Buried Lives
Page 28
36 Éire-Ireland, Volume 49, Issues 3 & 4, Fall/Winter 2014, pp.7–59 (Article)
37 Hart, The IRA and its Enemies, p.292.
38 Charles Townshend, The Republic (London, 2013), p.371.
39 Ibid., p.375.
40 Cork Constitution of 13 May 1922.
41 Townshend, The Republic, p.371.
42 Éire-Ireland 49: 3 & 4 Fall/Win 14. P. 53.
43 The Times, 13 May 1922.
44 John M. Regan, History Ireland, January/February 2012, p.13.
45 Éire-Ireland 49: 3 & 4 Fall/Win 14. p.42.
46 http://year-of-disappearances.blogspot.ie/search?updated-max=2014-11-26T10:01:00-08:00&max-results=7&reverse-paginate=true
47 Ibid.
48 Eric Hobsbawm, On History (London, 2013), p.187.
49 Niall Meehan, Troubled History: A 10th Anniversary Critique of Peter Hart’s ‘The IRA and its Enemies’ (Aubane Historical Society 2008), p.12.
50 See appendix for names of targeted men.
51 See appendix for list of names and details.
52 Letter from Doris Matthews to the author, 19 July 2009.
53 Éire-Ireland 49: 3 & 4 Fall/Win 14. p.39.
54 Ibid., p.40.
55 Hart, The IRA and its Enemies, p.283.
56 The Irish Times, 10 November 1994.
57 Letter to The Irish Times, 10 November 1994
58 Collins, Jasper Wolfe of Skibbereen.
59 Marcus Tanner, Ireland’s Holy War, p.292.
60 The Irish Times, 17 February 1923.
61 Poblacht na h-Éireann, 4 May 1922.
62 Augustjein, Joost (ed.), The Irish Revolution 1913–23 (Palgrave, 2002), Historiography, p.160.
63 Church of Ireland Gazette, 17 June 1921.
64 The Irish Times, 9 October 1922.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid., 6 November 1922.
67 Ibid., 10 May 1922.
68 George Seaver, John Allen FitzGerald Gregg: Archbishop (London, 1963), p.121.
69 Michael Hopkinson, Green against Green: The Irish Civil War (Dublin, 2004), p.60.
70 The Irish Times, 6 November 1922.
71 A search was carried out online of the archives of the Nenagh Guardian and The Irish Times, to no avail.
72 TNA CO 762/37/8, Revd Henry, Newport.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid.
80 Crockfords Clerical Directory 1937.
81 TNA CO 762/19/1, Sanders, Glen of Aherlow.
82 Michael Lynch, Below Aherlow (Waterford, 2002), p.97.
83 Cork Examiner, 29 July 1924.
84 TNA CO 762/19/1, Sanders, Ballinacourtie.
85 Ibid.
86 Ibid.
87 TNA CO 762/18/8. Neville-Clarke, Thurles.
88 Ibid.
89 Ibid.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 Tipperary Star, 3 March 1923.
93 IT, 6 July 1923.
94 TNA CO 762/162/1, Sweetnam, Clonmel.
95 Ibid.
96 Nenagh Guardian, 23 April 1921.
97 Tipperary Star, 23 April 1921.
98 Cork Weekly News, 25 June 1921.
99 Nenagh Guardian, 25 June 1921.
100 TNA CO 762/111/8, Conlough, Clogheen.
101 Census of Ireland 1926, Vol. III, p.28.
102 General Report on the Census of Ireland 1911, p.125.
103 ibid., p.106.
104 See my MPhil dissertation, Trinity College, Dublin, September 2012 for a detailed examination of the intimidation of Protestants in Co. Tipperary 1920–23. Available from the author.
105 Census of Ireland 1926, Vol. III, p.11.
106 Nenagh News and Tipperary Vindicator, 15 April 1922.
107 Peter Hart, The IRA at War, p.237.
108 Telephone conversation with Declan Mullen on 3 August 2012.
109 Nenagh Guardian, 10 May 1924.
110 Dunalley papers, Doupe to Lord Dunalley, 14 August 1922. (NLI, Dunalley papers, MS 29, 810 (17)). The reference to ‘the refugee system’ is the Irish Distress Committee in London.
111 Ibid.
112 TNA, CO 762/39/10, Otway-Ruthven, Nenagh.
113 Nenagh Guardian, 19 July 1924.
114 TNA, CO 762/39/10, Otway-Ruthven, Nenagh.
115 Miriam Lambe, A Tipperary Landed Estate: Castle Otway 1750–1853 (Dublin, 1998), p.55.
116 Gemma Clark, Fire, Boycott, Threat and Harm, unpublished doctorate, Queen’s College, Oxford 2010, p.139. It has recently been published as Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
117 TNA CO 762/57/4, Burkett, Nenagh.
118 Ibid.
119 Ibid.
120 TNA CO 762/57/4, Burkett, Nenagh.
121 Ibid.
122 Ibid.
123 General Report on the Census of Ireland 1911, table xxix, p.148.
124 General Report on the Census of Ireland 1926, table 7, p.8.
125 Interview with Adrian Hewson in Roscrea on 18 July 2012. Hewson is a Church of Ireland teacher and history graduate of Trinity College, Dublin.
126 TNA CO 762/99/3, Vaughan, Roscrea.
127 TNA CO 762/137/6, McKenna, Roscrea.
128 Ibid.
129 Ibid.
130 Ibid.
131 General Report on the Census of Ireland 1911, p.148, and General Report on the Census of Ireland 1926, p.9, table 7.
132 Dudley Levistone Cooney, So Civil a People (Tullamore, undated), p.16.
133 Reports of the Diocesan Boards of Education of Diocesan Council of Cashel and Emly 1915–16 and 1924–5 in RCB library, Dublin.
134 Ibid., 1924–5 report.
135 Census of Ireland 1911, Vol. 3, p.28 and Census of Ireland 1926, table 8A, p.10, and xxix, p.149.
136 Census of Ireland 1911, table xx, p.106.
137 Census of Ireland 1911, Vol. 3, p.94, dependents in Military barracks, Co. Tipperary.
138 Tom Garvin, ‘Peter Hart: The IRA and Its Enemies’, in The Irish Review, xxii (1998), p.176.
139 Ibid.
140 McDowell, Crisis and Decline, p.99.
141 TNA CO 762, 71 Bury
142 Denis Kennedy, The Widening Gulf, p.118.
143 Church of Ireland Gazette, 16 June 1922.
144 The Witness, 16 June 1920.
145 CO 762,71.
146 CO 762,37.
147 CO 762, 71.
148 CO 762, 37, Stone.
149 CO 762, 37.
150 Ibid.
151 CO 762, 37.
152 CO 762, 193.
153 CO 762 58.
154 CO 762, 94.
155 Tanner, Ireland’s Holy Wars, p.293 and Church of Ireland Gazette, 13 October 1922, p.630.
156 The Irish Times, 8 May 1923.
157 Tanner, Ireland’s Holy Wars, p.313.
158 Ibid.
159 F.S.L. Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland 1890–1939 (Clarendon Press, 1979), p.163.
160 Ibid., p.315.
161 Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life 1913–1921.
162 Delaney, Demography, State and Society, p.73.
163 Miriam Moffitt, The Church of Ireland Community of Killaloe and Achronry 1870–1940 (Dublin, 1999), pp.9–10.
164 ‘A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists’, https://www.uelac.org/PDF/loyalist.pdf.
165 Michael de Nie, Sean Farrell (eds), ‘The Protestant and Catholic Communities of Tipperary since 1660’ in Kennedy, Liam, Power and Popular Culture in Modern Ireland (Dublin, 2010), p.89.
166 Bowen, Protestants in a Catholic State, p.58.
167 Patrick Buckland, Irish Unionism, p.285.
CHAPTER 3
1 Dooley, The Decline of the Big House.
2 Richard English, Irish Freedom (London, 2006), p.51.
3 Ibid., p.51.
4 Ibid., p.53.
5 Ibid., p.54.
6 James Lydon, The Making
of Ireland (London,1998).
7 Irish Independent, 16 August 2003.
8 Dooley, p.191.
9 Mark Bence-Jones, A Guide to Irish County Houses (London, 1988), p.268.
10 Dooley, p.191.
11 Iris Oifiguil, 1923, pp.1 and 101, National Library of Ireland.
12 Dooley, p.256.
13 CO 762/193, TNA.
14 CO 762, 71, TNA.
15 Ibid.
16 Email from Gregory McReynolds, 4 June 2009.
17 CO 762, 3
18 Dooley, p.189.
19 Fleming, Head and Hart, p. 92.
20 Albert Thomas, Wait and See (London, 1944).
21 Ibid.
22 Albert Thomas, Wait and See, p. 89.
23 Ibid., p. 90.
24 Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett, Seventy Years Young, Memories of Elizabeth, Countess of Fingall (Dublin, 1991).
25 Tarquin Blake, Abandoned Mansions of Ireland (Cork, 2010).
CHAPTER 4
1 Richard Tillinghast, Finding Ireland (Notre Dame, 2008), pp.42–43.
2 Mark Finnane in Irish Historical Studies (November 2001), p.519.
3 Kurt Bowen, Protestants in a Catholic State (Kingston and Montreal), pp.156–157.
4 Brian Walker, A Political History of the Two Irelands: From Partition to Peace (New York, 2012), p.76.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Reg Hindley, The Death of the Irish Language (London and New York, 1990), p.15.
8 Hindley, p.12.
9 Ibid., p.13.
10 Tom Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland (Dublin, 1987), p.79.
11 Roy Foster, Modern Ireland (London, 1988), p.518.
12 Jack White, Minority Report: The Protestant Community in the Irish Republic (Dublin, 1975), p.188.
13 Hindley, p.211.
14 Ibid., p.218.
15 Ibid., p.211.
16 Tom Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland (Dublin, 1987), p.86.
17 Ibid., p.99.
18 Ernest Blythe, ‘The Significance of the Irish Language for the Future of the Nation’, p.24.
19 Ibid.
20 Hindley, p.208.
21 Bowen, Protestants in a Catholic State, p.169.
22 E.Cullingford, Yeats, Ireland and Fascism (London, 1981). Speech by de Valera in New York.
23 Clair Wills, That Neutral Island (London, 2007), p.26.
24 Ibid., p.28.
25 Ibid., p.24.
26 Lord Midleton, Ireland – Dupe or Heroine (London, 1932), p.114.
27 Wills, p.312.
28 Stephen Howe, Ireland and Empire (Oxford, 2000), p.34.
29 Hubert Butler, Grandmother and Wolfe Tone (Dublin, 1990), p.138.
30 Walker, p.60.
31 George Moore, Hail and Farewell (1976), p.587.
32 R.B. McDowell, Crisis and Decline (Dublin, 1997), preface.
33 National Archives of Ireland, jus/2008/117.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid., 2008/117/557.
36 Ibid., Report 5 March 1935.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., Report of Superintendent Muldoon.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Dennis Kennedy, The Widening Gulf (Belfast, 1988), p.172.
44 Ibid., p.173.
45 Brian Walker, p.66.
46 Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939 (Dublin, 2006), p.104.
47 Elliott, When God Took Sides, p.227.
48 Ibid., p.229.
49 Walker, p.75.
50 Ibid., pp.75–76.
51 W.B. Stanford in Faith and Faction in Ireland Now (Dublin APCK), p.7.
52 Ibid., p.21.
53 F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (London, 1985), p.742.
54 Sunday Independent, 23 November 2014.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Sunday Independent, John-Paul McCarthy, 23 November 2014.
59 Richard Davis, Arthur Griffith (Dundalgan Press, 1976), p.xxxi
60 Lord Hailsham, A Sparrow’s Flight (London, 1990), p.229
CHAPTER 5
1 Walker, p.134.
2 Don Akenson, An Irish History of Civilisation (London, 2006) Vol. 2., p.395.
3 Letter from Dr Jameson in The Irish Times, 13 January 2014.
4 Ibid., p.15.
5 Ibid., p.16.
6 Ibid., p.16.
7 ‘Trends in the Religious Composition of the Population in the Republic of Ireland 1946–71’, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin and Population Studies, 49, (1995), 259–279.
8 Richard O’Leary in The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 30, April 1999, p.126.
9 Kenneth Milne, The Laity and the Church of Ireland, 1000–2000 (Dublin, 2002) p.227.
10 V. Griffin, Mark of Protest (Dublin,1993), p.30.
11 A. Clifford, The Constitutional History of Eire/Ireland (Belfast,1987), p.310.
12 Arthur Aughey, Building Trust in Ireland, p.22.
13 Church of Ireland Gazette, 2 April 2010.
14 The Irish Times, 30 June 1957.
15 Hubert Butler, Escape from the Anthill (Dublin, 1986).
16 Interview, 18 July 2007, Henley-on-Thames, England.
17 Letter to The Irish Times, 11 June 1957.
18 Letter to The Irish Times, 12 June 1957.
19 Letter to The Irish Times from Canon Lindsay of St Bartholemew’s, Belfast, 11 June.
20 The Protestant, July/September 1957.
21 Belfast Telegraph, 26 June 1957.
22 Irish Press, 12 June.
23 Adrian Fisher’s notebook, Archive P 164/32, UCD Archive library.
24 Marcus Tanner, Ireland’s Holy Wars (Connecticut, 2003), p.340.
25 Belfast Telegraph, 1 June 1998.
CHAPTER 6
1 Walker, p.103.
2 The Reform Group attempted to persuade the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) to allow those adults in the South who wanted British passports - not being entitled to them - to be given them. A legal opinion was sought, but failed to be considered positively.
3 The Irish Times, 27 November 2008.
4 Walker, p.198.
5 F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, p.359.
6 Walker, p.198.
CHAPTER 8
1 Church of Ireland Sub Committee Report, April 1999, p.4.
2 Ibid., p.5.
3 Ibid., p.22.
4 Ibid., p.27.
5 Ibid., p.17.
6 Ibid., p.5.
7 Ibid., p.7.
8 Ibid., p.20.
9 Aughey, pp. 21 and 24.
10 Irish Studies Review, Vol. II, No.1, 2003.
11 Garret FitzGerald, ‘Ireland’s Identity Problems,’ Etudes Irelandaises, Vol. 1 (December, 1976) pp. 141 and 142.
12 ‘Pluralism, Partition and the Controversy Generated by a Proposed Orange Parade in Dublin’, Irish Studies Review, Vol. II, No. 1, 2003.
13 Irish Studies Review, Interview 23 August 2000.
EPILOGUE
1 Arthur Griffith, the leader of Sinn Féin, believed that there were undiscovered coal resources that, once mined, would lead to prosperity for an independent Ireland. Such resources have not been found over 90 years after independence.
2 Tom Garvin, Preventing the Future (Dublin, 2004) p. 133 and 136.
3 Ibid., p. 153.
4 C.S.O. Statistics 2014 Quarter 4. www.cso.ie/en/statistics/labourmarket/
5 R.V. Comerford, Inventing the Nation: Ireland (London, 2003), p.117.
6 Ibid., p.114.
7 Ibid., p.117.
8 Ibid., p.114.
9 Ian d’Alton paper to the Irish Historical Society.
10 H.K. Crawford, Outside the Glow: Protestants and Irishness in Independent Ireland in the Twentieth Century (Dublin, 2010).
11 Ruane, Joseph and David Butler, ‘Southern Irish Protestants: An Example of De-Ethnicisation?’, Nations and Nationalism, 13 (4) (2007), pp 619–35.
/> 12 Bunreacht na hÉireann, Constitution of Ireland, Preamble, p.2.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., p.131.
15 Enda Longley, The separation of political Irishness and culture in Ireland’, Irish Times, 9 August 1989.
16 B. Hayes & T. Fahey, ‘Protestants and Politics in the Republic of Ireland: Is Integration Complete? In M. Busteed, F. Neal & J. Tonge, Irish Protestant Identities (Manchester, 2008), p.82.
17 Kurt Bowen, Protestants in a Catholic State (Kingston, Canada, 1983), p.116.
18 Irish Independent, 11 October 2012.
19 http://motherandbabyhome.com/
20 Joseph Ruane, Ethnopolitics, Vol.9, No.1 (March 2010), p. 130.
21 Markus Tanner, Ireland’s Holy Wars, p.418.
22 Church of Ireland Gazette, 2 June 1972.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Edna Longley, Untold Stories (Dublin, 2002), p.111.
26 Ibid.
27 Victor Griffin, Enough Religion to Make us Hate (Dublin 2002), p.2.
28 Tanner, Ireland’s Holy Wars, p.421.
29 Vaughan and Fitzpatrick (eds), Irish Historical Statistics: Population 1821–1971 (Dublin, 1978), pp.49, 66–68; COI 2011 website: www.cso.ie/multiquicktables/quickTables.aspx?id=cd702 Note these figures represent Church of Ireland, Presbyterians and Methodists in 1911 and 2011.
30 When the author spoke to the lady Church of Ireland priest in the parish of Fethard-on-Sea some years ago, she offered the opinion that when you take into consideration the boycott of Protestants there (see Chapter 5) ‘it is surprising we survived’.
31 Stephen Howe, Ireland and Empire (Oxford, 2000), p.82.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid., p.83.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid., p.85.
36 Ibid., p.84.
37 Email to the author of 24 May 2016.
38 The Irish Times, 12 November 1998.
39 Walker, A Political History of the Two Irelands, p.194.
40 Howe, Ireland and Empire (Oxford, 2000).
41 While President, Mary McAleese held an annual reception for Orangemen, north and south, at Áras an Uachtaráin in her efforts to ‘build bridges’. It was at one such reception that the President informed the author that she opposed Commonwealth membership.
42 Stephen Howe in Ireland and Empire argues that ‘An implicit or explicit belief in Irish exceptionalism seems widespread even among the scholars most critical of nationalism’, p.84.
43 Francis Flanagan, Remembering the Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2015), p.1.
44 Ibid., p. 2.
45 Ibid.,
46 Ware Bradley Wells, An Irish Apologia: Some Thoughts on Anglo-Irish Relations and the War (Dublin,1917) cited in Remembering the Revolution, p.70.