Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire

Home > Other > Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire > Page 43
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire Page 43

by Judith Herrin


  Judith Herrin, ‘Mathematical Mysteries in Byzantium: The Transmission of Fermat’s Last Theorem’, Dialogos: Hellenic Studies Review 6 (1999), 22–42.

  Helen C. Evans and William D. Wixom, eds., The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era AD 843–’1261 (New York 1997).

  Helen C. Evans, ed., Byzantium: Faith and Power (as above in chapter 25).

  Robert S. Nelson and Kristen M. Collins, eds., Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai (Los Angeles 2006).

  List of Emperors Named in the Text

  Constantine I, later called the Great, St Constantine

  306–37

  Constantius II

  337–61

  Julian, known as the Apostate

  361–3

  Valens

  364–78

  Theodosius I

  379–95

  Honorius, emperor in the West

  395–423

  Arcadius, emperor in the East

  395–408

  Theodosius II, emperor in the East

  408–50

  Valentinian III

  425–55

  Marcian

  450–57

  Zeno

  474–91

  Anastasius I

  491–518

  Justin I

  518–27

  Justinian I

  527–65

  Maurice

  582–602

  Phokas

  602–10

  Herakleios

  610–41

  Constans II

  641–68

  Constantine IV

  668–85

  Justinian II

  685–95

  Leontios

  695–8

  Justinian II (second reign)

  705–11

  Philippikos

  711–13

  Anastasios II

  713–15

  Theodosios III

  715–17

  Leo III

  717–41

  Constantine V

  741–75

  Leo IV

  775–80

  Constantine VI and his mother Irene

  780–90

  Constantine VI alone

  791–7

  Irene alone

  797–802

  Nikephoros I

  802–11

  Michael I Rangabe

  811–13

  Leo V the Armenian

  813–820

  Michael II of Amorion

  820–29

  Theophilos

  829–42

  Michael III with his mother Theodora as regent

  842–56

  Michael III alone

  856–67

  Basil I the Macedonian

  867–86

  Leo VI the Wise

  886–912

  Alexander

  912–13

  Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos with regency

  913–20

  Romanos I Lekapenos

  920–44

  Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos alone

  945–59

  Romanos II

  959–63

  Basil II with regency

  963–76

  Nikephoros II Phokas

  963–9

  John I Tzimiskes

  969–76

  Basil II alone

  976–1025

  Constantine VIII

  1025–8

  Romanos III Argyros, first husband of Zoe

  1028–34

  Michael IV, second husband of Zoe

  1034–41

  Michael V, adopted by Zoe

  1041–2

  Zoe and Theodora

  1042

  Constantine IX, third husband of Zoe

  1042–55

  Theodora alone

  1055–6

  Michael VI ‘the Aged’, husband of Theodora

  1056–7

  Isaac I Komnenos

  1057–9

  Constantine X Doukas

  1059–67

  Romanos IV Diogenes

  1067–71

  Michael VII Doukas

  1071–8

  Alexios I Komnenos

  1081–1118

  John II Komnenos

  1118–43

  Manuel I Komnenos

  1143–80

  Alexios II Komnenos

  1180–82

  Andronikos I Komnenos

  1182–5

  Isaac II Angelos

  1185–95

  Alexios III Angelos

  1195–1203

  Alexios IV Angelos and Isaac II

  1203–4

  During the Latin occupation of Constantinople

  Baldwin, count of Flanders

  1204–5

  Peter of Courtney

  1217–19?

  Baldwin II

  1240–61

  Rulers in Nicaea

  Theodore I Laskaris

  1204–1222

  John III Vatatzes

  1222–54

  Theodore II Laskaris

  1254–8

  John IV Laskaris

  1258–61

  In Epiros

  Michael I Doukas Komnenos

  1205–15

  Theodore I Doukas Komnenos

  1215–30

  Michael II Doukas Komnenos

  1230–66/8

  Nikephoros I Doukas Komnenos

  1266/8–1296/8

  In Trebizond

  Alexios I Komnenos and his younger brother David

  Komnenos (1204–12, ruler of Paphlagonia)

  1204–22

  Manuel I Megas Komnenos

  1238–63

  After the recapture of Constantinople

  Michael VIII Palaiologos

  1259–82

  Andronikos II Palaiologos

  1282–1328

  Andronikos III Palaiologos

  1328–41

  John V Palaiologos

  1341–91

  John VI Kantakouzenos, rival emperor during the civil war

  1347–54

  Andronikos IV Palaiologos

  1376–9

  John VII Palaiologos

  1390

  Manuel II Palaiologos

  1391–1425

  John VIII Palaiologos

  1425–48

  Constantine XI Palaiologos

  1449–53

  Chronology

  306

  Constantine I acclaimed emperor at York, northern Britain

  312

  Constantine’s victory at the battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome

  313

  Edict of Milan declares religious toleration

  324

  Constantine’s victory over Licinius at Chrysopolis and foundation of Constantinople

  325

  First Oecumenical Council at Nicaea

  326

  Helena’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem

  330

  11 May, inauguration of the city of Constantine, Constantinople

  337

  Death and Christian funeral of Constantine I

  356/7

  Constantius II installs relics of saints at the church of Holy Apostles

  378

  Valens killed by Goths at the battle of Adrianople

  380

  Theodosius I enters Constantinople

  381

  Second Oecumenical Council at Constantinople

  402

  Honorius moves court from Milan to Ravenna

  406

  Withdrawal of Roman forces from Britain

  410

  Rome sacked by Alaric and Goths

  412/13

  Constantinople expanded by new walls

  437

  Marriage of Valentinian III and Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II

  437/8

  Codex Theodosianus issued

  451

  Fourth Oecumenical Council at Chal
cedon

  455

  Rome sacked by Vandals from North Africa

  489

  Theoderic’s victory at Ravenna

  524

  Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy

  529

  Platonic Academy of Athens closed

  532

  Eternal Peace with Persia; Nika riot in Constantinople

  533

  Defeat of Vandals in Africa

  534

  Codex Juris Civilis issued

  540

  Capture of Gothic king Vitiges in Ravenna

  541/2

  Bubonic plague spreads throughout Mediterranean

  547

  4 Dedication of the church of San Vitale, Ravenna

  608

  Senate of Constantinople appeals to Herakleios, exarch of Carthage

  610

  Phokas overthrown by Herakleios, son of exarch

  622

  Flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina

  626

  Siege of Constantinople by combined Avar and Persian forces

  628

  Herakleios defeats Persia, Chosroes II dies

  630

  Herakleios returns the True Cross to Jerusalem

  632

  Death of Muhammad

  636

  Arab victory at battle of Yarmuk

  638

  Arabs capture Antioch and Jerusalem

  642

  Arabs overrun Egypt

  655

  Arabs defeat Constans II at naval battle of Phoinix

  662

  Constans II moves court to Syracuse in Sicily

  674–8

  Long blockade and siege of Constantinople by Arabs

  680/81

  Sixth Oecumenical Council at Constantinople

  691/2

  Caliph ‘Abd al-Malik constructs Dome of the Rock

  692

  Council in Trullo (Quinisext) at Constantinople

  698

  Arabs overrun exarchate of Carthage

  711

  Arabs defeat Visigoths in Spain, cross River Oxus in Uzbekistan

  717–18

  Siege of Constantinople by Arabs

  726

  Underwater volcanic eruption at Thera (Santorini)

  730

  Leo III dismisses Patriarch Germanos and imposes iconoclasm

  740

  Ekloga issued by Leo III and Constantine V; Byzantine victory over the Arabs at Akroinon

  750

  Abbasid revolt and removal of Caliphate to Baghdad

  751

  Fall of Ravenna to Lombards

  754

  Iconoclast Council at Hiereia; Alliance between Pope Stephen II and Pippin, king of the Franks

  787

  Seventh Oecumenical Council at Nicaea

  800

  Pope Leo III crowns Charles, king of the Franks, emperor in Rome

  815

  Iconoclast Council in Hagia Sophia

  829

  Relics of St Mark taken from Alexandria to Venice

  843

  Theodora ends Iconoclasm with Synodikon of Orthodoxy

  858–67

  Patriarch Photios, first reign, conversion of the Bulgars and baptism of Khan Boris

  860

  Russian attack on Constantinople

  863

  Mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodios to Moravia

  867

  Murder of Michael III by Basil I the Macedonian

  869/70

  Eighth Oecumenical Council in Constantinople

  877–86

  Patriarch Photios, second reign

  905

  Birth of Constantine Porphyrogennetos

  907

  Fourth marriage of Leo VI

  911

  First treaty between Byzantium and the Rus

  941

  Russian attack on Constantinople

  944

  Second trade treaty with Rus, followed by Olga’s visit to

  Constantinople

  961

  Byzantine reconquest of Crete by Nikephoros Phokas

  965

  Byzantine reconquest of Cyprus

  972

  Marriage of Theophano to Otto II in Rome

  969

  Byzantine reconquest of Antioch by John Tzimiskes

  989

  Baptism of Vladimir of Kiev and marriage to Anna Porphyro gennetos

  992

  Basil II issues first Byzantine chrysobull for Venice

  1004

  Marriage of Maria Argyropoulaina and Giovanni Orseolo

  1004/5

  Introduction of the fork to Venice

  1034

  Harald Hadrada arrives in Constantinople with Varangians

  1046–53

  Pechenegs cross Danube frontiers and devastate Balkans

  1048

  onwards Constantine IX Monomarchos devalues gold coinage

  1054

  Schism between Constantinople and Rome

  1071

  Normans capture Bari in southern Italy; Seljuk Turks defeat and capture Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Mantzikert

  1082/4

  Alexios I Komnenos issues second chrysobull for Venice

  1082–5

  Norman invasion of Epiros

  1087

  Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem

  1092

  Alexios I Komnenos reforms the gold coinage

  1095

  Alexios I Komnenos appeals for western military help against the Turks

  1096–9

  First Crusade

  1111

  Basil the Bogomil burned at the stake

  1146–8

  Second Crusade

  1171

  Byzantine attack on Venetian colonies throughout the empire

  1182

  Further Byzantine attacks on Venetian, Pisan and Genoese property

  1187

  Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, expels crusaders

  1189–92

  Third Crusade, Richard I, ‘the Lionheart’ of England, invades

  Cyprus

  1202–4

  Fourth Crusade

  1203

  First siege of Constantinople, flight of Alexios III Angelos,

  Crusaders install Alexios IV with his father Isaac II Angelos

  1204

  Crusaders’ second siege and sack of Constantinople, establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople

  1204/5

  Foundation of rival Byzantine states in Trebizond, Nicaea and

  Epiros

  1208

  Theodore I Laskaris crowned as emperor in Nicaea

  1216

  Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Ohrid

  1224

  Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Thessalonike

  1225/7

  Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Adrianople, crowned

  emperor in Thessalonike

  1248

  Mistras founded by William II Villehardouin

  1249

  Michael II Komnenos Doukas adopts the title Despot of Epiros

  1249/50

  Theological debates between Byzantines and friars at Nymphaion

  1259

  Michael Palaiologos defeats forces of Epiros and Achaia, William II Villehardouin taken prisoner

  1261

  Latins driven out of Constantinople, Michael VIII Palaiologos

  returns in triumph

  1274

  Council of Lyons declares union of churches

  1278

  William II Villehardouin dies, Charles of Anjou inherits principality of Achaia

  1282

  ‘Sicilian Vespers’ attack on Charles of Anjou halts his projected

  invasion of Byzantium

  1327

  Ottomans capture Prousa/Bursa

  1331

  Ottomans capture Nicaea/Iznik

  1337

  Ottomans
capture Nikomedeia/Izmit

  1341–7

  Civil war between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos

 

‹ Prev