28. “Letter to the Editor: Discrimination against Single Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, March 1947, 5.
29. Ken Price, “Dear Mr. Anonymous,” Sunshine and Health, March 1962, 4.
30. David Allyn, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution, an Unfettered History (New York: Little, Brown, 2000), 28.
31. Kermit Josephs, “The Homosexual Nudist,” One 7, no. 4 (1959): 26–27.
32. Ibid., 27.
33. Ibid., 26.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., 27.
37. “Reader’s Forum: Single Joins Group,” Sunshine and Health, September 1947, 3.
38. “Reader’s Forum: Excluded, but Supporting,” Sunshine and Health, July 1949, 4.
39. “Reader’s Forum: No Superfluity of Males,” Sunshine and Health, November 1949, 5.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. “Symposium on Singles,” 9.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. “Reader’s Forum: Nudism Needs Youth,” Sunshine and Health, June 1947, 6.
47. Ibid.
48. “Reader’s Forum: Discusses the Single Man Problem,” Sunshine and Health, September 1947, 3.
49. “Letters to the Editor: Discrimination against Single Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, March 1947, 5.
50. “Reader’s Forum: What’s All This about Singles?,” Sunshine and Health, October 1947, 3.
51. “Reader’s Forum: A Single Tells His Story,” Sunshine and Health, October 1947, 3.
52. “Reader’s Forum: Wanted Singletons near Gary,” Sunshine and Health, June 1948, 4.
53. Ibid.
54. “Reader’s Forum: What’s All This about Singles?,” 3.
55. Ibid.
56. “How Can He Best Tell Her about Nudism?,” Sunshine and Health, January 1949, 6.
57. Ibid.
58. Evelyn Rawlings, “Women’s Page,” Sunshine and Health, June 1947, 28.
59. Evelyn Zimmerman, “Women’s Page,” Sunshine and Health, July 1947, 22.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Mary Columbus, “Why We Women Went to Camp,” Sunshine and Health, April 1952, 15–16.
63. Ibid., 15.
64. Ibid., 16.
65. Zimmerman, “Women’s Page,” 22.
66. For example, see Dwight King, “Just Elsie and I,” Sunshine and Health, September 1947, 7; Mrs. H. A. Brich, “I’m Glad I Learned,” Sunshine and Health, June 1948, 7; Ireene Bringle, “Why All the Excitement,” Sunshine and Health, August 1948, 11; Edgar Allamon, “In Spite of Herself,” Sunshine and Health, December 1948, 7; Bonnie and Norm, “Our First Experience as Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, December 1949, 7; Ben and Esther, “How a Peace Officer and His Family Became Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, February 1950, 14; Eleanor, “I Discover a New World,” Sunshine and Health, May 1950, 11; Captain Alan Rogers, “How My Family Became Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, June 1950, 14; Ken Price, “A Vacation for Mother,” Sunshine and Health, April 1955, 7.
67. “For Women Only—A Childhood Vow,” Sunshine and Health, March 1949, 21.
68. Sylvia Ward, “Women’s Page: Does Your Child Crave Sex Information?,” Sunshine and Health, October 1947, 21.
69. “Our Women’s Own Page—Your Obstetrician May Be Too Impersonal,” Sunshine and Health, April 1948, 19.
70. Margaret A. B. Pulis, “Eat Healthy and Like It,” Sunshine and Health, April 1948, 21.
71. “Marge’s Mail Mart,” Sunshine and Health, September 1956, 22.
72. Dick Falcon, “Trim & Firm Those Hips and Thighs,” Sunshine and Health, July 1959, 10.
73. John Garrison, “Some Nudist Women I Have Known,” Sunshine and Health, June 1948, 7.
74. Geib, “Sociology of a Social Movement,” 22. Donald Johnson, an official of the American Sunbathing Association and of the Eastern Sunbathing Association, offered Geib “photostats of canceled checks, court orders and judgments, notarized testimonies, and similar evidence” to corroborate these accusations (ibid.).
75. Margaret A. B. Pulis, “President’s Message,” Sunshine and Health, December 1948, 25.
76. Ibid.
77. Margaret A. B. Pulis, “One Mother to Another,” Sunshine and Health, December 1947, 6.
78. Geib, “Sociology of a Social Movement,” 43. Although Geib does not disclose the actual name of the camp at which he did his fieldwork, one can deduce from the location he describes that this is more than likely Sunshine Park, the national headquarters of the American Sunbathing Association.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., 52.
81. Ibid., 50.
82. Ibid., 52.
83. Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Eileen Boris, “‘You Wouldn’t Want One of ’Em Dancing with Your Wife’: Racialized Bodies on the Job in World War II,” American Quarterly 50, no. 1 (1998): 77–108; Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 95–98.
84. “Editorial Comment: Is There a Color Line in Nudism?,” Sunshine and Health, June 1943, 9.
85. “Reader’s Forum: For Racial Segregation,” Sunshine and Health, January 1946, 3.
86. Ibid.
87. Herbert Nipson, “Nudism and Negroes,” Ebony, March 1951, 94.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Linus Hogenmiller, “Speaking of Nudism,” Sunshine and Health, August 1937, 22; E. J. Samuel, “On Negro Nudism,” Sunshine and Health, August 1945, 21.
91. Glenn Vernam, “Man’s Oldest Enemy,” Sunshine and Health, May 1944, 19.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid
94. Ibid.
95. For other work that examines the naturalized “savage,” see Jennifer L. Morgan, “‘Some Could Suckle over Their Shoulder’: Male Travelers, Female Bodies, and the Gendering of Racial Ideology, 1550–1770,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54, no. 1 (1997): 167–192; Londa Schiebinger, Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon, 1993); Sander L. Gilman, “Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward and Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century Art, Medicine, and Literature,” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (1985): 204–242; Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 172–179.
96. Linus Hogenmiller, “Speaking of Nudism,” Sunshine and Health, August 1937, 22.
97. Alois Knapp, “President’s Message,” Sunshine and Health, June 1943, 25.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Beth L. Bailey and David Farber, “The ‘Double V’ Campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, Racial Ideology, and Federal Power,” Journal of Social History 26, no. 4 (1993): 817.
101. Lewis Harding White, “Western Secretary: The Scopes and Aims of Modern Nude Culture,” Sunshine and Health, September 1944, 25–26.
102. E. J. Samuels, “Light Out of Darkness,” Sunshine and Health, November 1944, 19.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. Nipson, “Nudism and Negroes,” 93.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.
108. “Editorial Comment: Is There a Color Line in Nudism?,” 9.
109. Steve Brenton, “A Plan for Colored Nudists,” Sunshine and Health, June 1945, 7.
110. Ibid.
111. “Editorial Comment: Is There a Color Line in Nudism?,” 9.
112. E. J. Samuels, “On Negro Nudism,” Sunshine and Health, August 1945, 21.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. “Letter to the Editor: Opposes Segregation,” Sunshine and Health, October 1945, 3.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. John Jakle, The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 185–198; Kathleen Franz, Tinkering: Consumers Reinvent the Early Automobile (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).
123. Marguerite S. Shaffer, See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1880–1940 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001), 93–168; Daniel M. Wrobel and Patrick T. Long, eds., Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West (Lawrence: Center of the American West, University of Colorado at Boulder / University of Kansas Press, 2001); Hal K. Rothman, Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1998), 143–167; Jakle, Tourist; Susan Sessions Rugh, “Branding Utah: Industrial Tourism in the Postwar American West,” Western Historical Quarterly 37 (Winter 2006): 445–472; Clark Davis, “From Oasis to Metropolis: Southern California and the Changing Context of American Leisure,” Pacific Historical Review 61, no. 3 (1992): 357–386; Susan G. Davis, “Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in Southern California,” Pacific Historical Review 68, no. 2 (1999): 173–191.
124. Michael B. Smith, “‘The Ego Ideal of the Good Camper’ and the Nature of Summer Camp,” Environmental History 11, no. 1 (2006): 70–101; Leslie Paris, “The Adventures of Peanut and Bo: Summer Camps and Early-Twentieth-Century American Girlhood,” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 4 (2001): 53.
125. On auto-camping, see Jakle, Tourist, 152–168.
126. Kenneth Webb saw nudity as the “fifth freedom” in an Eden-like setting that would also be free of fear, want, hunger, and religious persecution; see Smith, “Ego Ideal of the Good Camper,” 71; Paris, “Adventures of Peanut and Bo,” 53.
127. U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Characteristics of the Population, Part 1, U.S. Summer (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953).
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.; Alice Kessler-Harris, A Woman’s Wage: Historical Meanings and Social Consequences (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 81–112.
132. Geib, “Sociology of a Social Movement,” 59.
133. Precisely accounting for the number of active nudist camps constitutes a difficult task due to their preference for anonymity and the tendency of the ASA to list dummy clubs in order to boost its numbers and standing. Ibid., 24.
134. Norval Packwood, “A Ruling by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,” Sunshine and Health, March 1951, 16.
135. According to Frederick Geib’s “Sociology of a Social Movement,” the public relations director of the American Sunbathing Association reported that the organization issued seventy-five hundred memberships. Since many of these represented family memberships, allowing two, three, or four individuals to attend different camps across the country, the public relations director estimated that the organization had around twenty thousand active members. Obviously, this number does not include unaffiliated clubs, members of rival organizations, or casual visitors who refrained from officially joining out of fear of exposure. A more accurate number may actually be much larger.
136. Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985).
137. Geib, “Sociology of a Social Movement,” 24.
138. Ibid.
139. See Harold Lawson, “Managing the Camp,” Sunshine and Health, July 1947, 10; Donald Johnson, “Organizing and Directing a Nudist Camp,” Sunshine and Health, August 1951, 10; Ilsley Boone, “How to Select a Camp Site,” Sunshine and Health, February 1949, 19; “So You Want to Build a Camp,” Sunshine and Health, October 1954, 3.
140. Rev. Boone, after the passage of the 1934 antinudist bill in New York, established Sunshine Park as the national headquarters of the American Sunbathing Association in 1937.
141. Dana, “Sunshine Park: A Nudist Mecca,” Sunshine and Health, June 1954, 14.
142. “Sunshine Opens,” Sunshine and Health, August 1946, 12–13.
143. Ibid.
144. Dana, “Sunshine Park: A Nudist Mecca,” 14.
145. Ken Price, “Sunshine Park—1957,” Sunshine and Health, August 1957, 6.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid.
149. Jakle, Tourist, 195–198.
150. “So You Want to Build a Camp,” 3.
151. Ibid.
152. Harold Palmer, “Heating and Filtering Swimming Pools,” Sunshine and Health, June 1951, 7.
153. Dana, “Sunshine Park: A Nudist Mecca,” 14.
154. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
155. Ed Lange, “The Nudist National Game,” Sunshine and Health, July 1951, 19.
156. Ibid.
157. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
158. Ibid.
159. Christopher Bernard, “Play Areas Need Planning Too,” Sunshine and Health, August 1955, 9.
160. Ibid.
161. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
162. Bernard, “Play Areas Need Planning Too,” 9.
163. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid.
166. Lillian Wright, “The New Look at Sunshine Park,” Sunshine and Health, August 1961, 2.
167. Ibid., 2.
168. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid.
171. Ibid.
172. Ibid.
173. Ibid.
174. Christopher Bernard, “The Trailer Park Alternative to Cabins,” Sunshine and Health, September 1954, 12.
175. Ibid.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. “Sunshine Park—1957,” 6.
179. For one example of these frequent advertisements, see “Plan Now for a Visit to SUNSHINE PARK,” Sunshine and Health, July 1950, 26.
180. Packwood, “Ruling by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,” 16.
181. Phillip Warren, “Here’s Switch: Make Taxpayer Out of a Nudist: U.S. Rules Exposure Is a Social Activity,” Chicago Tribune, November 11, 1953, B1.
182. Elmer Adams and Lucille Adams, “The Sunshine Gardens Health Resort,” Sunshine and Health, July 1951, 2.
183. Ibid.
184. Lucille Adams and Elmer Adams, “Sunshine Gardens Report,” Sunshine and Health, July 1953, 4.
185. Ibid.
186. “The Preacher and the Nudists,” Time 64 (August 16, 1954): 46.
187. Ibid.
188. Ibid.
189. Ibid.
190. “Loaded for Bare, Nudists Toss Prying Preacher Out of Eden,” Battle Creek Enquirer, August 1954; “Nudist Parents Do Not Know Best, Preacher Says,” New York Daily News, January 16, 1955, 36; “Latest News about the Battle Creek Case,” Bulletin 5, no. 12 (December 1956): 1.
191. Michigan v. Hildabridle (1956), Appellant Brief, 6, State Law Library, Library of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.
192. “4 Seized in Nudist Raid Are Bound Over for Trial,” Battle Creek Enquirer, July 11, 1956; “Clio Nudist among Four Free on Bond,” Flint Journal, September 16, 1956.
193. Michigan v. Hildabridle, Appellant Brief, 7.
194. Ibid., 10.
195. “Board of Trustees Act on Important Motions,” Bulletin 5, no. 11 (November 1956): 1.
196. Michigan v. Hildabridle, Appellant Brief, 9; Jenkins, Moral Panic, 91–93.
197. Alan Reitman, memorandum to the files, September 27, 1956, Box 777, folder 3, Michigan v. Hildabridle, 1958, American Civil Liberties Union Archives 1950–1990, History and Philosophy Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (hereafter cited as ACLU/UIUC); “Some More Figures on Battle Creek Drive,” Bulletin 5, no. 12 (December 1956): 4; Norval Packwood to Patrick Murphy Malin, September 1956, Box 777, folder 3, Michigan v. Hildabridle, 1958, ACLU/UIUC; Alan Reitman to Arthur
Donelson, September 25, 1956, Box 777, folder 3, Michigan v. Hildabridle 1958, ACLU/UIUC.
Naked Page 36