbell-Johnson, Alan, 610, 631
Carmichael Smyth, Colonel Edward, 238
Casserly, Major Gordon, 322–3
Cawnpore, 261; first massacre, 251; mutiny breaks out, 247–8; retribution extracted, 252–3; second massacre, 252
Chauri Chaura incident (1922), 487
Chelmsford, Lord, 458, 469, 470–1, 473–4, 476–7; adverse view of Dyer’s conduct, 478; support for Dyer, 474
The Chess Players (film), 643
Chitral campaign (1895), 398, 401, 402, 406, 409
cholera, 139, 140, 255, 257, 371, 448, 643; cover for duelling deaths, 166; inoculation, 520
Churchill, Winston, 402, 403, 572; against Indian independence, 556–8, 588; criticism of Dyer, 478, 480; desire to maintain the Raj, 540, 581–2; dislike of Congress, 567, 572; Hindu–Muslim split welcomed, 540; India Defence
League, 532–3, 534
Clive of India (film), 511–12
Clive, Robert, 30, 42, 43–4, 58, 67; at Arcot, 24–6; campaign to dethrone Siraj-ud Daula, 33–5; in England 1753–55, 29; first Company employment, 13–14; growing reputation, 21–2, 25; moral elasticity, 44; in Parliament, 48, 49; reoccupation of Calcutta, 33; suicide, 52
communication with Europe, 17–18, 54–5, 146
Compagnie des Indes, 9, 16–20, 21, 26–8; financial collapse, 22, 43; political and economic impotence, 43; territorial expansion under Dupleix, 22–7; trading stations, 17, 43
Confessions of a Lover (Anand), 489, 525
Congress of Berlin, 372
Congress, Indian National, 342, 352–5, 464, 540–1, 583; Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 527–8; adoption of Mapilla grievances, 487; alliance with Labour Party, 587–8; arrest of leaders (1942), 564, 565; at Cabinet mission negotiations, 599–600; boycott of foreign goods, 527, 529; call for Dominion status, 520; civil disobedience campaign, 527–9, 530; Dabhadi Naoroji, 353, 354; economic self-sufficiency, 461; election abuses, 536; elections (1936–37), 535–6; Gandhi dominates proceedings, 484; Home Rule, 456, 487; INA exploitation, 590, 591; manpower and finance problems, 528, 530; Muslim support dwindles, 522; Muslims welcome, 420; partition unacceptable, 583; patronage, 537; pressure for removal of Wavell, 607; provincial ministries resign, 539, 541, 583; revitalised by partition of Bengal, 362; seeking independent undivided India, 586–7; Simon commission marginalised by, 520–1; social reform programme, 353–4; socialist wing advocates sabotage, 569; split between Hindus and Muslims, 521–2, 538, 539; split between moderates and extremists, 417; spokesman for peasantry, 485; support in Britain, 354–5; see also Gandhi; Muslim League; Nehru
Conolly, Captain Arthur, 81–2
Coolie (Anand), 505, 522
Corfield, Sir Conrad, 626, 627, 628
crime, 195–206, 462; Company fails to provide, 206; criminal classes, 202–3; dacoit bands, 195, 198–9; economic conditions, 206; female infanticide and child sacrifice, 178, 201–2; hereditary criminal class, 199–200; rape, 214; thugs (thagi), 196–8; see also law enforcement; police
Crimean War, 368–9
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 562, 590, 611; initiative fails, 557; leader of Cabinet mission, 598
Curzon, Lord, 37, 315–17, 324, 359–60, 361–3, 385, 390–1, 458; dislike of princes travelling abroad, 337–8, 343–4; partnership with princes, 333, 334; re-organisation of colleges, 336; recalled, 362, 417; redress of injustice, 360; reform programme, 361; revision of frontier policy, 409–10
daily life in India: drinking, 167–8; food preparation, 160; hunting, 169–70; lack of intellectual stimulation, 167; palanquins, 161; routine, 168–9; see also British society in India
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