4. See Zoya Hasan, Politics of Inclusion: Castes, Minorities, and Affirmative Action (2009); Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (1984).
5. See Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 15(2).
6. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 26 (1976).
7. See Statement of May 11, 1994, of Legal Advisor Conrad Harper to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, reprinted in American Journal of International Law 88 (1994): 721.
8. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Art. 2, para. 2 (1969).
9. Steven M. Teles, “Positive Action or Affirmative Action? The Persistence of Britain’s Antidiscrimination Regime,” in Color Lines: Affirmative Action, Immigration, and Civil Rights Options for America, John David Skrentny, ed. (1998), 241.
10. Ibid.
11. See Daniel Sabbagh, “The Rise of Indirect Affirmative Action: Converging Strategies for Promoting ‘Diversity’ in Selective Institutions of Higher Education in the United States and France,” World Politics 63 (2011): 470; “Color-Blind Affirmative Action: The Case for France,” unpublished paper, June 2012.
12. French constitution of October 4, 1958.
13. See, generally, Anthony W. Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (1998).
14. Edward E. Telles, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil (2006), 59.
15. Ibid., 60.
16. Quoted in Simon Romero, “Brazil Enacts Affirmative Action for Universities,” New York Times, August 30, 2012.
17. Quoted in Judith February, “From Redress to Empowerment: The New South African Constitution and Its Implementation,” in The Next Twenty-five Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa, David L. Featherman, Martin Hall, and Marvin Krislow, eds. (2010), 75.
18. R. W. Johnson, South Africa’s Brave New World: The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid (2013), 112.
19. Neville Alexander, “The Struggle for National Liberation and the Attainment of Human Rights in South Africa,” in The Next Twenty-five Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa, David L. Featherman, Martin Hall, and Marvin Kirslov, eds. (2010), 55.
20. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 343 (2003).
21. Ibid., 376 (Thomas, J., dissenting).
22. Ibid., 345 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).
Index
Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 1.1, 1.2
adoption, race policy and
affirmative action
achievement of
antidiscrimination model of
black anger and
costs of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
deceptiveness of
definitions of
distrust and
ethos of, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1
future of, 5.1, 5.2
international examples of
liberals and
Mandela on
Obama’s definition of
overpromotion and
pedagogical function of
race-neutral, itr.1, 5.1
as racial subordination
soft and hard forms of
as term
Thomas’s animosity toward
toxic side effects of
African National Congress (ANC)
Alabama
Alexander, Neville
Alito, Samuel, 1.1, 4.1
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Civil Rights Foundation
American Civil Rights Institute (ACRI), 1.1, 4.1n
American Express, 2.1, 4.1
American Philosophical Society
Anderson, Elizabeth
apartheid
Appiah, Kwame Anthony
Arizona
Asian-Americans
Association of American Law Schools (AALS), n
Ayres, Ian
Bahia state
Bakke, Allan, 4.1, 4.2
Bakke case, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
amicus curiae briefs in
California Supreme Court and
diversity rationale in, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2
Fourteenth Amendment and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Harvard’s admissions program and
Marshall’s opinion in
Powell’s opinion in, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
rectification rationale in
role of racial criteria in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
set-asides in
slavery and Reconstruction issues in
societal discrimination issue in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
strict scrutiny in
University of California’s goals and standards in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Balkin, Jack
Batson v. Kentucky
Bell, Griffin
Bell, Jeannine
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein, and Murray)
Bennett, Lerone, Jr.
Bennett College, n
Bergman, Barbara
“best black” syndrome
Bittker, Boris
Black Manifesto
Blackmun, Harry, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
Black Panther Party
Black Power
Blasi, Vincent, 4.1, 4.2
Boggs, Danny
Bok, Derek
Bolling v. Sharpe
Boston Fire Department
Bowen, William G., itr.1, 2.1, 4.1
Boxill, Bernard
Brandeis, Louis
Brasília, University of, 2.1, 5.1
Brazil
eligibility debate in
racial democracy in
Brennan, Peter J.
Brennan, William J., 1.1, 1.2, 3.1n, 4.1, 4.2
Breyer, Stephen, 4.1n, 4.2
Brock, William
Brooks, Richard
Brown, Kevin
Brown v. Board of Education, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1
color-blindness issue and, 3.1, 3.2
Buffet, Warren
Bunche, Ralph
Burger, Warren, 3.1, 4.1
Bush, George H. W., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1n, 3.2
Bush, George W., 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1
Cain, Herman
Calabresi, Guido, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
Calhoun, John C., n
California, n
Proposition 209 of, see Proposition 209, California
California, University of:
at Davis, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1
at Los Angeles
see also Bakke case
California Association of Scholars
California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), see Proposition 209, California
Cambridge University
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Cardozo, Benjamin
Carson, Ben
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Stephen L.
Carter administration
Case, Clifford P.
Center for Equal Opportunity, 3.1, 4.1n
Chicago Tribune
Chirac, Jacques
Chrysler Corporation, n
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1n, 4.1
Title VII of, see Title VII
civil rights movement, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2
color-blind theme of
Civil War, U.S., itr.1, 2.1
Clark, Joseph S.
Clark, Wesley K.
Clay, Eric L.
Clegg, Roger
Clinton, Bill, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
“mend it, don’t end it” address of
Proposition 209 and
Clinton, Chelsea
Coca-Cola, 2.1, 2.2n
Cohen, Carl, n
Coleman, William T., Jr., 2.1n, 4.1
Colorado
color-blindness controversy, 3.1, 4.1
adoption and
attractions of
Brown decision and
Bunche on
civil rights movement and
disparate-impact theory and
“emergencies” and
and equivalence to segregation
Fourteenth Amendment and
Harlan’s declaration on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
history of
ICCPR and
immediatists and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7
invoked by Supreme Court
jury service and
in New York Times
problems with
racial laissez-faire and
racial profiling and
racism and
and risk of judgment
Scalia and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Thomas and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
tipping phenomenon and
Title VII and
Congress, U.S., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 1.1, 1.2
Connerly, Ward, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1
Constitution, U.S., 1.1, 1.2n, 2.1, 3.1n, 4.1
affirmative action and
color-blindness of, see color-blindness controversy
Fifteenth Amendment of, n
First Amendment of, 1.1, 4.1
Fourteenth Amendment of, see Fourteenth Amendment
originalists and
race and
slavery and, n
Cox, Archibald
Croson, J. A.
Custred, Glynn
Decter, Midge
Democratic Party, U.S., 1.1n, 1.2
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Dirksen, Everett
disparate-impact, theory of, 1.1, 3.1
Supreme Court and, 3.1, 3.2
diversity debate, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2
allure of
in Bakke, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2
business people and, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
in Fisher
Fourteenth Amendment and
in Gratz, 4.1, 4.2
in Grutter
meritocratic premise of
in military, 4.1, 4.2
reaction against
repudiation of
Supreme Court and
in University of Michigan case, 2.1, 2.2
Diversity: The Invention of a Concept (Wood)
Dole, Bob, 1.1, 1.2
Dole-Canady Equal Opportunity Act, n
Douglas, William O., 3.1, 4.1n
Douglass, Frederick
Dred Scott decision
DuBois, W. E. B., itr.1n, 2.1, 4.1
sketch of
talented tenth idea and, 2.1, 4.1
Duke Power Co.
Dworkin, Ronald, 2.1, 4.1
Edwards, Harry T.
election, U.S., of 1994
Elevator Constructors Local 5
eligibility debate
Asian-Americans and
Brazilian debate on
fraud and, 2.1, 2.2
Malone brothers controversy and
one-drop rule and
other minorities and
policing of, 2.1, 2.2
racial identity and, 2.1, 2.2
racial tensions and
Warren scandal and
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Ervin, Sam
Estlund, Cynthia
Executive Order 8802
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Fellowship of Southern Churchmen
Fifteenth Amendment, n
First Amendment, 1.1, 4.1
Fish, Stanley
Fisher, Abigail
Fisher v. University of Texas, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2
diversity debate and
Fifth Circuit’s ruling on
Kahlenberg on
race factors in
Sweatt case and
Top Ten Percent Law and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
University of Texas admissions program and
Fitzpatrick, Brian, itr.1, 3.1
Fletcher, Arthur A., 1.1, 1.2
Florida, n
Foner, Eric
Ford, Gerald R., n
Forde-Mazrui, Kim
Forman, James
Fourteenth Amendment, 1.1n, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Bakke and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
color-blind debate and
diversity debate and
Equal Protection Clause of, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2n, 3.1, 4.1
function of
Interstate Commerce Clause of
Sweatt family brief and
France
affirmative action in
Frankfurter, Felix, 1.1, 2.1n
Freund, Paul
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1.1, 1.2
Garner v. Louisiana
Garza, Emilio M.
Gee, Thomas Gibbs
Georgia v. McCollum, 3.1n
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
Glazer, Nathan
Gotanda, Neil, n
Graglia, Lino, itr.1, 2.1
Graham, Hugh Davis, 1.1, 1.2
Gratz, Jennifer
Gratz v. Bollinger, 4.1, 4.2
dissents in
diversity debate and, 4.1, 4.2
O’Connor’s dissent in, 4.1, 4.2
Powell’s Bakke opinion and
Rehnquist’s opinion in
strict scrutiny in
Supreme Court arguments in
Great Britain
Greenberg, Jack
Green v. County School Board
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 1.1, 3.1, 3.2
Grutter, Barbara
Grutter v. Bollinger, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
amicus curiae briefs in
calls for overruling of
critiques of
diversity rationale in
O’Connor’s opinion in, 4.1, 4.2
opinions in
Powell’s diversity opinion and
racial criteria in, 4.1, 4.2
strict scrutiny critique in
Supreme Court hearings in
Guinier, Lani
Gunther, Gerald, n
Hager, Jenna Bush
Halliburton
Hamacher, Patrick
Hamer, Fanny Lou
Harlan, John Marshall
Harris, Patricia
Harvard University, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2
admissions program of
black undergraduates of
Hastie, William
Hefner, Hugh, n
Helms, Jesse
Herrnstein, Richard J.
Higginbotham, A. Leon, n
Higginbotham, Patrick E.
Higher Education Act, South Africa
Hinton, James
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.
Hoover Institution
Hopwood v. University of Texas Law School, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Sweatt family brief and
Horowitz, Harold W., 4.1, 4.2
House of Representatives, U.S., n
1994 election and
Houston, Charles Hamilton, itr.1n, 2.1, 2.2
Howard University Law School
Hudson-Price, Anne
Hughes v. Superior Court
Humphrey, Hubert, 1.1, 1.2
identity, problem of, n
India, 2.1n, 5.1
constitution of
Individual Rights Foundation
Industrial Relations Research Association
Inman, Bobby R.
integration
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Israel
Issacharoff, Samuel
Ives-Quinn Act (NYS) of 1945
Jackson, Jesse
Jackson, Robert H.
Je
ffries, John
Johnson, Andrew, 1.1, 1.2
Johnson, Lyndon B., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1n, 3.1
administration of
Johnson, R. W.
Johnson v. California
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Jones, Edith H.
Jordan, Vernon
Judicial Conduct and Disability Act Study Committee, n
jury service
Justice Department, U.S., 1.1, 4.1
Civil Rights Division of
Office of Legal Policy of
Kagan, Elena
Kahlenberg, Richard
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation
Kaplan, John
Karst, Kenneth, 4.1, 4.2
Kennedy, Anthony, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Kennedy, John F., itr.1, 1.1n
administration of, n
King, Coretta Scott, n
King, Martin Luther, Jr., itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1
Kinsley, Michael, n
Korematsu v. United States, 3.1, 4.1
Krieger, Linda Hamilton
Kuchel, Thomas Henry
labor, labor unions
Labor Department, U.S., 1.1, 1.2
Law of Social Quotas, Brazilian
Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
Levinson, Sanford
Lewis, Jerry
Lincoln, Abraham
Liu, Goodwin
Louisiana
Plessy ruling and
Loury, Glenn C.
Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 2.1n
Lula da Silva, Luis Inácio
Malamud, Deborah, n
Malaysia, 2.1n, 2.2n
Malkin, Michelle
Malone, Paul and Philip
Mandela, Nelson
Marsh, Henry
Marshall, Thurgood, itr.1, itr.2n, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1n, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Bakke opinion of
Martin, Boyce F., Jr., 4.1, 4.2n
Martinez, Susana
Massachusetts, 2.1, 3.1
McCain, Meghan
McVeigh, Timothy
Meese, Edwin, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), n
Michaels, Walter Benn
Michalewicz, Rachel
Michigan, 1.1, 1.2
Michigan, University of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n, 3.1
affirmative action program of, 2.1, 4.1
see also Gratz v. Bollinger; Grutter v. Bollinger
Michigan Civil Rights Commission
Microsoft
Minority Business Utilization Plan
Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law Page 30