God's Armies
Page 38
niqab (burka) (Muslim woman’s veil) 21
Nizam al-Mulk 54, 81
Nizar 201
Nizari Ismailis 271–2
Normandy, duchy of 148
Normans 64, 65, 82, 102, 111, 183
North Africa, Islamic conquest of 33
Nur al-Din, atabeg of Aleppo 197
a true jihadi xi, 118; propagandist xi, 116, 123, 127; minbar in al-Aqsa mosque xi, xii; captures Joscelin and wrecks Edessa 117, 120; after the failed Crusade 122–3; Nur al-Din the man 123–6; takes Damascus 124; settlement with Manuel Comnenus 124–5; drive towards Egypt 126, 130–33; and the Quran 128, 129; and Saladin xi, 135, 136, 266; death of 136; ecumenical Sunnism 274; mausoleum 130
O
Odessa 247
Oliver of Paderborn 178
Oman 8
Omdurman, battle of 253
Orkhan 219–20
Orontes river 86, 87, 90
Orvieto 176
Osman 219, 234
Osman, Fathi 274–5
Concepts of the Quran 275
Ottoman Empire 228, 229–30, 232–3, 242, 246, 247, 248–9, 251
Ottoman navy 228
Ottoman Turks 52, 207, 217 rise of 219–23, 267
inner weaknesses 228
Oxus river 35, 39
P
Pagan the Butler, lord of Transjordan 108
paganism, pagans 1–2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 18
Pakistan 254, 272
Palaeologi 221
Palermo cathedral, Sicily 184
Palestine 14, 127, 162, 248, 255
Palmerston, Lord 247–8
Paschal II, Pope 99
Pastoureaux movement 189, 215
see Louis IX
Paul, St 59, 61
Paul I, Tsar of Russia 258
Pavia 64
Peace of God 64, 71, 175
Peace of Versailles 250–51
Pecs archbishopric, Serbia 234
Peoples of the Book 6, 55, 273
see dhimmis
People’s Crusade 78, 79, 266
Peron, Eva 261
Persian army 16
Persian Empire 13
see Iran
Persians 13, 16
Peru, Peruvians 219, 265
Perugia 176
Peter, St 59, 61, 64, 65, 89
Peter I of Cyprus 212
Peter III of Aragon 210
Peter d’Aubusson Grand Master of Hospitallers 216
Peter the Hermit 77–8, 79, 87, 100, 118, 238
Philip I, King of the Franks 67, 71, 77
Philip II, King of France (Philip Augustus) 150, 151–2, 156, 159, 162, 166, 170, 186
Philip II, King of Spain 226
Philip III, King of France 210
Philip V, King of France 215
Philip the Fair 210–214, 216
Philistines 197
Pisa 61, 170
Pisans 154, 188
Pisidian Antioch 84
Pius II, pope 223–4
Pius XII, pope 261
Plevna 243
Poitiers 211, 212
Polish lancers 236
polytheism 1, 6, 7, 145
Ponthieu, count of 240
Portugal 225, 226
Pre-Raphaelites 241
Prester John 180
Prince’s School of Traditional Arts, London xii
Procession of the Holy Spirit 66, 106, 221
Protestant Ascendancy 112
Protestants 226, 258
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 248
Prussia 244
Prussians 175, 227
Punch 245, 246
Pyramids, battle of the 253
Pyrenees 33, 61, 147
Q
al-Qadir, Abbasid caliph 51, 52
qadis (Islamic judges) 40, 49, 50, 54, 13, 145, 225
Qadisiyya, battle of 16
al-Qaeda 257
Qaitbay, sultan 208
Qarmatians 49
Qasim, Muhammad ibn 34, 36
qibla (direction of prayer) 6
quietism (taqiyya) 42, 47
Quran 107, 127, 254, 256, 274
script for xi, 129; Revelations of God 2, 3, 4, 11; jihad mentioned in 4, 5, 7; treatment of unbelievers 6, 7, 8; Sword text 7, 255; and Kharijites 26; and Battle of Siffin 27; anti-Trinitarian text 32; tafsir literature 37; hidden meanings 42, 48, 129; and caliphs 43, 44; the sunna 46; al-Qadir’s decree 52; of Uthman 120, 266; copying 128–9, 233; and Saladin 140; scholars on 269; in-depth study of 274, 275
Quraysh clan 2–6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 25, 30
Qutayba 35
Qutuz, sultan 195–9, 206
R
Radnor, Wales 74
Raymond, count of Tripoli 115, 126, 139–42
Raymond IV, count of Toulouse 74, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88–95, 98, 99, 110, 119
Raymond V, count of Toulouse 151
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse 175
Raymond of Aguilers 95
Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch 116, 119, 123
Reconquista 226
Regensburg 79
Remigius, St 64
Renaud of Toil 90
Revelation, Book of 97
Reybold of Chartres 92
Reynald of Châtillon 125, 126, 138, 139, 141, 143
reysen (expeditions) 227
Rheims Cathedral 64, 71
Rhodes 29, 157, 215–16, 258
siege of 230–31; Tower of Italy 216
Richard II, King of England 227
Richard of Cornwall 185
Richard the Lionheart 188, 240, 241, 246
takes the cross 147, 148; military reputation 149; coronation 151, 266; compact with Philip II 151–2; at Messina 155–6; and Joachim of Fiore 156–7, 164; in Sicily 166; captures Cyprus 157–8, 167; siege of Acre 158–60; three-year truce 163; captured and ransomed 163–4; death 164, 170; as a great commander 164–5
Ridwan of Aleppo 87–8
Rightly Guided Caliphs 27
see Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Riyadh 236, 256
RNLI 258
Robert de Courçon 175
Robert of Artois 187, 194
Robert of Flanders 82, 83, 87
Robert of Normandy 83, 84, 98, 99
Rodrigo, archbishop 218
Roger of Salerno 111
Roland 147, 149, 179
Roman Empire 67, 224
Romanesque architecture 62
Romania 224, 243
Romans 18
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine Emperor 53
Rome 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 176
Rothschild, Lord 250
Roxelana 233
Royal Mamluks 199
Royal Navy 258
Ruad island 207, 212
Rum, Sultan of 222
Russia 200, 236, 242, 243, 247, 248, 258
Russian Empire 247–8
Russian Orthodox Church 247, 258
Russian Revolution 250
S
Sacred College 211
Sadat, Anwar 255, 274
Saddam Hussein 16, 273
al-Sadiq, Jafar (Shiite imam) 42, 47
Safad fortress, Galilee 203
Safavid dynasty 47, 232
sahil (coastal lands of the caliphate) 116, 274
Sahyun 153
Said, Jawdat 269
Saif al-Din 117, 120, 122
St Anne’s church, Jerusalem 105, 145, 248, 260
see Melisende
St Dagobert de Stenay, priory of 77
St John Ambulance Brigade 259
St Mark’s Gospel 18
St Martial’s basilica, Limoges 68, 75
Saint-Denis, abbey of 118
Sajo river 194
Saladin 197, 199, 240, 241, 260, 272
threatens the Crusader States 113; rise of 133–40; and Nur al-Din xi, 135, 136, 266; and elimination of Fatimids xi, 135; Damascus surrenders to him 136; battle of Hattin 140–43; captures Jerusalem xi, 144–6, 152, 165, 166, 170, 176, 209, 265, 2
66; prepares for the coming of the Crusaders 152–4; and death of Barbarossa 155; Joachim of Fiore’s prophecy 157, 164; and siege of Acre 158–60, 167; destroys defences at Jaffa and Ascalon 161; death 164; tomb of 245; assessment of 165–6, 167
al-Salih, emir of Damascus 136, 137
al-Salih Ayyub
origins and use of Mamluks 192; training techniques and weapons 193–4; Bahr al-Nil and bahriyya 192; and Turkish language 194; captures Cairo 192; unleashes Khwarazmians and defeats Franks at La Forbie 185–6; leads against St Louis 195; death 194; decision to hire Baybars 192; veneration of, inculcated by Baybars 195; see furnsiyya
Samaria 108
Samarqand 35
Samarra 45
Sancho, King of Navarre 151
Santa Hermandad 226
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia 61, 62, 147
Santiago order 217
Saracens 63, 66, 72, 73, 150–51, 179, 180
Sarajevo 255
Sassanian dynasty, Sassanians 13, 15, 22, 23, 24, 34, 35, 36, 39, 47, 51
Satan 44, 214
Saudi Arabia 256, 257
Saul, King 197
Sawad 43
Sbeitla, battle of 24
Scott, Walter 240, 241
Ivanhoe 240; The Talisman 240, 264
Scottish Enlightenment 240
Scottish Highlands/Highlanders 112, 237
Sea of Galilee 177
Sea of Tiberias 15
see Lake Tiberias
Sebastian (nephew of Philip II of Spain) 226
Second Coming of Christ 184
Second Council of Lyon 190, 191
Second Crusade 100, 109, 116, 118–22, 123, 125, 152, 155, 266
Selim the Grim 228–30, 232, 233
Selim the Sot 233–4
Seljuq Turks 52–4, 71, 81, 82, 84, 88, 90, 92, 99, 102, 125, 155, 168, 172, 219, 264
Sending of the Seventy 178–9
Sens, Archbishop of 214
Sephoria, springs of 141
Serbia/Serbians 221, 223, 243
Sergius IV, Pope 59, 61
Seveners 48
Seventh Crusade 184–90
Seville 218
Shaftesbury, Lord 247
shahid (the way of the martyr) 120
Shaizar fortress 125, 165
Shajarat al-Durr 195
Shama, Abu, Islamic commentator 128
Sharia law 230, 254, 255, 269
see also Islamic law
Sharifian dynasty 226
Shawar, governor of Upper Egypt 133
Shawbak fortress (Montréal) 108, 136, 178, 203
Shiism, Shiites 228
and Nur al-Din xi; conflict with Sunnis xi, 47, 51, 273–4; and Ali 10, 27, 48; and Battle of Karbala 29–30; and mummified Alids 41; quietism (taqiyya) doctrine 42, 47; imams 42, 47; and Mutazilism 43–4; shrines attacked 44, 52; the Twelvers/Seveners 47–8, 51, 232, 255, 273; state religion in Iran 47; Assassins 81, 201; and jama-l Sunnism 128
Shirkuh, Asad al-Din 117, 124, 131–4
shura (examination of the suitability of a caliph) 29
Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem 114, 139, 140, 143, 158, 168
Sicily 5, 80, 102, 156, 157, 166, 183, 190, 210
Sidon 189
Siffin, battle of 27
Sigismund, King of Hungary 222
Silk Road 35, 120
Simon de Montfort 175
Sivan, Emmanuel x, xi
Six-Day War 252
Sixth Crusade 183–4
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 234
Solomon’s Temple, Jerusalem 105
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem 17
spahis (feudal nobility) 220
Spain 33, 62, 175–6, 225, 232
Speyer Cathedral 118
Speyer, Germany 79
Stead, W. T. 243
Stephen of Blois 76, 83, 89, 99
Stephen of Valence 89
Sudan 249, 253
al-Suffa, Abbasid caliph 40
Sufism, Sufis 45–7, 53, 127, 143, 179, 199, 225, 228, 236, 270, 274
Suger, Abbot 118
suicide terrorism 255, 269, 273
al-Sulami 122, 123, 126
Kitab al-jihad 102
Suleiman the Magnificent 230–32, 233, 234
sunna 46
Sunnism, Sunnis
and Nur al-Din xi; conflict with Shiites xi, 47, 51, 273–4; view of events at Ghadir Khumm 10; and Ubaydallah 49; degradation of Sunni leadership 50, 51; Sunnism defined 51–2; and the Seljuq Turks 53–4; revival of 81, 130; jama-l Sunnism 128; controlled 225; Wahhabis as an extreme wing 257
Susa, Khuzistan 16
Sykes, Sir Mark 249
Sykes-Picot agreement 250, 251, 271
Symeon II, patriarch of Constantinople 72
Syria 41, 177
Islamic claim 9; and Abu Bakr 12, 14; progress of jihad under Umar 14, 20; Heraclius assembles a large army 14; Muslim settlement in 25; harassment of pilgrims to Jerusalem 78; Baybars’s control of 204
Syrian army 30, 39
T
Tabuk 9
tafsir literature 37
Tafurs 91
Taif 9, 16, 28
Taillebourg castle 149
‘taking of the cross’ 74, 75, 80, 118, 147, 148, 151, 175, 183, 186, 190
Talas, battle of 35
Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 26
Tamerlane 222
Tancred (nephew of Bohemond of Taranto) 80, 84, 85, 86–7, 88, 92, 94–5, 96, 97
Tancred of Lecce 156
Tang dynasty 35
Tangier 33
Tanzimat movement 242, 243, 247
Tarsus 85
Tasso, Torquato: Jerusalem Liberated 241
Taticius 83, 84, 85, 87
Templars 217
origins 109–10; tensions with Hospitallers 109, 155; build castle at Jacob’s Ford 138; aid reconciliation of Guy of Lusignan and Raymond of Tripoli 140; massacred near Nazareth 140; and baleful influence of Gerard of Ridefort 141; surrender of fortresses at Gerard’s command 143; continued presence at Tortosa 153; banners at Messina 156; vanguard in Richard’s march to Jaffa 160; Athlit, a masterly construction refortified 178; victims in Mansura disaster 187; defend Safad against Baybars but are deceived and executed 203; in last fight defending Acre 207; attack mainland of Holy Land from Ruad but lose Ruad to Mamluks 212; become bankers 265; attacked by Philip the Fair 212–14; vainly defended by Clement V 213; suppressed 214
Temple Mount, Jerusalem 18, 19, 252
Teutonic Knights 177, 194, 207, 221–2, 227, 245
Thagafi (inhabitants of Taif) 9, 28, 32, 36
Theobald of Champagne 174, 185
Theodora, Queen of Jerusalem 114
Thessaloniki 227, 228
Thierry of Flanders 125
Third Crusade
Baldwin’s campaign in Wales 74; Barbarossa’s attack 154–5; Richard and Philip at Messina 155–8; the siege of Acre 158–67, 177
Thomas the Apostle 180
Thoros, ruler of Edessa 85
Thousand and One Nights 208
Three Kings, battle of the 226
Tiberias 138, 139, 141, 142
Tigris river 13, 15, 41, 45
Topkapi museum, Istanbul 229
Topkapi palace, Istanbul 225
Torah 7, 96, 107
Torsello, Marino Sanudo 214
Tortosa 153, 207, 212
Toulon 230
Tours 75
archbishop of 148
Traditionalists 44
Transoxania 34, 52
Transylvania 227
Trench, battle of the 5–6, 8, 253
Trinitarian doctrine 14, 221
Tripoli 21, 92, 153, 203
True Cross 13, 72, 101, 110, 132, 143
Tughril Beg, Sultan 53, 81
Tunis 190, 239, 243
emir of 190
Tunisia 33
Turanshah 137, 195
Turcomen 116
Turcopoles 143
Turkey xii, 230, 246
creation of the modern state 249
Turkish army 243
Turkish mercenaries 44–5, 46
Twelvers 47, 51, 232, 273
Twin Towers atrocity (New York, 2001) 268, 269, 270
Tyre 143–4, 152, 153–4, 161, 163, 185
archbishop of 151
U
Ubayd Allah ibn Zayid 29
Ubaydallah al-Mahdi 48–9, 50
Uhud, battle of 5, 13, 36
ulama (Islamic scholars) 225, 233, 257
Umar (Omar; second Caliph) 27, 28
early Companion, settles Pen and Paper dispute 11; supports Abu Bakr 12; elected caliph 14; focuses defence against Heraclius 15; secures victory at Qadisiyya 16, 34; received surrender of Jerusalem 17–18; builds al-Aqsa mosque 18; austerity and misogyny 17, 21, 22; dealings with Amr ibn al-As 19–21; and garrison towns at Fustat 20; and Kufa 22; initiates diwan system 20, 36; contrasted to Muawiya 29; assassinated in mosque at Medina 22; decision over Jerusalem respected by Saladin 145; sword displayed by Baybars 200; girded on by Ottoman sultans 243
Umayyads
senior clan of Quraysh 23; preference for and election of Uthman 22–3; and insistence on revenge for Uthman’s death by fellow clansman Muawiya 26–7; Umayyad caliphate initiated by Muawiya with power base in Damascus 28–9, 120; hilm and search for reconciliation through Kufa, Basra and Thagafi 28–9; succession of son Yazid I 29; stabilisation under Marwan I and Abd al-Malik 30–32; and conquests by Muslim armies 33–6; sponsoring for fighting jihad by caliphs and their scholars 37–8; and acceptance of hereditary caliphate 37; for reactions against Muawiya and his caliphate see Abbasids, Ali, Alids, Shiites, Rightly Guided Caliphs; also 27, 30, 33, 34, 38–41, 45, 46, 120
umma (Muslim community) 6, 9, 254
umra (mini-pilgrimage) 8
United States xi, 250, 268
University Mission to Central Africa (Anglo-Catholic) 260
Unur, atabeg of the Burid dynasty 120, 121, 122
Urban II, pope 63, 70–75, 78, 100, 103, 118, 176
Usama ibn Munqidh 165–6
Uthman, third caliph 22–5, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40, 120, 266
V
Valencia 218
Valette, J. P. de la, Grand Master of the Hospitallers 231
Valletta, Malta 231
Vallombrosa reformed monastery 73
Varna 223
Vatican Archives 213
Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in England (Order of St John) 259, 261
Venice 61, 169–72
Treaty of 171
Versailles 239
Vézelay abbey church 151–2
Victoria, Queen 244, 259
Vienna 224, 236, 248
Vienne, Dauphiné: General Council 214
Villehardouin dynasty 221
Villiers de L’Isle Adam, Grand Master of Hospitallers 231
Visegrad 234
Visigoths 33, 36, 218
Volkmar (a sub-leader of the People’s Crusade) 79