35. “Dies Hits 35 U.S. Officials as Reds: Finds a Nudist Is Planner for Post-war Era,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 30, 1942, 1.
36. Congressman Edward E. Cox of Georgia, speaking in regard to Maurice Parmelee, on March 30, 1942, House of Representatives, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 88 Cong. Rec. 3204–3205.
37. Ibid.
38. Parmelee, “Adventures in Many Lands,” 1–2.
39. Ibid., 3.
40. Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 120–121.
41. Congressman Cox, speaking in regard to Maurice Parmelee.
42. Ibid.
43. Maurice Parmelee, The Principles of Anthropology and Sociology in Their Relations to Criminal Procedure (New York: Macmillan, 1908); Maurice Parmelee, Inebriety in Boston (New York: Eagle, 1909); Maurice Parmelee, Science of Human Behavior, Biological and Psychological Foundations (New York: Macmillan, 1913); Maurice Parmelee, Poverty and Social Progress (New York: Macmillan, 1916); Maurice Parmelee, Criminology (New York: Macmillan, 1918); Maurice Parmelee, Personality and Conduct (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1918); Maurice Parmelee, Oriental and Occidental Culture (New York: Macmillan, 1928); Maurice Parmelee, Bolshevism, Fascism, and the Liberal Democratic State (New York: Wiley, 1934); Maurice Parmelee, In the Fields and Methods of Sociology (New York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith, 1934); Maurice Parmelee, Farewell to Poverty (New York: Wiley, 1935).
44. Congressman Cox, speaking in regard to Maurice Parmelee.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. “An Appropriate Haven,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 31, 1942, 10.
50. “Wallace Lashes Out at Dies for Digging Up Facts,” Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1942, 2; “Wallace Hits Dies as Aiding the Axis,” New York Times, March 30 1942, 1; “Dies’ Attack on Economic War Aides Irks Wallace,” Washington Post, March 30, 1942, 1; “Wallace-Dies Row Flares,” Los Angeles Times, March 30, 1942, 1; “New Charges of Dies Hit by Wallace,” Hartford Courant, March 30, 1942, 1.
51. “Wallace Lashes Out at Dies for Digging Up Facts,” 2.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Congressman James F. O’Connor of Montana, speaking in regard to Mr. Dies and his Committee on Un-American Activities, on March 31, 1942, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 88 Cong. Rec. A1282.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. “Dies in the Spring,” Nation, April 1, 1942, 385–386.
64. Ibid., 386.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. “Dies versus Parmelee,” Sunshine and Health, June 1942, 9–10.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. “Wallace Lashes Out at Dies for Digging Up Facts,” 2; “Wallace Hits Dies as Aiding the Axis,” 1; “Dies’ Attack on Economic War Aides Irks Wallace,” 1; “Wallace-Dies Row Flares,” 1; “New Charges of Dies Hit by Wallace,” 1.
73. “Dies Nudist Find Brings Protests of ‘Crackpotism,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 1, 1942, 13.
74. “Dies’ Attack on Economic War Aides Irks Wallace,” 1.
75. Congressman Cox, speaking in regard to Maurice Parmelee.
76. Ibid.
77. Congressman Noah M. Mason of Illinois, speaking in regard to Maurice Parmelee and his Nudism in Modern Life, on March 30, 1942, House of Representatives, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 88 Cong. Rec. 3204–3205.
78. “Delights of Life Sans Clothing Read into Congressional Record,” Washington Post, March 31, 1942, 1.
79. Ibid.
80. Parmelee, “Adventures in Many Lands,” 12.
81. Congressman John J. Cochran of New York, speaking in regard to the Dies committee on April 28, 1942, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 88 Cong. Rec. 3754.
82. Congressman James F. O’Connor of Montana, speaking in regard to the Dies committee on April 28, 1942, 77th Cong., 2d sess., 88 Cong. Rec. 3754.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. “Dies Wins House Committee O.K. on 110,000 Fund,” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 23, 1942, 11. There were 291 yeas and 64 nays, with 1 voting “present” and 75 not voting. Congressman O’Connor, speaking in regard to the Dies committee, 3757.
87. “The Five Year Plan and the Annual Meeting,” Sunshine and Health, August 1942, 22.
88. Ibid
89. Ibid.
90. “The Five Year Plan Moves On,” Sunshine and Health, March 1943, 6.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Paul Hadley, “War Restrictions on Photography,” Sunshine and Health, March 1943, 30.
103. Ibid.
104. “The Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, October 1943, 1.
105. “The Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, May 1943, 1.
106. Ibid.
107. “Editorial Comment—The War First—Then a New World,” Sunshine and Health, January 1943, 7.
108. For example, see “Yes Sir! We Did It!!!,” Sunshine and Health, October 1944, 27.
109. “Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, August 1942, 1.
110. “Editorial Comment—The War First—Then a New World,” 7.
111. Ibid.
112. Sunshine and Health, February 1943, 16.
113. “We, the War and the Present Emergency,” Sunshine and Health, May 1942, 12.
114. “The Benefits of Graduated Sun Bathing on a Troopship,” Journal of the American Medical Association 124, no. 1 (1944): 51.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. “Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, August 1944, 1.
120. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, February 1943, 2.
121. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, December 1943, 25.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid.
124. “President’s Message,” Sunshine and Health, July 1943, 26.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid.
129. “Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, April 1942, 1.
130. Ibid.
131. “Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, August 1944, 1.
132. “From a Brother in Khaki,” Sunshine and Health, June 1942, 2; “With the British Empire Forces,” Sunshine and Health, April 1942, 3; “With Our Armed Forces,” Sunshine and Health, April 1942, 3.
133. “Photography Guide for S&H,” Sunshine and Health, October 1944, 30.
134. Ibid.
135. Herbert Webb, “A Nudist Photographer Talks,” Sunshine and Health, January 1942, 13.
136. “Photography Guide for S&H,” 30.
137. Ibid.
138. Ilsley Boone, “On the Obscenity of Nudist Pictures,” Sunshine and Health, October 1942, 28.
139. Webb, “Nudist Photographer Talks,” 13.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid.
142. Ibid.
143. Sally Stein, “The President’s Two Bodies: Stagings and Restagings of FDR and the New Deal Body Politic,” American Art 18, no. 1 (2004): 32–57; Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 732–794; Hugh Gregory Gallagher, FDR’s Splendid Deception (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1985); Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941 (New York: Times Books, 1984), 97, 106.
144. Webb, “Nudist Photographer Talks,” 13.
145. Jeaxd M. Carrier, “How and Why We Take Pictures at Elysian League,” Sunshine and H
ealth, May 1943, 15.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid.
149. Ibid.
150. “Editorial Comment,” Sunshine and Health, September 1944, 9.
151. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, April 1942, 2; “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, February, 1943, 2; “Letters from Men Afield,” Sunshine and Health, January 1944, 4.
152. “Editorial Comment,” Sunshine and Health, September 1944, 9.
153. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 31–37; Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1980); Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900–1918 (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1982).
154. Marilyn Hegarty, Victory Girls, Khaki-Wackies, and Patriotutes: The Regulation of Female Sexuality during World War II (New York: NYU Press, 2007), 85.
155. Debs Myers, “Pfc. Alois Knapp, Nudist,” Yank 4, no. 1 (June 22, 1945): 7.
156. Ibid.
157. Despina Kakoudake, “Pinup: The American Secret Weapon in World War II,” in Porn Studies, ed. Linda Williams (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 362; see also Joanne Meyerowitz, “Women, Cheesecake, and Borderline Material: Responses to Girlie Pictures in the Mid-Twentieth-Century U.S.,” Journal of Women’s History 8, no. 3 (1996): 9–35; Robert Westbrook, “‘I Want a Girl, Just Like the Girl that Married Harry James’: American Women and the Problem of Political Obligation in World War II,” American Quarterly 42, no. 4 (1990): 587–614.
158. Kakoudake, “Pinup,” 362.
159. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, February 1943, 2.
160. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, December 1943, 25.
161. “Letters from Men Afield,” Sunshine and Health, January 1944, 4.
162. Ibid.
163. “Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, April 1943, 3.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid.
166. Ibid.
167. “The Adventures of Hughie,” Sunshine and Health, February 1945, 6.
168. Ibid.; Robert Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of the Cold War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001); K. A. Cuordileone, “Politics in an Age of Anxiety: Cold War Political Culture and the Crisis of American Masculinity, 1949–1960,” Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (2000): 515–545; Frank Costigliola, “‘Unceasing Pressure for Penetration’: Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan’s Formation of the Cold War,” Journal of American History 83, no. 2 (1997): 1309–1339.
169. “Adventures of Hughie,” 6.
170. John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Leisa D. Meyer, Creating GI Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women’s Army Corps during World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
171. David K. Johnson, “Physique Pioneers: The Politics of 1960s Gay Consumer Culture,” Journal of Social History 43, no. 4 (2010): 867–892.
172. Bruce of L.A. Photographs, ca. 1950–1966, CN 7665, Human Sexuality Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
173. Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), 16.
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid.
176. “Letters from Men Far Afield,” Sunshine and Health, August 1944, 6.
177. “A Nude Night in Normandy,” Sunshine and Health, March 1945, 6.
178. Ibid.
179. Ibid.
180. Martin Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 26.
181. Whitney Strub, “The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles,” American Quarterly 60, no. 2 (2008): 386.
182. Myers, “Pfc. Alois Knapp, Nudist,” 7.
183. Richard Meyer, Outlaw Representation: Censorship and Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century American Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 171–174.
184. Myers, “Pfc. Alois Knapp, Nudist,” 7.
185. Ibid.; Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire, 125–126.
186. Myers, “Pfc. Alois Knapp, Nudist,” 7.
187. I arrived at this number by systematically counting the images in Sunshine and Health from 1933 to 1963.
188. “Publisher’s Desk,” Sunshine and Health, January 1947, 1.
189. Ibid.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
Chapter 4: Naked in Suburbia
1. “Reader’s Forum: Gather Ye Singles While Ye May,” Sunshine and Health, August 1946, 3.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 3.
5. Karen Christel Krahulik, Provincetown: From Pilgrim Landing to Gay Resort (New York: NYU Press, 2005); Esther Newton, Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America’s First Gay and Lesbian Town (Boston: Beacon, 1993); Paul Pattullo, Last Resorts: The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean (London: Cassell, 1996); Jevin Meethan, “Place, Image and Power: Brighton as a Resort,” in The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth Making in Tourism, ed. Tom Selwyn (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1996), 179–196.
6. Ellen Furlough, “Packaging Pleasures: Club Méditerranée and French Consumer Culture, 1950–1968,” French Historical Studies 18, no. 1 (1993): 65–81.
7. Karen Dubinsky, The Second Greatest Disappointment: Honeymooning and Tourism at Niagara Falls (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1999), 13.
8. Frederick Arthur Geib, “The Sociology of a Social Movement” (master’s thesis, Brown University, 1956), 24.
9. “A Symposium on Singles,” Sunshine and Health, June 1950, 9.
10. Ibid.
11. “Letter to the Editor: Discrimination against Single Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, March 1947, 5.
12. “Reader’s Forum: What about It Singles?,” Sunshine and Health, July 1947, 4.
13. Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, 1880–1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 204–249.
14. Fred Burnett to Norval Packwood, January 5, 1957, American Nudist Research Library, Cypress Cove Nudist Resort, Kissimmee, Florida.
15. Fred Barnett to Mr. Heider, January 16, 1957, American Nudist Research Library.
16. Fred Burnett to Norval Packwood, January 5, 1957, American Nudist Research Library.
17. Ibid.; Fred Burnett to Norval Packwood, January 9, 1957, American Nudist Research Library; Les Bowser (Northwest Sunbathing Association President) to Dear Friends, American Nudist Research Library.
18. Fred Barnett to Mr. Heider, January 16, 1957, American Nudist Research Library.
19. Norval Packwood to Fred Burnett, January 7, 1957, American Nudist Research Library.
20. Ibid.
21. Donald Johnson, “Organizing and Directing a Nudist Club,” Sunshine and Health, August 1951, 10.
22. “Ideas on the Single Man Problem,” Sunshine and Health, October 1946, 10.
23. “Single Man Problem Solved?,” Sunshine and Health, June 1948, 21.
24. Evelyn Rawlings, “Women’s Page,” Sunshine and Health, June 1947, 28.
25. John C. Salmon, “One Answer to the Singleton,” Sunshine and Health, June 1949, 20. For this wide-ranging sentiment, also see “Editorial Comment: The Single Man Problem,” Sunshine and Health, November 1954, 9.
26. “Ideas on the Single Man Problem,” 10.
27. “Zoro Nature Park,” Sunshine and Health, April 1958, 6.
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