Dalhousie, Lord, 115, 219, 370; doctrine of lapse, 234, 237, 334
Darling, Malcolm, 310–11, 435–6, 506
de Lacy Evans, Colonel George, 84–6, 88
The Deceivers (film), 643
Defence of India Act, 453, 455
Delamain, Sir Walter, 445
Delhi: assault on, 257, 259–60; looting, 260–1; occupied by mutineers, 240, 258; siege of, 246, 258–9
Desmond V.C. (Diver), 503
Dhingra, Madan Lal, 429–30
Disraeli, Benjamin, 316–17, 374
Diver, Maud, 499, 503
The Division of the Spoils (Scott), 552
Dost Muhammad, Amir of Kabul, 87, 89, 90–1, 95, 97
The Drum (film), 512, 513
Duncan, Sara Jeanette, 510
Dundas, Henry, 60, 68–9, 76
Dupleix, Joseph François, 19, 22, 23–4, 28; attack on Madras, 20; lack of naval forces, 20–1; overthrow of Anwar-ud Din, 23; recalled to France, 26–7
durbars, 4; Delhi (1877), 316–17; Delhi (1902), 317, 360; Delhi (1911), 320–1, 432, 494, 495; Maharajah of Cooch Behar, 322–4; Manipur (1891), 331
Dutt, Romesh Chandra, 349, 352, 353, 358
Dyer, Brigadier-General Reginald, 464, 471–4, 483–4; debate in Parliament, 479–80, 481; fund opened for, 479; imposition of curfew on Amritsar, 472; massacre of civilians, 473; ordered to resign, 478; retribution imposed on Amritsar, 474; supporters, 478–9, 480; third Afghan War, 477
East Bengal: anti-partition movement, 421–2; boycott of British goods, 417, 419, 421, 427; growing unrest, 426–9; lawyer activists, 424; political terrorism, 426–8
East India Company, 9, 11, 14–16, 43–4; absolute right to trade, 31, 38–9; Arcot diversionary coup, 24–6; authority throughout Bengal, 42; autocratic rule justified, 59–60; battle of Plassey, 35, 36–7, 38; Bengal economy exploited, 38–9, 48–9, 51, 52; campaigns against Maratha, 70–3; commercial privileges, 31; financial crises, 49–51, 66, 76–7; forced disengagement from Hindu and Muslim faiths, 227–8; involvement with Siraj-ud Daula, 31–5; Mir Kasim, campaign against, 40–1; moral rights to conquest queried, 55–60; moral vacuum, 58–60; ‘No retreat’ policy, 63–6, 78; Parliamentary investigations, 47, 48, 51, 58; public concern at methods of, 45–9, 51, 54, 59; Regulating Act (1773), 51–2; ruling position curtailed, 54; ruling position terminated, 293; scapegoat for Mutiny, 291–2; Tanjore campaign, 22–3, 29; trading monopolies ended, 181, 195; war and trade in felicitous combination, 28–9; see also nabobs; taxation
The East India Vade-Mecum (Williamson), 159–60
education, 332, 344–7; financial restraints, 346; increased availability, 344–5; uneducated peasantry, 346; universities, 345–6; for women, 345, 527; see also public schools
Edwardes, Major Herbert, 112, 113, 114, 116, 156, 191, 267
Ellenborough, Lord, 78, 86, 97, 100, 101, 104–6, 227, 259, 334
Elliot, Gilbert (later Lord Minto), 328, 375, 376, 415, 417–18, 419, 422, 424–5, 430
Elphinstone, Montstuart, 72, 76, 90, 105, 145–6, 164, 176–7, 178, 216
Empire of India Exhibition, 493–4
Eurasians, limitations placed on, 219–20
Far to Seek: A Romance of England and India (Diver), 499–500
Findlater, Piper, 401, 402
First Love and Last Love: A Tale of the Indian Mutiny (Grant), 287–8
First World War, 439–56, 460–2, 463; changes in Indian trading patterns, 461; end of laissez-faire economy, 461; German support for Turkey, 444; Indian soldiers in France, 449–51; mutiny in Singapore, 451; see also Mesopotamian campaign
Forster, E. M., 311, 313, 504, 505–8
Forward Bloc, 540–1, 552, 554, 561
‘Forward’ school of strategic thought, 366, 373, 374, 377, 378, 389, 404
Free Indian Legion, 553, 555
frontier tribes, pacification, 413–16
Fujiwara, Major Iwaichi, 547, 549
Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, 421–2, 433, 435–6, 506
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchan (‘Mahatma’), 439, 456, 464–8, 519, 523–6, 536, 539; appeal for boycott of royal ceremonies, 492; arrested, 470, 564; campaign against Untouchability, 535; civil disobedience campaign (1942) see Quit India campaign; death fast, 535; disregard of consequences, 561, 607; distrust of Bose, 540, 554, 561; listening to peasants, 466–7; moral fantasies, 541, 560, 562; non-cooperation campaign, 484–5, 487, 489, 490, 645; programme unattractive to educated middle class, 467; released from prison (1945), 584; riots accompanying satyagraha campaign, 470–1, 472; role of religion in human affairs, 466, 490; salt tax defiance, 525; satyagraha, 468, 484, 490; satyagraha campaign suspended, 474; second Round Table conference, 530–2; smallpox vaccination condemned, 524; talks with Lord Irwin, 529–31; underestimate of crowd potential for violence, 470–1; see also Quit India campaign
Gandhi–Irwin Pact, 530–2
‘The Gay Gordons’ (Newbolt), 401
Ghadr movement, 452, 543
Ghose, Aurobindo Kumar, 426–8
Godfrey, Admiral John, 597
Gough, Sir Hugh, 108–10, 111–12, 116–18, 119
Government of India Act (1935), 532, 534
government of national unity, interim: scuppered by Jinnah and Muslim League, 584–5; Wavell initiative, 584
Grant, James, 287–8
Great Game, 81–3, 86–9, 380–93
Gunga Din (film), 511
Gwalior, war against, 100
Habibullah, Amir, 454
Haidar Ali, 49, 65, 67
Hamid, Shahid, 599, 611, 623, 630
Hardinge, Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, 321, 445–7, 455
Hardinge, Sir Henry (later Viscount Hardinge), 65, 106, 107–8, 109, 112, 119, 185, 201
Hastings, Marquess of, 56, 65, 71, 74, 85, 120, 164–5; expansionist policies, 72–3
Hastings, Warren, 38, 47, 52–4, 55, 58
Havelock, Major-General Sir Henry, 97, 167, 250–2, 261
‘He Fell Among Thieves’ (Newbolt), 397
health hazards for British in India, 138–40, 221–2; alcohol related, 138–9; bubonic plague, 357–8; cholera, 139, 255, 257; heat exhaustion, 104, 114–15, 250, 255; influenza pandemic, 462; smallpox, 524
Henty, G. A., 398, 399, 497–8
Hewitt, Major-General William, 239
Hindu inheritance, laws against, 234, 237
Hodson, William, 257–8, 260
Holkar, Jeswant Rao, 144, 146, 626
Home Rule, 456–7
Hunter Committee, conclusions, 478
Hunter, Lord, 477
hunting and sport, 169–70; drawing British and Indians together, 162–3, 507–8; as preparation for war, 131
Hurs, suppression of, 559–60
Ibbetson, Sir Denzil, 422, 423, 424
Ilbert, Sir Courteney, 349
INA (Indian National Army), 548, 549–50, 578; courts martial of leaders, 591; deserters from, 550; growing cult of, 590–1; led by Bose, 573–4; limited strategic importance to Japanese, 573–4; national heroes, 591; in push against Imphal, 574–5
Independence Day, 631–2
India: as an Asian power, 79–83; British public perceptions of, 279–81, 517–18; drought and famine, 303–6, 462, 578–81; economy, 10–11, 588–9; feelings for British rulers, 341–3; in fiction, 497–501, 503–6; in films, 511–14; in First World War, 440–2, 460–1; governmental structure, 432, 457–60, 557, 585; honours system, 319–21; Indian words embedded in English, 643; in memoirs, 502, 503; middle-class societies and associations, 348–9; and the monarchy, 317–9; as perceived by visitors, 515–16, 517; popular images of, 514–15; racial diversity, 434, 460; relations with the Sind and the Punjab, 86; represented as a woman, 510; royal tour (1875–76), 317–18, 320; royal tour (1890), 318; royal tour (1921–22), 491–3; travel literature, 502; village economy, 461–2
India Acts: (1784), 54; (1813), 195, 224; (1833), 180, 195; (1858), 293
India Defence League, 532–4
India Exhibition, 494
>
India House, 429–30
Indian armies: medieval component, 141–2; static warfare, 142, 250, 253
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 308–10, 312, 342; bureaucracy, 315; competitive examinations, 308–9; fed by public schools, 308, 310; Indian penetration, 347, 616, 617; intellect scorned, 309–10, 589; morale, 422
Indian Councils Act (1908), 432
Indian Independence League, 550
Indian National Army see INA Indian National Congress see Congress Indian nationalism, 338–9, 456; increasing agitation, 334, 426–30; Indian press, 389, 409; overseas revolutionary cells, 429; violent reaction to anti-plague measures, 357–8
Indian rebirth, under British rule: British racial arrogance, 180; conservative approach, 176–8, 182; financial restraints on public works, 183–5; liberal approach, 176, 179–81; resistance by princely states, 182–3; resistance fuelled by fear of conversion, 185–6; Romanticism, 176–7; sociological and scientific research, 179
Indian society: depicted in fiction, 505; fear of religious conversion, 185–6; Hindu–Muslim clashes, 420; Hindu–Muslim prejudice, 348, 419; impact of technological advances, 173–4; role of women, 495–6, 527; rural indebtedness, 193–4
Indian soldiers: aggrieved over pay, 576; concerned over conditions at home, 576; exemplary behaviour, 618, 621–2; in France, 449–51; loyalty, 589, 602; morale under investigation, 575–6; see also sepoys
Indo-Persian relations, 87
infanticide, female, 178, 201–2, 327
Intelligence Department, Indian Army, 380
intelligence gathering, 145–7, 526–7; against crime, 196, 198; American journalists under surveillance, 558–9; Central Asia, 81–3, 379–81, 382–8, 392; counter-intelligence, 264–5; Mashad, 469; Mutiny, 263–4; political agents, 330; prior to Gandhi’s civil disobedience campaign, 561–3; Thagi and Dakaiti Department, 198, 200, 202
irrigation projects, 304–6
Irwin, Lord (later Lord Halifax), 519, 521; bomb attack, 529; conciliation talks with Gandhi, 530; promise of Dominion status, 523
Ismay, General Lord, 614, 617, 637; concerned to retain India within Commonwealth, 612
Iwakuro, Colonel Hideo, 549
Japanese: fighting capacity underestimated, 548; Imphal push, 574; INA as source of agents, 573–4; naval defeat at Midway, 560; offensive against India, 560, 566, 572, 574; propaganda, 547, 548, 574; training agents, 549–50, 573; welcomed as liberators, 545, 549
Jenkins, Sir Evan, 602, 609, 617, 619, 620–1, 622, 633; sees altered map of Punjab division line, 630
Jhansi, mutiny breaks out, 247; see also Lakshmi Bai
Jinnah, Dr Muhammad Ali, 522, 537–8, 539, 570, 607; at Cabinet mission negotiations, 599–600; call for a separate Muslim state, 540, 583, 600; Governor-General of Pakistan, 631; joins interim government, 605; and Kashmir, 637; suffering from cancer, 606
Johnson, Colonel Louis, 557
Josh programme, 576–8
Josh (news-sheet), 577
Judicature Act (1773), 51
Kanpur see Cawnpore
Karim, Abdul, 319, 332
Kashmir, 636–7
Khalifat movement, 469, 472, 487, 519
Khalsa (Sikh army): at Chillianwala and Gujrat, 117–18; at Mudki and Ferozeshah, 110–11; command structure, 107, 109–10; quality of, 106–8
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 527–8
Khan, Akbar, son of Dost Muhammad, 95, 96
Khan, Ali Muhammad, 8–9
Khan, Liaquat Ali, 619, 630, 633; criticisms of Mountbatten and Auchinleck, 636
Khan, Mirza Ali, Faqir of Ipi, 513, 551, 552, 556
Khan, Riza, 7
Khan, Yakub, son of Sher Ali, 375, 377
Kim (Kipling), 311, 384
Kipling, Rudyard, 301–3, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 334–5, 384, 395–7, 510–11, 515; donation to fund for General Dyer, 479; India Defence League, 532; on the status of women, 354
kisan (peasant) organisations, 485, 486
Kitchener, Lord, 362, 425, 445
Labour Party (British): alliance with Congress, 587–8; Cabinet’s India committee, 586, 590; goal of independent India, 585, 586
Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi, 234, 262, 271
languages, 159, 312; ignored by young officers, 136; need for, 179, 311; training available, 130
Lansdowne, Lord, 314
law: anti-terrorist (Rowlatt Acts), 468; Ilbert amendment, 349–51; lack of impartiality, 351, 360; see also India Acts
law enforcement, 204–5, 206; in princely states, 182, 332–3; use of torture, 205
Lawrence, Sir Henry, 154, 160, 182, 238, 248, 506, 265, 269
Lawrence, Sir John, 241, 242, 245–6, 309, 370
Lawrence, Sir Walter, 310, 311, 318, 328
Linlithgow, Marquess of, 538–9, 546, 556, 561–3, 567, 580
Listed as a Lancer (Parry), 498
Lives of the Bengal Lancers (film), 511
looting, 116, 141, 243, 260–1, 268
Lucknow, 253; mutiny breaks out, 247, 248; siege of, 261
Lytton, Lord, 312, 316–17, 343, 372–7
Mackenzie, Mrs Colin, 217, 220, 223, 228
Macnaghten, William, 93, 94–6; Afghan policy of, 90
Mahasabha groups, 521
Mahatma Gandhi see Gandhi
Malabar disturbances, 487–8, 491
Malakand campaign (1897), 398, 402, 403, 405–6
The Malakand Field Force (Churchill), 403
Malcolm, John, 63–4, 72, 73, 76, 176
The Man Who Would Be King (film), 643
Manipur incident, 330–2
Mapilla rebellion, 487–8, 491
Maratha polity, 69–71
Maratha wars: 1803–05, 66, 71, 76–7, 124, 144; 1817–18, 72–3, 77, 122–3, 144
Masters, John, 517
Mayo, Katherine, 503–4, 509–10, 518
Menon, Bahadur Vapal Pangunni, 616
Menon, Khrishna, 588, 611
Menon, V. P., 627–8, 630
Mesopotamia, 443–5
Mesopotamian campaign, 445–9; Arab support limited, 446; Baghdad offensive, 446, 448–9; besieged at Kut-al-Amarah, 446; defeated at Ctesiphon, 446; enquiry, 448, 458; fall of Basra, 445; material deficiencies, 447; medical inadequacies, 448; surrender at Kut-al-Amarah, 448
Metcalfe, Charles, 72, 90, 152, 154, 164, 176–7, 208
Metcalfe, James, 219
Mill, James, 180, 181, 182
Minto, Lord see Elliot, Gilbert Mir Jafar, 34–5, 36, 38–9
Mir Kasim, 39–41
missionary activities, 223–30; abhorrence of Hinduism, 225; aggressive evangelising, 226; conversion as a Christian duty, 224–5; Evangelical movement, 224; Indian fears of forced conversion, 185–6, 223, 226–30, 237; schools, 228–30, 237; seen as disruptive, 223
Montagu, Edwin, 458–9, 473–4, 478, 480–1
Montagu–Chelmsford reform proposals, 459–60, 519–20
Morley, John, 417, 418–19, 422, 424–5, 431
Morley–Minto reforms, 432
Mosely, Leonard, 609
Mother India (Mayo), 503–4, 518
Mountbatten, Admiral Viscount (Louis), 607, 608–14, 626–31; appointment of press attaché, 610; Attlee’s humiliation of Wavell compounded, 610; Boundary Commission, tampering with, 609, 629–1; buckles under pressure from Nehru, 626–7, 631; concern for reputation, 609, 623; convinced partition necessary, 613–14; criticism of, 636, 637–8; impartiality, theoretical, 629, 637; internal security, lack of concern for, 623; Jinnah, frosty relations with, 610–11; left-wing inclinations, 608, 611; letter to Ismay re-writing history, 630–1; neutral buffer zone refused, 622; partition deadline brought forward, 622; princes badly treated, 626–9, 638; princes forced to sign forms of accession, 628–9; pro-Congress leanings, 611, 612; Punjab to be divided, 622; reversion to moral climate of Clive, 630; tour of violence-stricken districts, 619; transfer of power, 631, 632
Mountbatten, Edwina: infatuation with Nehru, 611
Mughal Empire, 3–7; person
al advancement in ruins of, 7–8; statecraft, 6
Mughal India: Afghan invasions of, 9; Islamic state, 6; Persian invasion of, 8
Multan, 113–14, 115, 116
Muslim League, 419, 527–8, 536, 539, 557; demand independent Pakistan, 587; Direct Action Day, 601, 602–4; growth during war, 583; growth in response to Congress behaviour, 537–8; pledge support during Second World War, 539; refusal to work with Congress, 539, 541; repudiation of agreement with Cabinet mission, 600–1; suspects Labour partiality, 588
Muslim minority: Congress fails to guarantee rights of, 522; fear of Hindu dominance, 584, 599–600; fears for Caliphate, 468–70; lukewarm support of 1930 demonstrations, 527
Muslim Unionist Party, 585, 620
Muslim–Hindu–Sikh clashes (1941–42), 584
Muslim–Hindu–Sikh distrust, Mughal India, 6
mutineers: besieged by Delhi Field Force, 246, 258–9; families evicted, 266; influx into Delhi, 240, 258; leadership, 256–7, 262, 270–1, 272; loathing for British, 273; massacres of civilians, 240, 251, 252; motives, 268–70; not motivated by nationalism, 271–3; see Mutiny as jihad, 270; static-style warfare, 250, 253
Mutiny (1857–59), 37, 233–98, 645; assault on Delhi, 257, 259–60; British campaign backed by terror, 250–1; British reactions, 283–5, 290; British reinforcements, 246–7, 250; campaign in Awadh and central India, 262; casualty lists, 254–5; churches’ attitude, 292; civilians take advantage, 243, 244; Company response, 245–6; conspiracy theories, 295–6; government fears recurrence, 37, 294–5; inducements to loyalty, 265, 266; Meerut uprising, 37, 238–40; news reaches Britain, 278–9; Parliamentary debate, 290–1; Queen’s proclamation, 293–4; recorded by British artists, 286; recorded in Indian ballads, 285; retribution, 250, 252–3, 259, 266, 287; rural insurrection, 243–5, 274–7, 294; sepoy atrocities exaggerated, 256, 287; sepoys’ fear of forced conversion, 235–7, 269–70, 271; spread of, 241, 247; support for the Raj, 243–4, 245, 274; tainted cartridges and food, 235, 236, 238–9; troop movements in adverse conditions, 255; uncensored press accounts, 281–3; underlying discontent, 234–8; units disbanded and disarmed, 238, 242–3, 246; see also mutineers
My Escape from the Mutineers in Oudh (Gibney), 288–90
Mysore wars, 65, 76, 77, 124, 144
The Nabob (Foote), 45–7
nabobs, 45–9, 53–4, 60, 76; in defence of Company, 54; in Parliament, 48; public concern at behaviour of, 45, 47–9
Raj Page 91