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Napoleon's Poisoned Chalice

Page 30

by Dr Martin Howard


  14. Watson, pp. 45–7, 128–9.

  15. Bertrand, pp. 277–81; Watson, pp. 206–7; Veauce, pp. 206–7.

  16. Forsyth, Vol. II, p. 183; Young, Vol. II, p. 257; Watson, pp. 14–15; Bertrand, p. 280.

  17. Watson, pp. 150–7; Gorrequer, p. 242; Veauce, pp. 168–9.

  18. Watson, pp. 120–3, 130–2, 157–8; Marchand, Vol. II, p.390; Veauce, pp. 203–5.

  19. Watson, pp. 21–8, 35–6, 158, 193–7; Roy-Henry, B, Napoléon L’Enigme de L’Exhumé de 1840, pp. 69–101; Veauce, pp. 211–5; Richardson, pp. 244–5; Young, Vol. II, p. 247; Lichfield, J, The many faces of Napoleon.

  APPENDIX I

  CHRONOLOGY OF MAIN EVENTS

  1815

  15 July

  Napoleon boards the Bellerophon

  7 August

  O’Meara appointed as Napoleon’s doctor

  8 August

  Napoleon departs for St. Helena on the Northumberland

  15 October

  The Northumberland arrives at St. Helena with Napoleon and entourage and O’Meara

  12 December

  Napoleon moves to Longwood House

  1816

  8 March

  Warden dines with Napoleon at Longwood

  14 April

  Hudson Lowe and Staff, including Reade and Baxter, arrive at St. Helena

  17 April

  First meeting of Napoleon and Lowe

  17 June

  Malcolm replaces Cockburn

  19 June

  Cockburn and Warden depart St. Helena on the Northumberland

  30 December

  Departure of Las Cases from St. Helena

  Late 1816

  First publication of Warden’s Letters

  1817

  29 June

  Stokoe (and Plampin) arrives on St. Helena

  1818

  14 March

  Departure of Gourgaud from St. Helena

  2 August

  Departure of O’Meara from St. Helena

  25 August

  Arrival of Verling at Longwood

  1819

  17th–21 January

  Stokoe’s consultations with Napoleon

  March

  Arnott’s arrival on St. Helena

  2 July

  Departure of Madame Montholon

  30 August

  Stokoe’s court-martial

  12 September

  Stokoe’s final departure from St. Helena

  20 September

  Antommarchi arrives on St. Helena and Verling departs Longwood

  Late 1819

  Departure of Baxter from St. Helena

  1820

  23 April

  Departure of Verling from St. Helena

  20 December

  Shortt’s arrival on St. Helena

  1821

  31 March

  Burton’s arrival on St. Helena

  1 April

  Arnott’s first consultation with Napoleon

  5 May

  Death of Napoleon

  6 May

  Post-mortem examination

  6–7 May

  Moulding and casting of death mask by Burton

  9 May

  Napoleon’s funeral

  27 May

  Remaining exiles – including Bertrand, Montholon and Antommarchi – depart St. Helena

  25 July

  Departure of Hudson Lowe from St. Helena

  1822

  Publication of O’Meara’s Voice and Arnott’s account of Napoleon’s illness

  1823

  Court case: Lowe versus O’Meara

  1825

  Publication of Antommarchi’s memoir

  APPENDIX II

  NOMINAL LIST OF PERSONS COMPOSING THE ESTABLISHMENT AT LONGWOOD, 25 MARCH, 1816

  Officers:

  General Bonaparte

  Count Bertrand

  Count de Montholon

  Count de Las Cases

  Baron Gourgaud

  Monsieur Emanuel de Las Cases

  Captain Piontkowski

  7

  Ladies:

  Countess Bertrand

  Countess de Montholon

  2

  Children:

  3 of Count Bertrand

  1 of Count de Montholon

  4

  Foreign domestics of General Bonaparte:

  Marchand, 1st Valet de Chambre

  Saint-Denis, 2nd Valet

  Noverraz, 3rd Valet

  Cipriani, Maître d’hôtel

  Lepage, Cook

  Pierron, Butler and Confectioner

  Santini, Valet

  Rousseau, Valet

  Gentilini, Valet

  Archambault Snr, Coachman / Groom

  Archambault Jnr, Coachman / Groom

  11

  Count Bertrand’s foreign domestics:

  Bernard Snr, Valet

  Bernard, Valet

  2

  Foreign female servants:

  Collette Bernard, Waiting-maid

  Josephine, Waiting-maid

  2

  General Bonaparte and suite

  28

  British Officers

  2

  English sailors/soldiers

  11

  Men of the Island

  7

  Women of the Island

  1

  British Officer’s servants

  3

  British contingent

  24

  TOTAL

  52

  APPENDIX III

  BRITISH MILITARY AND NAVAL OFFICERS ON ST. HELENA 1815–1821

  Military

  Governor: Lt.-General Sir Hudson Lowe

  Deputy Adjutant-General: Lt.-Colonel Sir Thomas Reade

  Military Secretary: Colonel Edward Wynyard

  Aide-de-Camp: Major Gideon Gorrequer

  Inspector of Coasts and Volunteers: Lt.-Colonel Thomas Lyster

  General Officer Commanding the Troops: Brigadier-General Sir George Ridout Bingham (replaced in August 1820 by Brigadier-General John Pine-Coffin)

  Brigadier-Major in Charge of Engineers: Major Anthony Emmett

  In Command of Artillery: Major James Power

  In Command of Dragoons: Cornet J.W.Hoath

  In Command of the Staff Corps: Lieutenant Basil Jackson

  Orderly Officers at Longwood (at various periods):

  Captain T.W. Poppleton

  Captain Henry Pierce Blakeney

  Lt.-Colonel Thomas Lyster

  Captain George Nicholls

  Captain Engelbert Lutyens

  Captain William Crokat

  Naval

  Admirals in Command of the St. Helena Station:

  Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn (October 1815–June 1816)

  Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm (June 1816–July 1817)

  Rear-Admiral Robert Plampin (July 1817–July 1820)

  Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert (July 1820–September 1821)

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Manuscript Sources

  British Library:

  Lowe Papers Add. 20,125; 20,126; 20,128; 20,133; 20,145; 20,146; 20,154; 20,157; 20,207; 20,214.

  Eg. 3714–20 (Grangerised copy of Forsyth’s History of the Captivity of Napoleon).

  The National Archives (London):

  J 76/8/1 (Gorrequer’s diary)

  J 76/4/1 (Medical attendance on Bonaparte)

  Printed Sources

  Antommarchi, F, Les Derniers Moments de Napoléon, 2 Vols., Paris, 1898.

  Arnott, A, An Account of the last illness and decease and PM appearance of Napoleon Bonaparte, London, 1822.

  Aubry, O, St. Helena, London, 1937.

  Balmain, Count, Napoleon in Captivity: The Reports of Count Balmain Russian Commissioner (ed. J Park), New York, 1927.

  Bertrand, Général, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1959.

  Bertrand, General, Napoleon at St. Helena (ed. PF De Langle), London, 1953.

  Cabanès, Docteur, Au C
hevet de L’Empereur, Paris, n.d.

  Chandler, DG, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars, London, 1979.

  Chaplin, A, A St. Helena Who’s Who, London, 1919.

  Chaplin, A, The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, London, 1913.

  Chaplin, A, Thomas Shortt, London, 1914.

  Chevallier, B, et al, Sainte-Hélèna Île de Mémoire, Paris, 2005.

  Cockburn, Sir George, Napoleon’s Last Voyage, London, 1888.

  D’Hauterive, E, Sainte-Hélène au Temps de Napoléon et Aujourd’Hui, Paris, 1933.

  Drew, R, Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army 1660–1960, Vol.I, (A Peterkin, W Johnston), London, 1968.

  Forshufved, S, Who Killed Napoleon?, London, 1962.

  Forsyth, W, History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena, 2 Vols, New York, 1853.

  Frémeaux, P, Napoléon Prisonnier: Mémoires d’un Médecin de L’Empereur à Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1901.

  Frémeaux, P, The Drama of Saint Helena, London, 1910.

  Ganière, P, Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène: La Mort de L’Empereur L’Apothéose, Paris, 1962.

  Glover, G, Wellington’s Lieutenant Napoleon’s Gaoler, Barnsley, 2005.

  Giles, F, Napoleon Bonaparte: England’s Prisoner, London, 2001.

  Gonnard, P, The Exile of St. Helena, London, 1909.

  Gorrequer, Major G, St. Helena during Napoleon’s Exile (ed. J Kemble), London, 1969.

  Gourgaud, Général Baron, Journal de Sainte-Hélène 1815–1818 (ed. O Aubry), 2 Vols, Paris, 1947.

  Gregory, D, Napoleon’s Jailer: Lt. Gen. Sir Hudson Lowe A Life, Madison, 1996.

  Henry, W, Surgeon Henry’s Trifles (ed. P Hayward), London, 1970.

  Henry, W, Trifles from my Portfolio, 2 Vols, Quebec, 1839.

  Howard, M, Napoleon’s Doctors: The Medical Services of the Grande Armée, Stroud, 2006.

  Howard, M, Wellington’s Doctors: The British Army Medical Services in the Napoleonic Wars, Staplehurst, 2002.

  Jackson, Lieut-Col B, Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff Officer (ed. R C Seaton), London, 1903.

  Journeaux de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 1998.

  Kemble, J, Napoleon Immortal, London, 1959.

  Korngold, R, The Last Years of Napoleon, London, 1960.

  Las Cases, Le Comte de, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 8 Vols, Paris, nd.

  Lemaire J-F, et al, Autour de ‘L’Empoisonnement’ de Napoléon, Paris, 2001.

  Lichfield, J, The many faces of Napoleon, The Independent on Sunday, 23rd August 2007.

  Lin,X, et al, Elemental contents in Napoleon’s hair cut before and after his death: did Napoleon die of arsenic poisoning?, Analytical and Bioanalytic Chemistry (2004), Vol. 379, pp. 218–20.

  Lugli, A, et al, Napoleon’s Autopsy: New Perspectives, Human Pathology (2005), Vol. 36, pp. 320–4.

  Lugli, A, et al, Napoleon Bonaparte’s gastric cancer: a clinicopathological approach to staging, pathogenesis, and etiology, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology (2007), Vol. 4, pp. 52–7.

  Lutyens, E, Letters of Captain Engelbert Lutyens (ed. Sir Lees Kennedy), London, 1915.

  Macé, J, Dictionnaire Historique de Sainte-Hélène, Paris, 2004.

  Maitland, Captain FL, The Narrative of the surrender of Bonaparte and of his Residence on board HMS Bellerophon, London, 1904.

  Malcolm, Lady, A Diary of St. Helena (ed. Sir A Wilson), London, 1929.

  Marchand, L-J, In Napoleon’s Shadow (ed. Proctor Jones), San Francisco, 1998.

  Marchand, Mémoires de Marchand (ed. J Bourguignon), 2 Vols, Paris, 1952.

  Markham, JD, Napoleon and Dr Verling on St. Helena, Barnsley, 2005.

  Martineau, G, Napoleon’s St. Helena, London, 1968.

  Masson, F, Autour de Sainte-Hélène, 3 Vols, Paris, 1909–12.

  Masson, F, Napoleon at St. Helena, Oxford, 1949.

  Maury, R and Candé-Montholon, F de, L’énigme Napoléon résolue, Paris, 2000.

  Montholon, CJT de, Récits de la Captivité de L’Empereur Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène, 2 Vols, Paris, 1847.

  Montholon, Comte de, Lettres du Comte et de la Comtesse de Montholon (1819–1821) (ed. P Gonnard), Paris, 1906.

  Napoleon I, Emperor, La Correspondance de Napoléon I, 32 Vols, Paris, 1858–70.

  O’Meara, B, Napoleon in Exile; or a Voice from St. Helena, 2 Vols, London, 1827.

  O’Meara, B, An Exposition of some of the transactions that have taken place at St. Helena since the appointment of Sir Hudson Lowe as Governor of that island, London, 1819.

  Paoli, F, Le Dr Antommarchi ou Le Secret du Masque de Napoléon, Paris, 1996.

  Richardson, F, Napoleon’s Death: An Inquest, London, 1974.

  Roseberry, Lord, Napoleon The Last Phase, London, 1900.

  Roy-Henry, B, Napoléon L’Énigme de L’Exhumé de 1840, Paris, 2000.

  St. Denis (Ali), LE, Napoleon from the Tuileries to St. Helena, New York, 1922.

  Seaton, RC, Napoleon’s Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe, London, 1903.

  Seward, D, Napoleon’s Family, London, 1986.

  Shorter, C, Napoleon and his Fellow Travellers, London, 1908.

  Shorter, C, Napoleon in his Own Defence, London, 1910.

  Smith, BS, A Guide to the Manuscript Sources for the History of St. Helena, Todmorden, 1995.

  Sokoloff, B, Napoleon A Medical Approach, London, 1938.

  Stanhope, Earl, Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831–1851, London, 1998.

  Stokoe, J, With Napoleon at St. Helena being the memoirs of Dr John Stokoe Naval Surgeon Translated from the French of Paul Frémeaux by Edith S Stokoe, London, nd.

  Tulard, J, Dictionnaire Napoléon, 2 Vols, Paris, 1999.

  Veauce, E de, L’Affaire du Masque de Napoléon, Paris, 1957.

  Warden, W, Letters written on board His Majesty’s Ship the Northumberland and Saint Helena, London, 1816.

  Watson, GL de St M, A Polish Exile with Napoleon, Boston, 1912.

  Watson, GL de St M, The Story of Napoleon’s Death-Mask, London, 1914.

  Weider, B, and Forshufved, S, Assassination at St. Helena Revisited, New York, 1995.

  Wilson, JB, Dr Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon, British Medical Journal (1975), Vol. 3, pp. 293–5.

  Young, N, Napoleon in Exile: St. Helena (1815–1821), 2 Vols, Philadelphia, 1915.

  Medal struck in 1815, ‘Napoleon on St Helena’. It depicts Napoleon seated on a rock with his head down, despondent. History on her knees urges him to take up the pen, while Fame flies overhead with a trumpet.

  Lead medal entitled ‘The Death of Napoleon’ – ‘He died on a rock’. It depicts the island with ships and a symbolic setting sun. An eagle with a palm branch flies overhead. These images are from Napoleon’s Medals: Victory to the Arts by Richard A. Todd, published by The History Press.

  PLATES

  1. Saint Helena in 1816

  2. Napoleon on St. Helena

  3. The Emperor dictating his memoirs

  4. View of Longwood in 1820 by Marchand

  5. Bertrand

  6. Montholon

  7. Gourgaud

  8. Las Cases

  9. Madame Bertrand

  10. Sir Hudson Lowe

  11. An unflattering French depiction of Lowe

  12. Rear-Admiral Sir George Cockburn

  13. Earl Bathurst

  14. Rear-Admiral Robert Plampin

  15. Major Gideon Gorrequer

  16. View of Plantation House

  17. William Warden

  18. Alexander Baxter

  19. Barry O’Meara

  20. John Stokoe

  21. James Verling

  22. Francesco Antommarchi

  23. Archibald Arnott

  24. Thomas Shortt

  25. Francis Burton

  26. Napoleon’s death bed. Antommarchi is standing with his hand on the pillow and Arnott is standing second from the right near the foot of the bed.

 
; 27. Napoleon after death

 

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