Naga tribesmen, 414
Nana Sahib, Nawab of Awadh, 37, 234, 248, 251, 252, 261, 262, 265, 271
Naoroji, Dabhadi, 353, 354, 356
Napier, Sir Charles, 99, 102–6, 123, 213
naval power (British), 20–1, 67, 69, 368; non-existent in Indian Ocean (1942), 545
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 477, 486, 520, 521, 530, 535–6, 554, 606; arrested, 488, 525, 540, 564; Prime Minister of interim government, 605; relationship with Edwina Mountbatten, 611; released from prison (1945), 584; talking to the peasants, 485; wrecks accord on Cabinet mission plan, 600
Nehru, Motilal, 485, 488, 520
Neill, Colonel James, 250, 251–2
Nepal war (1814–16), 65, 73, 74
Newbolt, Henry, 397, 401
Nicholson, Brigadier-General John, 257
Nixon, Sir John, 446–7
North-West Frontier: chronic unrest, 470; in fiction and poetry, 397–400; passes between India and Afghanistan, 404; press coverage of engagements, 400–2; rebellion (1930), 528–9; Waziri campaign (1936–37), 513
Nott, Major-General William, 89, 90, 97, 127
O’Dwyer, Sir Michael, 295, 308, 310, 342, 408, 410, 452–3, 459, 474; belief in revolutionary conspiracy, 471, 475; reprimand from Hunter Committee, 478
officers (British army), 126–7; leadership in First World War, 442–3; mess conventions, 443
officers (Company army), 126–7, 257–8; growing contempt for sepoys, 136; Indian (jemadars and subadars), 133; languages, 130, 136; military training, 129–30; pay and expenses, 127–9, 152
Official Secrets Act (1888), 357
On the Practicability of an Invasion of British India (De Lacy Evans), 84
Operation Ebb-Tide: contrived by Wavell, 606; rejected by Cabinet, 607
Outram, Colonel James, 102, 105, 250, 261
Pakistan, 540, 557, 583–4, 590
Pande, Mangal, 237–8
Parliament: critical attention to Indian affairs, 343–4, 422; debate on dismissal of Dyer, 479–81; debate on Mutiny, 290–1; fact-finding tours, 312–13; investigation of Company affairs, 47, 48, 51, 58; little interest in India, 312; nabobs in, 48
Parry, D. H., 498
partition plan: disputed regions agree manner of split, 624; final plan completed, 616; first plan (‘Plan Balkan’), 614–16; rubber-stamped, 624; see also transfer of power
A Passage to India (Forster), 504, 505, 507
The Passionate Problem (Savi), 503, 504
Patel, Sardar, 627
Patel, Vallabhbhai, 586, 614, 623, 633
Pathans, 394–9, 403–9, 527–8; anti-British wars, 405–6; blood feuds, 405, 407; Ghazis, 405, 454; mutinies, 451–2; role of political officers, 407; weapons, 404
Perrin, Alice, 499
Peshawar riots, 528
plague epidemic (bubonic), 357–8, 424
‘Plan Balkan’: first plan for partition, 614; rejected by Nehru, 615–16
police, 204–5, 527–8, 534, 603, 617; in Bengal, 204, 205; in Madras, 205; massacred, 487; morale, 562–3, 566; Muslim–Hindu clashes in Rajasthan, 618; mutiny in Bihar, 618; in Punjab crisis, 635; recruitment increased, 542; under-manned and under-financed, 430–1, 468, 645; see also crime; law enforcement
political agents and officers, 328; frontier tribes, 413–14; intelligence gathering, 330; remoulding Pathan character, 407–8
political terrorism, 426–31
polo, 442–3
press (British): adulation of Highlanders, 402; coverage of Mutiny, 281–3; coverage of Quit India campaign, 565; North-West Frontier engagements, 400–2; support for India Defence League, 533; see also individual newspapers/magazines
press (Indian), 355–7, 360, 389
princes, 182–3; armed retinues, 327–8; assessed by political agents, 328; at time of partition, 587, 624–9; denounced by Gandhi, 524; educated at public schools, 332, 333, 335–6, 337; forced to borrow money, 10; government guidance, 326–7, 330; law enforced by government, 332–3; lethargic in capturing criminals, 200; loyalty during Mutiny, 333; Manipur incident, 330–2; over-indulgence, 324–6; in partnership with government, 333–4; plans for independence, 615; reluctant to join federation, 532; resist satyagraha campaign, 488, 526; visits to Britain, 324, 337
prize money, 74–6, 127–8, 140–1, 268
provincial assembly elections, 535–6, 590
psychological warfare, Josh programme, 576–8
public opinion (British): against Ilbert amendment, 349–51; muted opposition to Indian independence, 588; uneasy about second Afghan war, 375
public schools: British, 156, 308, 310; Indian, 332, 335–6
Punjab, 106–7; Amritsar massacre, 472–3, 474; Army of the Sutlej, 109–12; coalition government falls, 620; dividing line altered in favour of India, 629–31; Ghadr revolutionary movement, 452; growing unrest, 423–4; martial law, 473, 475; martial law refused, 623; Muslim League terrorist campaign, 620, 621–2; patriarchal style of government, 425; post-Independence crisis, 632–6; punitive campaign (second Sikh War), 115–18; Punjab Boundary Force, 622, 633, 635; satyagraha riots, 471; settlement laws, 423, 425, 433; uprising, 113–16; vengeance, 483; war against (first Sikh War), 108–12; see also sectarian violence
Quit India campaign, 560–3, 564–73, 583; arrest of leaders, 564, 565; casualties, 572; Congress disappointed by results, 571; incidents at Chimur, Ballia, Sasaram, 568; intelligence operations, 561–2, 567, 571; Madhuban incident, 568–9; material damage, 572; Muslim League stands aloof, 570; participants drawn from all classes, 570–1; patchy development, 570; police morale, 562–3, 566; prompt British response, 564; riots, 565–6; threat to war effort, 562, 565, 572
racial arrogance of British, 156–9, 180, 273, 297, 311, 318, 342, 360–1, 435–6, 517; adopted by Americans, 516; enhanced by Ilbert affair, 349–51; in Malaya, 546–7; in Navy, 593
Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 629; buckles under pressure from Mountbatten, 630
rail network, 175–6, 184–5, 304–6, 355
Raj: benefits to Indian people, 644; monumental sculpture in Britain, 155, 643; monumental sculpture in India, 642; nationalist leaders, 646; opponents of, honoured in India, 646; popular nostalgia for, 643; principles of, no longer fashionable, 642; public utilities in India, 644, 645; underlying principles, 641
Rao, Balaji Baji, 10
Rao, Sayagi, Gaikwar of Baroda, 336–9; conversion to liberal nationalism, 338; snub to King George V, 321, 338
Rattray, Rear-Admiral Arthur, 593
Rawlinson, Lord, 488
Rees, Major-General Thomas, 633, 635
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 176
Regulating Act (1773), 51, 52
religion see missionary activities Roberts, Field Marshal Lord, 366, 379; Burma wars, 412–13; relief of Kandahar, 378; in second Afghan War, 373, 375, 377
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 556
Round Table conference, 523, 524, 530; failure to produce constitution, 532; rejected by Congress, 523
Rowlatt Acts, 468, 469, 490
Royal Air Force: operations against rail saboteurs, 564–6; in third Afghan War, 475–6
Royal Indian Navy (RIN) Bombay mutiny, 592–5, 597; Communists exploit uprising, 594; copycat mutinies, 597–8; counter-insurgency measures, 594–5; sailors’ grievances, 593
Ruhela, Daud Khan, 8
Ruhela war, 55
Russia: Anglo-Russian stand-off, 381–2; Balkan intervention, 372; capture of Pandjeh, 380–1; Central Asia conquests, 370–1, 379, 381; defeated by Japanese, 392; defeated in Crimea, 368–9; expansionist policies, 367–8, 371; fear of British offensive, 369; fomenting Persian–Afghan war, 87–8; objectives, 386, 388; railway network, 384–5, 388; threat to India, 81–2, 84–6, 87, 89–90, 97–8, 364–6, 372–3, 388–9, 590
Russo-Afghan border settlement, 382, 386
Russophobia, 88–9, 366, 386, 389, 390
salt tax march, 525
sati outlawed, 226
satyagraha, 468, 484, 525; first campaign (191
9), 470–1, 472, 474; no progress in princely states, 488, 526; second campaign (1920–22), 485–7
Savi, Ethel, 501–2, 503, 504
Savory, Lieutenant-General Sir Reginald, 612, 615, 638
Schomberg, Lieutenant-Colonel Reginald, 617
Scott, Paul, 552
Seabright, Kenneth, 508
Second World War, 539; Axis operations on North-West Frontier, 552; British defeats in Asia, 545–6; Emergency Powers Act, 542; Indian mobilisation, 542; Indian troops defect, 545, 547, 548, 549; mutinies, 543–4
sectarian violence in run-up to partition, 616–23; anti-Sikh massacres in Rawalpindi, 617; army partially immobilised, 616; ineffectual calls for peace, 622; martial law in Punjab refused, 623; murder bands funded by political parties, 620; Punjab administration demoralised, 617; Punjab struggle for paramountcy, 616–7, 620, 621–2; state governments in massacre of Muslims, 619
Sellon, Edward, 207–8, 210–12, 216
sepoys, 121, 131–3; morale, 123–4; sources of discontent, 134–6
servants, 159–62; punishment, 161–2; wages, 160–1
sex: availability in Britain, 209–10; availability in India, 207–8; British attitudes to, 56, 207–9, 210, 213–14, 216–17; erotic art, 57, 209, 211–12; Evangelical perceptions of depravity, 208, 217, 220–1; homosexuality, 212–13, 325, 508; Indian attitudes to, 210–13, 214–15; newspaper advertisements, 509–10; prostitutes and brothels, 209, 210–11, 509
Shah Muhammad, 87–8
Shah Shuja, 90–3, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101
Shahjahan, Emperor, 4, 6
Sher Ali, 373–4, 375
Sherwood, Marcia, assaulted at Amritsar, 472, 474
sieges: Arcot, 25; Bharatpur, 128, 144, 152, 169; Delhi, 246, 258–9; Kandahar, 378; Kut-al-Amarah, 446; Lucknow, 261; Multan, 114, 116, 123; Trichinopoly, 24, 26
Sikh Akali movement, 521, 633
Simon Commission, 520–1
Simon, Sir John, 520
Sind, 86, 100–1; conquest of, 99–100, 103–4
Singh, Captain Mohan, 547, 548
Singh, Chandra, 19, 23, 24, 26
Singh, Ranjit, Maharajah of Lahore, 82, 86, 87, 92, 98, 106, 107, 142
Singh, Tikendrajit, 330–2, 356, 646
Siraj-ud Daula, Nawab of Bengal, 31–5; defeated at Plassey, 35; occupation of Calcutta, 32
Smith, Sir Harry, 100, 109, 110, 111, 112
A Soldier’s Daughter (Henty), 399
Spanish influenza pandemic, 462
state pageantry, 316–17, 491–3, 537, 632
sunstroke (heat exhaustion), 104, 114–15, 250, 255
Suhrawardy, Huseyn, 602–4
The Sword and the Sickle (Anand), 463, 486
Tagore, Dwarkanath, 280, 346
Tatya Topi, 256–7, 261, 262
taxation, 5, 7, 9, 17, 38, 40, 42, 187–95; abuses, 5, 19, 191–2; Bengal Settlement, 190–2; Company unable to remedy defects, 195; effects of high tax rates, 192–4; evasion, 188, 192; extortionate rates, 192; and land ownership, 188–90; reduced revenues during Mutiny, 266–7; riots, 194; ryotwari system, 192; steep rise in First World War, 461; village economy, 461–2; withheld, 527
technological advances: demand for rail network, 175–6; impact on Indian society, 173–4
telegraph service, 357
terror tactics (British): frontier engagements, 410–12; Mutiny retribution, 250–1; second Afghan War, 375, 376
terror tactics (Indian nationalists), 430–1, 432, 436; Bengal, 426–8, 455; Kennedy murders, 426, 428; Punjab, 452
Thagi and Dakaiti Department, 198, 200, 202, 236, 327, 333
Through the Sikh Wars (Henty), 497
Through Three Campaigns (Henty), 398
Tibet: campaign against, 391–2; fear of Russian interference, 390
Tilak, Bal Gangadhai, 357, 363, 417, 426, 428–9, 456, 458, 466; Home Rule League, 457; imprisoned for incitement, 429; imprisoned for sedition, 358; loyalty to Raj, 439; militant nationalist, 358; Shivaji cult, 358, 428
Timurid dynasty, 4, 5, 8–9
Tipu Sultan, son of Haidar Ali, 65, 67–8, 69, 121, 144
Tirah campaign, 399, 401, 410
Trade Unionism, 489, 521
transfer of power, 585, 586, 631–2; Cabinet mission announced, 592; Cabinet mission succeeds and fails, 599–601; deadline for withdrawal (Attlee), 612, 617; deadline for withdrawal (Mountbatten), 622; Direct Action Day, 601, 602–4; Hindu–Muslim conflict spreads, 601, 604–5; increasing unrest in run-up period, 591–2; Independence Day, 631–2; naval uprisings, 592–5, 597; neutral buffer zone refused, 622; partition inevitable, 613–14; ‘Plan Balkan’, 614–16; post-Independence Punjab crisis, 632–7; process taken too quickly, 617, 638; see also partition plan; sectarian violence
Turko-German plans for Indian subversion, 453–5
Vansittart, Henry, 38, 39–40, 44
Vellore mutiny, 133–4, 223
venereal diseases, 139, 217–18
Vernacular Press Act, 349
Viceroys: duties, 313–16; qualifications, 313–14
Victoria, Queen: Abdul Karim, unofficial adviser, 319, 332; cult figure, 318; declared Empress of India, 316–17, 318; learning Hindustani, 319
Warburton, Sir Robert, 219, 407–8
wars: drain on Company finances, 66, 76–7; with France, 18, 19, 40; personal profits gained from, 23, 34, 39, 74–6, 268; waged for humane ends, 71–2, 73, 74, 119
Wavell, General Sir Archibald (later Viscount Wavell), 548, 581–3, 602–3; coaxes Jinnah to join government, 605; concerned with collapse in public order, 590–1; Operation Ebb-Tide, 606–7; under strain, 606
weapons, European-style, 67, 142–3, 235; ammunition, 374, 410; armoured cars, 472–3, 528; Armstrong cannon, 143; Colt revolvers, 143; Enfield rifles, 235, 252, 259; Gatling machine-guns, 374; Lee Metfold magazine rifles, 404; Martini-Henry rifles, 374, 404; Maxim machine-guns, 401; Minié rifles, 143
Wellesley, Arthur (later Duke of Wellington), 65, 70, 71, 85, 122, 124, 169
Wellesley, Marquess of, 4, 63, 64–71, 74, 76–7, 121, 176, 208; Fort William College, 154, 310; recalled, 66, 71; reform of government, 152–4
Wheeler, General Sir Hugh, 247, 248, 251
Yeames, James, 80–1, 98
Younghusband, Francis, 382, 385, 386, 391, 400
Younghusband, George, 396, 402, 443, 503, 514
Yugantar (journal), 421, 426
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