by Karen Abbott
“I note that special action”: Ibid., box 4, folder 4-8.
the Office of the Special Commissioner: Langum, 52.
“Mayor Harrison deserves”: Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1911.
“My dear Mr. Mayor”: Boynton to Harrison, March 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
“even Salt Lake City”: Boynton to Mann and Taft, March 23, 1912, ibid.
In March 1912, he ordered: Duis, The Saloon, 269–270.
“I am instructed to advise you”: Starr Murphy to Roe, January 5, 1912, folder 42, box 7, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
a “pretended” disorderly house: Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1912.
DANGER!: Hepburn, 4–5.
Cincinnati Vigilance Society: Vigilance, May 1911.
“cordial congratulations”: Rockefeller to Roe, April 26, 1912, reel 3, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
“wealthiest men in this country”: Chicago Tribune, March 3, 1912.
“Until the public conscience”: Roe to Rockefeller, January 5, 1912, box 7, folder 42, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
“The Greeks construed Apollo’s loss”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 150.
5536 W. Washington Boulevard: Chicago Tribune, December 16, 1973.
“final stab”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
Freiberg’s Dance Hall was bombed: Chicago Tribune, November 17, 1911.
“This home of vice”: Dillion and Lytle, 9.
“In the days”: Wendt and Kogan, 320–322.
“acting on orders”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
“What’s up”: Ibid., 137–138.
“Take it or leave it”: Ibid., 138.
“all under the age of eighteen”: Annual Report of the Committee of Fifteen, 1912, page 2, Graham Taylor papers, Newberry Library.
“I beg to acknowledge the receipt”: Ibid.
Within the week, Dago Frank: Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1912.
“If there had been no Everleigh Club”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
Two of them were rampaging: Ibid.
JUST HOW WICKED
“You can get much farther”: Lindberg, Quotable Chicago, 115.
“We’re getting nowhere”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 214.
blackened both her eyes: Ibid., 213.
shutting down the madam’s brothel: Chicago Record Herald, September 5, 1912.
“Pikers”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 214.
“The Levee has it”: Ibid.
“going to rip off”: Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1912.
“The man who takes”: Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1908.
“handsomest man in Chicago”: Lindberg, Chicago by Gaslight, 141.
“This grand jury”: Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1912.
“most pretentious street parade”: Chicago Record Herald, September 27, 1912.
stated purpose: Chicago American, September 27, 1912.
“the aim of the crusaders”: Quoted in Asbury, 298.
“subject of ridicule”: Chicago Daily Socialist, September 28, 1912.
float signs and banners: Chicago Record Herald, September 27, 1912.
Chief Justice Harry Olson: Wendt and Kogan, 320.
she and that sister of hers: Ibid.
“they aren’t worth the paper”: Chicago Record Herald, September 29, 1912.
“half-naked sirens”: Duis, The Saloon, 270.
“One might expect”: Chicago American, September 28, 1912.
“The South Side Levee is rejoicing”: Chicago Daily News, September 30, 1912.
“it was not generally known”: Chicago Tribune, October 1, 1912.
“Minnie and Ada Everleigh were called”: Chicago American, October 1, 1912.
The order left prominent Atlanta madam: Chicago Evening World, October 1, 1912.
“Gentlemen, I am through”: Chicago American, October 1, 1912.
“furious passion”: Asbury, 299.
“There is an apparent effort”: Wendt and Kogan, 300.
“Wayman’s out to pinch”: Chicago American, October 5, 1912.
“Looks like we saved”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 216.
FALLEN IS BABYLON
“Have patience, my friend”: Ibid., 213.
“Another Johnstown flood”: Chicago American, October 5, 1912; Chicago Record Herald, October 6, 1912.
valerianate of ammonia, etc.: Bell to Carter Harrison, November 29, 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
“Brother Bell, your prayers”: Bell Daniels, 84.
Officers found twenty harlots: Chicago Tribune, October 5, 1912.
“It is rather extraordinary”: Longstreet, 471–472.
the men issued the following: Asbury, 301.
The invasion of the harlots: Ibid.
“I’ll take care of any of them”: Chicago Daily News, October 7, 1912.
But not one harlot applied: Chicago Evening Post, October 8, 1912.
waving handkerchiefs: Chicago Record Herald, October 7, 1912.
“Fallen is Babylon!”: Bell to Midnight Mission board, October 8, 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
LITTLE LOST SISTER
“I suppose we all”: Wallace, 55.
“fight to the death”: Asbury, 302.
“We’ll make everything clean”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 225.
“scattering of evil”: Chicago Record Herald, October 28, 1912.
“Who is that guy”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 225.
“It can’t be done”: Ibid., 226.
“Five minutes of real”: Chicago Record Herald, November 21, 1912.
“former queen of Chicago’s underworld”: Quoted in Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 244.
Freiberg’s Dance Hall celebrated: Asbury, 275.
“It surely wasn’t a disappointed”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 142.
“death bed confession”: Chicago Record Herald, October 6, 1912.
“I am sorry”: Chicago Tribune, April 18, 1913.
“He was an outcast”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 239.
letter from Chauncey to Bell, January 8, 1916, Ernest Bell Papers, box 2, folder 2-7.
“Our Father Who Art in Heaven”: November 16, 1919, Ernest Bell Papers, box 2, folder 2-2.
“The song you sung at me”: Taylor to Bell, February 27, 1927, Ernest Bell Papers, box 1, folder 11.
genre of films: Lagler, 135.
Little Lost Sister: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 242.
“A wave of sex hysteria”: Current Opinion, August 1913.
In the spring of 1913: Lagler, 231–240.
boxer Jack Johnson: Ward, 314–315.
arrested in the fall of 1912: Langum, 181.
“We now went”: Ibid., 95.
J. Edgar Hoover: Ibid., 190–194.
“It owed its passage”: New York Times, June 25, 1916.
“there never was a joke”: Langum, 35.
“a sort of pornography”: Ibid., 34.
Sociologist Walter Reckless: Reckless, Vice in Chicago, 43–46.
another young Chicago girl: Chicago Tribune, December 25, 1913.
“There has been too much hysteria”: Intermountain Herald-Republican, January 30,1914.
Roe died of heart disease: New York Times, June 29, 1934.
Only one major newspaper: Langum, 248.
“street of the stately few”: Madsen, 223.
“bad heart”: Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1943.
“I can’t stand to see”: Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1949.
“My God! A man!”: Ibid.
When Vic Shaw died: Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1951.
20 W. 71st Street: Wallace, 48.
“former plantation home in the South”: Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1953.
“If you’re all decked out”: Ibid.
“Ho
w come your poetry”: Ibid.
in 1933, the Everleigh Club: Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1933. The Hilliard Homes, a public housing project, now stands on the former site of the Everleigh Club.
In the early 1940s, Theodore Dreiser: E-mail from Hilary Masters, son of Edgar Lee Masters, December 2005.
“Someday if I no longer”: Wallace, 59.
“She seemed like my own grandmother”: Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1953.
“We never hurt anybody”: Ibid.
Minna died: Death certificate #20750 for Minna Lester Simms, issued by the Department of Health, Borough of Manhattan. Her nephew, William Simms, filled out the death certificate and listed “Lester” as Minna’s middle name. He also indicated that she had never been married or divorced, and listed her former occupation as “housework.”
Ada was stuck home: Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, September 17, 1948.
Ada followed Minna: Charlottesville (Virginia) Daily Progress, January 4, 1960.
“Best Wishes for a Happy”: Wallace, 65–66.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS
Chicago History Museum, Chicago, Illinois:
Clifford Barnes Papers
Ernest Bell Papers
Church Federation of Greater Chicago Papers
University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago, Illinois:
Chicago Committee of Fifteen Papers
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois:
Lawrence J. Gutter Collection of Chicagoana, Department of Special Collections
Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois:
Carter H. Harrison IV Papers, Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections Graham Taylor Papers, Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections
The Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York:
Bureau of Social Hygiene Records
GOVERNMENT ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS AND REPORTS
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Series A: Subject Correspondence Files, Part 5: Prostitution and “White Slavery,” 1902–1933.
U.S. v. Johnson, General Records of the Department of Justice, File Number 16421, Record Group 60.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Immigration. White-Slave Traffic Report to Accompany H.R. 12315.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. A Partial Report from the Immigration Commission on the Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes. S. Doc. 196, 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1909.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. A Partial Report from the Immigration Commission on Changes in Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants. S. Doc. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1909.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Reports of the Immigration Commission. 61st Cong., 3d sess., 1910. Vol .19. Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Changes in Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants. 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1911. Vol. 38.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. (final). Washington, D.C.: Governement Printing Office, 1911.
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Addams, Jane. A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil. New York: Macmillan Co., 1913.
———. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets. New York: Macmillan Co., 1909.
Algren, Nelson. Chicago: City on the Make. Garden City, NY: Doubleday: 1951.
Anderson, Eric. “Prostitution and Social Justice: Chicago, 1910–1915.” Social Service Review (June 1974).
Anonymous. Twenty Tales by Twenty Women: From Real Life in Chicago. Chicago: Novelty Publishing Co., 1903.
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of Chicago. New York: Knopf, 1940.
Bailey, Beth L. From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
Barnes, Clifford. “The Story of the Committee of Fifteen of Chicago.” Social Hygiene (April 1918).
Barry, Kathleen. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: Avon Books, 1979.
Beaton, Ralph. The Anti-Vice Crusader and the Social Reformer. Dallas: Southwestern Printing Co., 1918.
Bell, Ernest. “New and Pending Laws.” Light (May 1910).
———, ed. War on the White Slave Trade: Fighting the Traffic in Young Girls. Chicago: G. S. Ball, 1910.
Bell Daniels, Olive. From the Epic of Chicago: A Biography, Ernest A. Bell, 1865–1928. Menasha: George Banta Publishing Co., 1932.
Bingham, Theodore. The Girl That Disappears: The Real Facts About the White Slave Traffic. Boston: Gorham Press, 1911.
Bird, Caroline. Enterprising Women. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.
Blair, Cynthia Maria. “Vicious Commerce: African-American Women’s Sex Work and the Transformation of Urban Space in Chicago, 1850–1915.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1999.
Blesh, Rudi. “Maple Leaf Rag.” American Heritage (June 1975).
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Boehm, Lisa Beth Krissoff. Popular Culture and the Enduring Myth of Chicago: 1871–1968. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Bowen, Louise de Koven. “Dance Halls.” The Survey, June 3, 1911.
———. The Department Store Girl. Chicago: Juvenile Protective Association, 1911.
———. Five and Ten Cent Theaters: Two Investigations. Chicago: Juvenile Protective Association, 1911.
Boyer, Paul. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Brandt, Allan. No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Bristow, Edward J. Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery, 1870–1939. New York: Schocken Books, 1983.
Brooks, Virginia. Little Lost Sister. New York: Macaulay Co., 1914.
———. My Battle with Vice. New York: Macaulay Co., 1915.
Butler, Josephine. Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1911.
Carson, Gerald. “The Piano in the Parlor,” American Heritage (December 1965).
Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. New York: Random House, 1998.
“Chicago Committee Against Vice.” The Survey, July 27, 1912.
“Conference on the White Slave Trade.” The Survey, August 20, 1910.
Connelly, Mark Thomas. The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Cordasco, Francesco, and Thomas Monroe Pitkin. The White Slave Trade and the Immigrants: A Chapter in American Social History. Detroit: Blaine Ethridge Books, 1981.
Creel, Herr G. Prostitution for Profit: A Police Reporter’s View of the White Slave Traffic. St. Louis, MO: n.p., 1911.
Dedmon, Emmett. Fabulous Chicago. New York: Random House, 1953.
D’Emilio, John, and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
de Young, Mary. “Help, I’m Being Held Captive!: The White Slave Fairy Tale of the Progressive Era.” Journal of American Culture 6 (1983).
Dillon, John, and H. M. Lytle. From Dance Hall to White Slavery. Chicago: Stanton & Van Vuet, 1912.
Donovan, Brian. White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887–1917. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2005.
Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. New York: Penguin, 1994 (1900).
Duis, Perry R. Challenging Chicago: Coping with Everyday Life, 1
837–1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.
———. The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880–1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.
———. “Whose City: Public and Private Spaces in Nineteenth Century Chicago.” Part I, Chicago History (Spring 1983). Part II, Chicago History (Summer 1983).
Edholm, Charlton. Traffic in Girls and Work of Rescue Missions. Chicago: Charlton Edholm, 1899.
Ellis, Havelock. Little Essays of Love and Virtue. New York: George H. Doran Co., 1922.
———. Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Sex in Relation to Society (vol. 4). New York: Random House, 1936 (1906).
Feldman, Egal. “Prostitution, the Alien Woman and the Progressive Imagination, 1910–1915.” American Quarterly 19 (1967).
Fille de Joie: The Book of Courtesans, Sporting Girls, Ladies of the Evening, Madams, a Few Occasionals & Some Royal Favorites. Various contributors. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
Filler, Louis. The Muckrakers. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.
Fine, Lisa. Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870–1930. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
Fishbein, Leslie. “Harlot or Heroine?: Changing Views of Prostitution, 1870–1920.” Historian (November 1980).
“Five White Slave Trade Investigations.” Editorial. McClure’s Magazine (July 1910).
“The Futility of the White Slave Agitation as Brand Whitlock Sees It.” Editorial. Current Opinion (April 1914).
Gilfoyle, Timothy. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1992.
Goldman, Emma. The White Slave Traffic. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1910.
Goodspeed, Weston A., and Daniel D. Healy, eds. History of Cook County, Illinois. Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association, 1909.
Green, Shirley. The Curious History of Contraception. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1972.
Greer, Joseph H. The Social Evil: Its Cause, Effect and Cure. Chicago: n.p., 1909.
Griffin, Richard T. “Sin Drenched Revels at the Infamous First Ward Ball.” Smithsonian 7 (November 1976).
Grittner, Frederick K. White Slavery: Myth, Ideology, and American Law. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.
Groetzinger, Leona. The City’s Perils. Chicago: n.p., 1910.