Dilly
Page 28
Page 16 ‘The mastermind behind the Enigma affair’: Winterbotham, The ULTRA Secret, p. 14.
Page 17 ‘Winterbotham only knew about the German air force ULTRA intelligence’: ibid., p. 66.
Page 18 ‘Cynthia’s first major assignment…’: H. Montgomery Hyde, Cynthia: The Spy Who Changed the Course of the War, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1966.
Page 19 ‘Lewin … was writing a book about ULTRA’: see Lewin, Ultra Goes to War, Hutchinson, London, 1978, pp. 196–200.
Page 20 ‘Di Vita was incensed’: ‘Ultra and Matapan’, letters, The Times, 18 February 1980.
Page 21 ‘Affascinante signora…’: Corriere della Sera, 12 February 1980.
Chapter 10: Dilly and the Spy Enigma
Page 1 ‘Camp 020 was set up’: see Oliver Hoare (ed.), Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies, National Archives, Richmond, 2000.
Page 2 ‘The double agent was to send out his false information’: Michael Smith and Ralph Erskine (eds), Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth od the Modern Computer, Bantam, London, 2001, Appendix 1 outlines the simple cipher given to ‘Snow’, the first double agent.
Page 3 ‘My dear Denniston…’: TNA PRO HW 25/12, Knox to Denniston, undated but beginning, ‘As I think you are aware…’
Page 4 ‘As a scholar…’: TNA PRO HW14/23, Knox to Denniston, 10 November 1941.
Page 5 ‘At present we are encumbered…’: TNA PRO HW 25/12, Knox to Menzies, undated but beginning, ‘Sir, I have the honour to tender you my resignation.’
Page 6 ‘Dilly wanted to be in on the overall intelligence’: TNA PRO HW 25/12, Knox to Denniston, undated but beginning: ‘As I think you are aware…’
Page 7 ‘She is a very nice and remarkable woman’, TNA PRO HW14/23, Knox to Denniston, 10 November 1941.
Page 8 ‘The report on the breaking of the Abwehr machine’, TNA PRO HW 14/21, Folio 131, three-page Knox report on Lobster Enigma, dated 28 October 1941.
Page 9 ‘He found what was wanting standing…’: ibid.
Page 10 ‘The hunt was up…’: ibid.
Page 11 ‘Knox has again justified his reputation’: TNA PRO 14/24, Folio 53, Denniston to Menzies, 10 December 1941. Page 141 ‘An SIS counter-espionage expert’: TNA PRO HW 14/25, Denniston to Vivian.
Page 12 ‘Intelligence Services Knox had not been compromised’: see William Stevenson, Intrepid’s Last Case, Michael Joseph, London, 1984.
Chapter 11: Dilly’s ‘personal scouts’
Page 1 ‘News came from Travis’s office’: PRO HW 14/21, Folio 7, De Grey to Travis, dated 13 February 1942.
Page 2 ‘Despite not infrequent differences of opinion…’: HW 25/21, Dilly memorandum to Twinn on interview with Menzies, 19 March 1942.
Page 3 ‘He had “pointed out very forcefully”’…: ibid.
Page 4 ‘Churchill knew we would have to back Tito’: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. V: Closing the Ring, Cassell, London, 1952; John Cripps, ‘Mihailovic or Tito? How the Codebreakers Helped Churchill Choose’, in Michael Smith and Ralph Erskine (eds), Action This Day: Bletchley Park from the Breaking of the Enigma Code to the Birth of the Modern Computer, Bantam, London, 2001, pp. 237–63.
Page 5 ‘Operation Goldeneye’: TNA PRO FO 371/47591.
Page 6 ‘I sketched my idea…’: HW 25/21, Dilly memorandum to Twinn on interview with Menzies, 19 March 1942.
Page 7 ‘The difference between ISK and ISOS’: see F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence, HMSO, London, 1990, p. 108.
Page 8 ‘Cowgill was notorious’: see Smith and Erskine, Action This Day, p. 288.
Page 9 ‘Admiral Godfrey … was doing all he could’: Patrick Beesly, Very Special Admiral: The Life of J. H. Godfrey, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1980, p. 228.
Page 10 ‘Dilly urged Peter Twinn’: Smith and Erskine, Action This Day, p. 188; TNA PRO HW 14/35, Twinn to de Grey, 26 March 1942.
Page 11 ‘Dilly also made it known’: HW 25/21, Dilly memorandum to Twinn on interview with Menzies, 19 March 1942.
Page 12 ‘During the four months I have been in this section…’: HW 14/36.
Page 13 ‘I think things will improve’: ibid.
Page 14 ‘Mentions Dilly Knox by name’: Kim Philby, My Silent War, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968, p. 61.
Page 15 ‘Once again in our long island history…’: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. III: The Grand Alliance, Cassell, London, 1950, p. 607.
Page 16 ‘Fleming was determined to frustrate’: see Donald McLachlan, Room 39: Naval Intelligence in Action, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1968, p. 205.
Page 17 ‘Pound revealed the top secret source’: Ralph Erskine, ‘Eavesdropping on Bodden: ISOS v. The Abwehr in the Straits of Gibraltar’, Intelligence and National Security (1997), vol. 12, no. 3, p. 110; R. V. Jones, Most Secret War, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1978, pp. 254–9.
Page 18 ‘[He] doubted whether anyone on our side would really welcome’: Philby, My Silent War, p. 40.
Page 19 ‘Caesar’s cover was now blown’: ibid., p. 38.
Page 20 ‘It was Canaris’s ambition to see the Germans seize Gibraltar’: see Heinz HÖhne, Canaris: Hitler’s Masterspy, tr. J. Maxwell Brownjohn, Secker & Warburg, London, 1979, pp. 433–4.
Page 21 ‘It now controlled all the German agents operating in Britain’: Smith and Erskine, Action This Day, pp. 287–8.
Page 22 ‘The reason Fleming gave James Bond the designation 007’: Beesly, Very Special Admiral, p. 321.
Page 23 ‘Garbo did his best to oblige’: Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. V, HMSO, London, 1990, pp. 55–63.
Page 24 ‘Lewis Powell … was amazed’: see Thomas Parrish, The Ultra Americans: The U.S. Role in Breaking the Nazi Codes, Stein & Day, New York, 1986, p. 179.
Page 25 ‘Your last reports were magnificent’: Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War, p. 63.
Page 26 ‘Fleming’s “Red Indians”’: see David Nutting, Attain by Surprise: The Story of 30 Assault Unit Royal Navy/Royal Marine Commando and of Intelligence by Capture, David Colver, London, 2003.
Page 27 ‘The operation was dubbed Mincemeat’: TNA PRO ADM 223/794. The Man Who Never Was and Operation Heartbreak were reissued in an omnibus edition by Spellmount, Stroud, 2003, with an introduction by Duff Cooper’s son John Julius Norwich.
Page 28 ‘The planned attack will be directed mainly against Sardinia’: Cooper/Montagu omnibus, p. 189.
Page 29 ‘It allowed the British to foil attempts at sabotage’: see Smith and Erskine, Action This Day, pp. 292–3; Oliver Hoare (ed.), Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies, National Archives, Richmond, 2000.
Page 30 ‘We must trust in our invisible assets…’: Smith and Erskine, Action This Day, pp. 295–300. I am indebted to David Ramsay for his father’s diary entry.
Page 31 ‘By God, we fooled them’: Institute for Studies in American Military History, ‘The Crucial Deception’, Discovery: Research and Scholarship at The University of Texas at Austin, vol. 14, no. 2.
Chapter 12: Farewell
Page 1 ‘Ronnie had not come to see the cherries’: see Penelope Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, New York, 1977, p. 246.
Page 2 ‘A study of the psychology of the persons sending out the messages…’: Robin Denniston, Thirty Secret Years: A.G. Denniston’s Work in Signals Intelligence 1914–1944, Polperro Heritage Press, Clifton-upon-Teme, 2007, p. 48.
Page 3 ‘Dilly must have turned in his grave’: Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers, pp. 230–34.
Page 4 ‘In a technical sense, we are ahead…’: this remark is in William Friedman’s diary for 1943, held at the National Cryptologic Museum, Maryland, USA.
Page 5 ‘Dilly had of course worked on Comintern’: see Nigel West, Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, 2005, pp. 293–4.
Page 6 ‘A book of c
ollected famous last words’: Francis Birrell and F. L. Lucas, The Art of Dying, Hogarth Press, London, 1930.
Appendix 5
Page 1 ‘The principal Abwehr Enigma’: Peter Twinn, ‘The Abwehr Enigma’, in F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp (eds), Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993, p. 124, relied on memory in suggesting that this Enigma had 11, 15 and 19 notches.
Page 2 ‘A 10-letter crib’: Ticom I-77 (Dr. Hüttenhain and Dr. Fricke on Zählwerk Enigma), FOIA.
Page 3 ‘“Red” South American Enigma’: for details of this machine, including photographs, see ‘Description and Photos of German Cryptographic Device (Enigma)’, HCC, Box 604, Nr. 1570.
Page 4 ‘Signals were also sometimes sent in 5-letter groups’: GISK 9 in ‘Descriptions of German Cipher Types GISOS, GIMP, GISK and GISKXY’, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md., RG 457, Entry 9032, Historic Cryptographic Collection, Pre-World War I Through World War II (HCC), Box 606, Nr. 1587.
Page 5 on Umkehrwalze D, see Philip Marks, ‘Umkehrwalze D: Enigma’s Rewirable Reflector’, Parts I, II and III, Cryptologia (2001) vol 25, pp. 101–41, 177–212, 296–310.
Page 6 ‘The wheels sometimes moved backwards’: see further, David P. Mowry, German Cipher Machines of World War II, National Security Agency, Fort George G. Meade, MD, 2003, pp. 25–7.
Page 7 ‘The first two groups and last two groups in its traffic were identical’: GISK 6 in ‘Descriptions of German Cipher Types GISOS, GIMP, GISK and GISKXY’.
Page 8 ‘A variable “kick” to the inner disc’s movement’: see Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh, Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis, Artech House, Dedham, MA, 1986, pp. 151–170, and, for photographs, the Crypto Machines website
Page 9 ‘An overstatement, but one erring on the side of caution’: IL 3675, Fried Report F-74, p. 6, quoting a signal from Berlin: ‘Capt. Walter J. Fried Reports/SSA Liaison with GCCS’, HCC, Box CBMH15, Nr. 2612.
Page 10 on Hagelin machines, see David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, Macmillan, New York, 1967, pp. 427–432; Deavours and Kruh, Machine Cryptography, ch. V.
Index
Note: The abbreviation DK is used for Dilly Knox. The suffix g after a page number denotes a glossary entry. Pseudonyms are indicated by the use of single quotes – e.g. ‘Asché’.
Abernethy, Barbara 1, 2
Abwehr 1, 2, 3
Abwehr Enigma 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Abyssinian war 1
Adcock, Frank 1, 2
Admiralty Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) 1
see also Godfrey, Admiral John; Naval Intelligence Division; Room 1
Alexander, Hugh 1
Alice in ID25 1, 2
All-Russian Co-operative Society (ARCOS) 1
Army Enigma see Abwehr Enigma
Arnott, W. G. 1
‘Asché’ (Hans Thilo Schmidt) 1, 2, 3
Babbage, Dennis 1, 2, 3
Bacon, Francis 1
Balance, Mrs 1, 2
Bassières, Colonel 1
Batey, Keith 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Batey, Mavis see Lever, Mavis
BBC, Spy 1
Beatty, Admiral Sir David 1
Bell, Edward 1
Bernstorff, Johann von 1
Bertrand, Gustave 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Birch, Frank Alice in ID25 1
codebreaking 1, 2
A Contribution to the History of German Naval Warfare 1914 1, 2
and DK 1, 2
marriage 1
Operation Ruthless 1
Bletchley Park 1, 2
Bodsworth, Wilfred 1, 2, 3, 4
‘boil’ technique 1, 2g
Bolliday Bango 1
bombes 1, 2, 3g
bomby 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
The Book of Acrostics (Ronnie Knox) 1
boxing 1, 2, 3g
Braquenié, Henri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Brewster, Pam 1
Bruford, Professor Walter 1
‘Brutus’ (Roman Garby-Czerniawski) 1
‘buttoning-up’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
‘Caesar’ (Albrecht Carbe) 1
Cairncross, John 1
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 1
Carbe, Albrecht (‘Caesar’) 1
Carroll, Lewis 1 Alice in ID25 pantomime 1, 2
Jabberwocky parody 1
Sylvie and Bruno 1
Carter, Frank 1, 2
Cercidas papyrus 1, 2
Chesterton, G. K. 1
Christie, Agatha 1 N or M? 1
Churchill, Winston truth in wartime 1
US enters WWII 1
value of special intelligence 1, 2, 3, 4
The World Crisis 1, 2, 3
WWI 1, 2, 3
and Yugoslavia 1
Ciężki, Major Maximilian 1, 2, 3, 4
cillis 1, 2, 3g
ciphers, description 1, 2, 3g
Clarke, Edward (later Judge) 1, 2
Clarke, William ‘Nobby’ in Bletchley Park 1, 2
joins GC&CS 1
Room 40 1, 2, 3, 4
clicks 1, 2, 3g
codebooks Bushehr diplomatic find 1
capture of 1, 2, 3
Signalbuch der Kaiserlichen Marine (SKM) 1, 2, 3, 4
codes description 1, 2g
diplomatic 1, 2
Comintern 1
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 1
A Contribution to the History of German Naval Warfare 1914 (Birch and Clarke) 1, 2
Cooper, Duff, Operation Heartbreak 1
Cooper, Joshua (Josh) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Cottage Abwehr code broken 1, 2
research team 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
staff 1, 2, 3, 4
ULTRA treatment for Cottage material 1, 2, 3
Cowgill, Felix 1, 2
‘crabs’ 1, 2g
cribs description 1, 2g
Herodas papyrus 1
Cross, Phyllida 1
Cunningham, Admiral Sir Andrew 1, 2, 3 Sailor’s Odyssey 1
cyclometers 1, 2g
Cynthia spy story 1
de Grey, Nigel dormouse in Alice in ID25 1
and ISK 1
Rome 1
and Room 40 1, 2
Zimmermann telegram 1, 2
Denning, Paymaster Lieutenant-Commander Norman 1
Denniston, Alastair (A.G.D.) Abwehr code 1, 2, 3, 4
Bletchley Park 1, 2, 3
and DK 1, 2, 3
French documents on Enigma obtained 1
GC&CS 1
interpreter for Admiral Beatty 1
‘Little Man’ in Alice in ID25 1, 2, 3
meetings with Polish codebreakers 1, 2
Room 1, 2
secrecy and ‘need to know’ 1
ULTRA treatment for Cottage material 1
Denniston, Robin 1
Di Vita, Dr Giulio 1
diagonals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6g
diplomatic traffic 1
discriminants 1, 2, 3g
Dogger Bank attack 1
double agents 1, 2, 3, 4
Double Cross, MI5 committee 1, 2, 3, 4
Dunderdale, Wilfred ‘Biffy’ 1, 2, 3
Eckhardt, Heinrich von 1, 2
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1
Enigma Asché documents bought by British 1
Asché documents sold to Poles 1
British–Polish meetings 1, 2
Foss investigation on behalf of British government 1, 2
need to know 1
invention of 1
user manual 1, 2, 3, 4
weather messages 1
CODEBREAKING Abwehr code broken 1, 2
Anglo-French collaboration/liaison 1, 2, 3
GGG (Mediterranean) network 1, 2, 3
increased urgency for 1
Italian naval code broken 1, 2, 3, 4
Matapan success 1, 2
operator psychology 1
Poles break code 1, 2, 3
Polish difficulties 1, 2
MACHINES 1 ‘K’ model 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
KK Abwehr 1, 2
Lobster 1, 2, 3
Seahorse 1
TECHNICAL ASPECTS ‘boil’ 1, 2g
bombes 1, 2, 3g
bomby 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
boxing 1, 2, 3g
‘buttoning-up’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
cillis 1, 2, 3g
clicks 1, 2, 3g
‘crabs’ 1, 2g
cribs 1, 2g
cyclometers 1, 2g
diagonals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6g
discriminants 1, 2, 3g
female letters 1, 2, 3g
Grundstellung (starting position) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6g
Herivel tip 1, 2g
Jeffreys sheets 1, 2g
keys 1, 2g
‘lobsters’ 1, 2, 3g
multi-turnover machines 1
Ringstellung (clip) 1, 2, 3g
‘rodding’ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9g
Schlüsselanleitung für die Chiffriermaschine Enigma 1, 2, 3 starfish 1, 2g
Stecker board 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
throw-on message indicators 1
Umkehrwalze 1, 2, 3g
wheel wirings 1, 2g
Zygalski sheets (Netz) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5g
Enigma (Bertrand) 1
Erskine, Ralph 1 espionage
Abwehr network 1, 2, 3
Cynthia 1
double agents 1, 2, 3
German fifth columnists 1
Ewing, Sir Alfred 1, 2, 3
Faudel-Phillips, Ben 1, 2, 3
female letters 1, 2, 3g