Rising Star

by David Garrow

  53. Summit for the ’90’s, WTBS, 28 January 1991 [Tape 136], CNN; Gerry Yandel, “Talk Won’t End Troubles, Black Summit Cautions,” AJC, 29 January 1991, p. B1; “Editor, Harvard Law Review, Black History Minutes,” TBS Public Affairs, [February 1991]; Marie [Milnes], Trent [Norris], and Jon [Molot] to Governance Committee, “Report on Our Three Areas,” 5 January 1991, TNP; “Law Review Elects New Leader,” HLRec, 8 February 1991, p. 3; Obama to Griswold, 8 February 1991, EGP Box 132 Fld. 13; Kerlow, Poisoned Ivy, pp. 10–11, 15–16; Butts and Ellen in Remnick, The Bridge, pp. 191, 210; DJG interviews with Cassandra Butts, Rob Fisher, Randall Kennedy, Mark Kozlowski, Roger Boord, Trent Norris, David Goldberg, John Parry, Carol Platt Liebau, Bruce Spiva, Jon Molot, Sean Lev, Howard Ullman, Charlie Robb, Jonathan Putnam, Sondra Hemeryck, Mark Rosen, and Tom Perrelli.

  54. Bob Arnold, “Obama Opens Up: Looks Back on Historic Year,” HLRec, 15 February 1991, pp. 1, 8; Daniel J. Greaney, “Reviewing the Review,” HLRec, 1 March 1991, p. 4; Griswold to Obama, 15 March 1991, Ellen to Griswold, 4 April 1991, Griswold to Ellen, 12 April 1991, Ellen to Griswold, 6 May 1991, Griswold to Ellen, 10 May 1991, EGP Box 132 Fld. 13; Trent Norris and Ken Mack to The Body, “Bluebook Changes,” 7 March 1991, Alan Diefenbach to David Ellen, “Proposal for a Permanent Advisory Board for the Bluebook,” 25 April 1991, Norris to David Ellen et al., “Bluebook Process,” 9 September 1991, Norris, “Proposal for a Uniform System of Citation Advisory Board,” 9 September 1991, Pat [Philbin], Eric [Reifschneider], Rob [Niewyck], and Simone [Francis] to David [Ellen], Bruce [Spiva], and Trent [Norris], “Bluebook Process,” 24 September 1991, all TNP; Jim C. Chen, “Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue,” University of Chicago Law Review 58 (Fall 1991): 1527–40, esp. 1536, 1537; Norris, “Report of the Bluebook Editor,” 4 February 1992, TNP; James W. Paulsen, “An Uninformed System of Citation,” HLR 105 (May 1992): 1780–94, at 1792; James D. Gordon, “Oh No! A New Bluebook!,” Michigan Law Review 90 (May 1992): 1698–1704, at 1700; Scheiber, “Crimson Tide,” TNR, 4 February 2009; DJG interviews with Trent Norris, Frank Amanat, Ken Mack, Carol Platt Liebau, Monica Harris, Susan Freiwald, Brad Wiegmann, Brad Berenson, Lori-Christina Webb, Lourdes Lopez-Isa, Edith Ramirez, Janis Kestenbaum, Mark Kozlowski, Sean Lev, Tom Perrelli, and Karla Martin.

  55. Fraser Robinson III Employee Work History, City of Chicago; Obama, TAOH, p. 332; Michelle Obama in Pete Thamel, “Coach with a Link to Obama Has Hope for Brown’s Future,” NYT, 16 Feruary 2007, p. D1; Felsenthal, “The Making of a First Lady,” CM, February 2009; Craig Robinson, A Game of Character, p. 153–55; Jodi Kantor, “The Obamas’ Marriage,” NYT, 1 November 2009; Kantor, The Obamas, p. 40; Slevin, Michelle Obama, pp. 132–33; HLS Adviser #25, 21 February 1991, p. 5; Paul Tarr, “Bell Stuns BLSA Conference,” HLRec, 15 March 1991, pp. 1, 7; Meredith Ebbin, “Ombudsman Arlene Brock Happy for Barack, Her Harvard Law School Chum,” Bermuda Sun, 6 June 2008; Obama to Bell, 27 March 1991, DBP Box 136 Fld. 1; George Paul, “Students Intervene in CCR Suit,” HLRec, 8 February 1991, p. 1; Daniel J. Greaney, “The Radical Fringe Must Be Stopped,” HLRec, 15 February 1991, p. 4; “Judge Rejects Suit on Bias in Harvard’s Hiring,” NYT, 26 February 1991, p. A18; Anthony Flint, “Harvard Law Wins in Bias Suit Ruling,” BG, 26 February 1991, p. 24; Robert Arnold, “Discrimination Suit Dismissed,” HLRec, 1 March 1991, pp. 1, 8; Ken Myers, “Students Take Diversity Fight Against Harvard to State Court,” NLJ, 4 March 1991, p. 4; Harvard Law School Coalition for Civil Rights v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, 412 Mass. 66 (9 July 1992).

  56. Harvard Law School 1990–91 Catalog, p. 157; Unger, Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task (Cambridge University Press, 1987); Unger, False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 1987); Unger, Plasticity into Power: Comparative Historical Studies in the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success (Cambridge University Press, 1987); Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998); Unger, What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2006); Unger, The Left Alternative (Verso, 2009); Unger e-mails to David Remnick, 1 and 6 March 2009; Chris Szabla, “After Rocky but Influential Tenure, Brazil’s ‘Minister of Ideas’ Returns to HLS,” HLRec, 4 October 2009; Gary Dorrien, The Obama Question (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), p. 3 (echoing Unger in highlighting how “Obama’s blend of extroverted charm . . . and personal guardedness epitomizes the style of sociability prized by American professional and business culture”); [Obama and Fisher], “Plant Closings: Creative Destruction and the Viability of the Regulated Market,” n.d. [post 5 March 1991], RFP; DJG interviews with Roberto Unger, Gerry Frug, Rob Fisher, Steve Ganis, and Ian Haney López.

  57. [Obama and Fisher], “Race and Rights Rhetoric,” n.d. [ca. April 1991], RFP; Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (Free Press, 1984), DJG, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Morrow, 1986), DJG, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From ‘SOLO’ to Memphis (W. W. Norton, 1981); Martha Minow to Rob Fisher and Barack Obama, “Re: Your Manuscript,” n.d., RFP; Obama’s 2001 interview with Julieanna Richardson; Martha Minow’s 2007 interview with Liza Mundy; Jager, “Narrating the Nation: Students, Romance and the Politics of Resistance in South Korea,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, December 1994; DJG interviews with Rob Fisher, Martha Minow, Scott Siff, and Sheila Jager. On Jiyul Kim, see Kristin Wilson, “Prof Named Fulbright Scholar,” Cumberland County Sentinel, 31 January 2005, Jiyul Kim, “Self Introduction,” Korea History Group Blog, 21 January 2006, and Jiyul Kim, “Cultural Dimensions of Strategy and Policy,” Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, May 2009, p. vi.

  58. Douglas Baird in Daniel J. Yovich, “Obama’s Star Power in a Bright Legal Galaxy,” HPH, 14 February 2007, p. 15, in Scott, “Obama’s Story, Written by Obama,” NYT, 18 May 2008, p, A1, in Jason Zengerle, “Con Law,” TNR, 30 July 2008, p. 7, in Michael Lipkin, “The Professor and the President,” Chicago Maroon, 7 November 2008, in Becoming Barack, Little Dizzy Home Video, 2009, and on CNBC, 12 January 2009; Jud Miner in Jodi Enda, “Great Expectations,” American Prospect, February 2006, pp. 22ff., in Margaret Talev, “For Obama, a Tale of Two Speeches,” KRDC McClatchy, 16 November 2007, in Jo Becker and Christopher Drew, “Pragmatic Politics, Forged on the South Side,” NYT, 11 May 2008, p. A1, in Tim Harper, “The Making of a President,” Toronto Star, 16 August 2008, p. A1, in Yearwood, “Obama and the Jews,” Chicago Jewish News, 12 September 2008, in Hilary Leila Krieger, “Mr. Obama’s Neighborhood,” Jerusalem Post, 23 October 2008, in Olivia Clarke, “A Firm with a Misson,” Chicago Lawyer, January 2009, and in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 64; DJG interviews with Kelly Jo MacArthur, Geraldine Alexis, John Levi, Charles Payne, Douglas Baird, Geof Stone, Judd Miner, and Allison Davis. On Payne’s library work, see Charles Payne et al., “The University of Chicago Library Data Management System,” The Library Quarterly 47 (January 1977): 1–22; Maureen O’Donnell and Jon Seidel, “Barack Obama’s Great-Uncle Dies at 89,” CST, 12 August 2014; Graydon Megan, “Obama’s Great-Uncle, Innovative Librarian,” CT, 13 August 2014; and “Charles T. Payne, Leader in Library Automation, 1925–2014,” University of Chicago Library News, 15 August 2014.

  59. Dolly Smith, “Law Students Rally at Harvard, Demand Diverse Faculty,” BG, 5 April 1991, p. 19; Toyia R. Battle, “Law Students End Overnight Sit-In,” HC, 6 April 1991; Sharon Stone, “Students Strike for Diversity,” Robert Arnold, “Students Storm Dean Clark’s Office,” and Betsy Fishman, “CCR Intimidates, Insults and Condescends,” HLRec, 12 April 1991, pp. 1, 2, 4, 11, 12; Dan Greaney, “Double Standard for Student Dissidents,” HLRec, 19 April 1991, p. 4; Ira E. Stoll, “Law Dean Clark Slams Protesters,” HC, 25 April 1991; “Law Students Rally, Decry Dean’s Letter,” HC, 26 April 1991; Arnold, “‘What I Do Is Actually Quite a Bit of Fun,” “Diversity Protesters Picket Griswold Hall,” Charissee Carney and Nicole Lamb, “Record: A Fascist Enquirer!?,” and Andrew Thomas, “A
n Open Letter to Dean Clark,” HLRec, 3 May 1991, pp. 1, 3, 4, 9, 11–12; Mark N. Templeton, “The Last Laugh Is Dean Clark’s,” HC, 6 June 1991; Eric Felten, “Freedom to Think at Harvard Law,” Washington Times, 17 July 1991, p. E1; Matthew S. Bromberg, “Harvard Law School’s War Over Faculty Diversity,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 1 (Autumn 1993): 75–82; Harvard Law Revue, 13 April 1991; DJG interviews with David Goldberg, Scott Siff, John Parry, Kevin Downey, Bruce Spiva, Sondra Hemeryck, Trent Norris, Mark Rosen, and Chad Oldfather. On Mary Joe Frug’s never-solved murder, Alice McQuillan, “The Professor and the Murder,” Boston Herald Magazine, 29 March 1992, pp. 7ff., is vastly superior to Peter Collier, “Blood on the Charles,” Vanity Fair, October 1992, pp. 144–64.

  60. Harvard Law School 1990–91 Catalog, p. 5; “Student Profile: Barack Obama,” Harvard Law School 1991 Yearbook, pp. 109, 184; Harvard University, The Three Hundred and Fortieth Commencement, 6 June 1991, esp. p. 37 (seventy-two 1991 magna cum laude J.D. graduates), HUA; Emma Coleman Jordan, “Degrees of Hatred,” WP, 16 June 1991, pp. B1–B2; Kerlow, Poisoned Ivy, p. 126; Obama, DFMF, p. 437; Obama’s 2001 interview with Julieanna Richardson; Obama’s 2004 interview with David Axelrod; Obama on NPR with Tavis Smiley, 29 March 2004; HLS Adviser #32, 18 April 1991, p. 4, #36, 16 May 1991, p. 2; “Summer Addresses—3Ls,” n.d. [May 1991], Adam Charnes Papers; Tucker, “HAA and HRAAA Name Candidates,” HC, 31 January 1991; Donald M. Solomon to “Dear Friend,” April 1991, HRAAAP; “Slates for Harvard’s Spring Elections,” Harvard Magazine, May–June 1991, p. 79; Tucker, “Overseers Redefine Role,” HC, 18 November 1991; Gady A. Epstein, “HRAAA Offers No Board Nominees,” HC, 16 April 1992; Scott, A Singular Woman, p. 297; Levenson and Saltzman, “At Harvard Law, a Unifying Voice,” BG, 28 January 2007; Obama, remarks at Hampton University Annual Ministers’ Conference, 5 June 2007; Obama on All Things Considered, NPR, 10 June 2008 ($60,000); Obama, Remarks at a Question-and-Answer Session, 6 July 2011, Public Papers, 2011, Vol. II, p. 828 ($60,000); DJG interviews with Jonathan King, Roberto Unger, Rob Fisher, Ken Mack, Gordon Whitman, Christine Lee, Jan-Michele Lemon Kearney, and Mark Kozlowski. Lynn Sweet, “The Obama We Don’t Know,” CST, 19 July 2008, which contains a number of errors, declares that “Obama took out $42,753 in loans to pay for Harvard” but gives no indication of the source for so specific and unique an amount.

  CHAPTER SIX: BUILDING A FUTURE

  1. Steve Kerch, “South Shore: Country Club Symbolizes Rebirth of Neighborhood,” CT, 25 November 1984, p. 1; Jan Ferris and Henri Cauvin, “Roseland Tries to Ride Out the Shock Wave,” CT, 6 September 1994; Obama, DFMF, p. 438–39; David Moberg, “Danny Davis: A Sharecropper’s Son Searches for Common Ground,” CR, 7 February 1991; Ben Joravsky, “Aldermania,” CR, 21 February 1991; Thomas Hardy and Tim Jones, “It’s a Cakewalk for Daley Slate,” CT, 27 February 1991; Hardy, “Daley Flattens His Opposition,” CT, 3 April 1991; Paul M. Green, “Chicago’s 1991 Mayoral Elections: Richard M. Daley Wins Second Term,” Illinois Issues, June 1991, pp. 17–25; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 49; Tom Gorman, “Braun Resigns,” HPH, 7 December 1988, p. 1; Steve Neal, “As Dems Drift, Dunne Feels Draft,” CST, 2 April 1990, p. 1; Neal and Jim Merriner, “Dem Pick Lyons,” CST, 3 April 1990, p. 1; Neal, “Evans Backers Target Sawyer Council Allies,” CST, 13 May 1990, p. 4; John Kass, “Evans Battles Longtime Foe in 4th Ward,” CT, 6 March 1991; Hardy, “4th Ward Runoff May Settle Old Score,” CT, 25 March 1991; Vernon Jarrett, “Sleazy Tactic Mars Race in 4th Ward,” CST, 2 April 1991, p. 25; “Dobry Should Resign Committeeman Post,” CST, 3 April 1991, p. 29; Jarrett, “Racial Slander Pays Off in Preckwinkle’s Ward,” CST, 4 April 1991, p. 46; Hardy, “5th Ward Democrat Holds Firm,” CT, 5 April 1991; Lynn Sweet, “Dobry Spurns Call to Resign Over Hate Flyers,” CST, 5 April 1991, p. 26; Neal, “Sleazy Race-Baiting Sets Dobry Apart,” CST, 5 April 1991, p. 35; Kass, “What’s Next for Chicago?,” CT, 7 April 1991, p. P1; Carole Ashkinaze, “Dobry ‘Logic’ Sick,” CST, 7 April 1991, p. 39; Neal, “LaPaille Moves to Heal Racial Rift,” CST, 8 April 1991, p. 19; Joravsky, “Dobry’s Folly,” CR, 25 April 1991; Green, “A Tale of Two Wards,” II, May 1991, pp. 38–39; Neal, “Dobry Defies Calls for His Resignation,” CST, 13 May 1991, p. 25; P. Davis Szymczak and Kass, “Judge Rules Evans’ Loss Is Official,” CT, 15 May 1991; William J. Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit: Black Politics and the Chicago Machine, 1931–1991 (University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 203–5; Neal, “Dobry Tries to Salvage Battered Image,” CST, 17 May 1991, p. 37; Gretchen Reynolds, “Is Mayor Daley Really a Republican?,” Chicago Magazine, December 1991; Robert Howard, “Victory Goes to Newhouse Over Kinnally,” CT, 15 June 1966, p. 5; Robert McClory, “Invisible Man,” CR, 13 September 1990; Hardy, “Newhouse Leaving an Impressive Record,” CT, 31 May 1991; Sweet, “Political Briefing,” CST, 31 May 1991, p. 26; Aamer Madhani, “Richard Newhouse Jr.,” CT, 2 May 2002; Alice J. Palmer, “Concepts and Trends in Work-Experience Education in the Soviet Union and the United States,” Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, June 1979, esp. pp. 158–60; “Erskine W. Roberts,” CST, 7 March 2013; Lisa Y. Henderson’s exceptionally impressive genealogical work on Dr. Joseph H. Ward at Scuffalong.com; Sheryl Fitzgerald, “Black Police League Has Tough Job Ahead,” CD, 14 September 1968, p. 1; “Palmer Loses Court Battle; No Longer a Cop,” CD, 2 January 1971, p. 3; Edward L. Palmer (“President, Black Press Institute”), “South Africa, Reagan and ‘Child Torture,’” CT, 4 June 1986; Black Press Institute, “An Afro-American Journalist in the USSR,” People’s Daily World, 19 June 1986, p. 18A; Alice Palmer with Mike Giocondo, “A Peaceful World, a Just World, Requires Outreach,” People’s Daily World, 24 December 1986, pp. 10A, 15A; Cliff Kincaid and Herbert Romerstein, “Communism in Chicago and the Obama Connection,” www.usasurvival.org, 22 May 2008; Carter L. Clews, “Identity Thrall,” Washington Times, 30 July 2008; Trevor Loudon, “The Pro-Soviet Agent of Influence Who Gave Barack Obama His First Job in Politics,” www.usasurvival.org, 2012; Chuck O’Bannon and David Robinson, “Buzz and Alice Palmer,” 2012 (which provides a very richly instructive view indeed of Buzz Palmer); Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 133 (Stroger); Michael Sneed, “Sneed,” CST, 4 June 1991, p. 2; Sweet, “Palmer in Line for Senate Seat,” CST, 4 June 1991, p. 63; Hardy, “Educator Seen as Successor to Newhouse,” CT, 5 June 1991, p. C7; Sneed, “Sneed,” CST, 5 June 1991, p. 2; Paula Corrigan, “Newhouse Seat Fight Looms,” HPH, 5 June 1991, pp. 1, 2; Monica Copeland, “Independent Palmer to Replace Newhouse,” CT, 7 June 1991, p. C3; “Palmer Wins Newhouse Senate Seat,” CST, 7 June 1991, p. 24; Jarrett, “Bad News, Good News,” CST, 9 June 1991, p. 41; Jarrett, “Palmer Remains the Right Choice to Succeed Sen. Newhouse,” CST, 11 June 1991, p. 27; Corrigan, “Palmer Wins Senator’s Seat,” and “Senator Resigns at Critical Time,” HPH, 12 June 1991, pp. 1, 2, 4; Sneed, “Sneed,” CST, 18 June 1991, p. 2; Corrigan, “New State Senator Prepares for a Long Career,” HPH, 26 June 1991, p. 3; Kathleen Furore, “New State Senator Seeks Wedding of Politics, Education,” CT, 30 June 1991, p. W11; Corrigan, “Area Legislative Boundaries May Change with Remap,” HPH, 3 July 1991, p. 3; Alice Palmer, “School Funding Needs Attention,” HPH, 25 September 1991, p. 4; “Names,” Illinois Issues, October 1991, p. 22; “State Senator Wins Environment Award,” HPH, 30 October 1991, p. 2; Alice Palmer’s interviews with Julieanna Richardson and Kate McAuliff; DJG’s interviews with Alan Dobry, Tim Evans, Alice Palmer, Donne Trotter, and Ab Mikva.

  2. Obama on WTTW’s Chicago Tonight, 26 October 2004; Jesse Jackson Jr., A More Perfect Union (Welcome Rain, 2001), pp. 36–37; Michelle Obama, “How I Got Unstuck,” O Magazine, September 2005, pp. 22ff.; Michelle in Kalari Girtley and Brian Wellner, “Michelle Obama Is Hyde Park’s Career Mom,” HPH, 14 February 2007, pp. 7–8, 16–17; Michelle and Jarrett in Richard Wolffe, “Barack’s Rock,” Newsweek, 25 February 2008; Michelle on CNN’s “Barack Obama Revealed,” 20 August 2008; Quincy White in Liza Mundy, Michelle (Simon & Schuster, 2008), p. 92; Trevor Jensen, “Charles E. Lomax, 1924–2009: Longtime Lawyer for Don
King,” CT, 25 September 2009; Chinta Strausberg, “Local Man Makes Good with Money Management Firm,” CD, 7 July 1987, p. 18; Lauren Young, “Mr. Rogers’ Neighborhood,” Smart Money, March 2002; John W. Rogers Jr.’s 2002 interview with Julieanna Richardson; Lynn Norment, “John Rogers: Setting New Standards at the Top of the Money Market,” Ebony, August 2004, pp. 140ff.; Phil Vettel, “Despite Changes in the Kitchen, Stylish Gordon Has Aged Gracefully,” CT, 6 October 1989; Vettel, “The Best of a Good-Eating City,” CT, 2 June 1991; Scott Fornek, “‘He Swept Me Off My Feet’: Obamas Recall First Date,” CST, 3 October 2007, p. 6; Bob Dart, “Obama: Trying to Take His Inspiring Vision to the White House,” Cox News Service, 11 January 2008; Michelle on 20/20, ABC, 3 October 2008; Katherine Skiba, “First Lady’s Former Chief of Staff ‘Blissfully’ Unemployed,” CT, 29 January 2011; Sher’s 2009 interview with Robert Draper; Fran Spielman, “Daley Selects Mosena as Chief-of-Staff,” CST, 1 June 1991, p. 5; Jarrett in Kenneth Meeks, “Favorite Son,” Black Enterprise, October 2004, pp. 88–95, in Christopher Benson, “Camelot Rising: Barack & Michelle Obama Begin Their Storied Journey,” Savoy, February 2005, pp. 60–69, 103–6, in Sylvester Monroe et al., “Anatomy of a Moment,” Ebony, March 2008, pp. 67ff., in Douglas Belkin, “For Obama, Advice Straight Up,” WSJ, 12 May 2008, p. A5, and in Kathryn Knight, “Is She the U.S. Cherie?,” Daily Mail, 26 June 2008, p. 56; Don Terry’s excellent “In the Path of Lightning,” CT Magazine, 27 July 2008; Michelle Cottle, “The Woman to See,” TNR, 27 August 2008, pp. 14ff.; Jonathan Van Meter’s superb “Barack’s Rock,” Vogue, October 2008, pp. 336ff.; Lynn Sweet, “Ms. Jarrett Goes to Washington,” DailyBeast. com, 24 November 2008; Isabel Wilkerson, “The Closer,” Essence, April 2009, pp. 106–9, 150; Christi Parsons, “The President’s Right-Hand Woman,” CT, 19 February 2011; Levi in Melinda Henneberger, “The Obama Marriage,” Slate, 26 October 2007; Minow in James L. Merriner, “The Friends of O,” Chicago Magazine, June 2008, and in Jay Newton-Small, “Michelle Obama’s Savvy Sacrifice,” Time, 25 August 2008; Miner in Ryan Lizza, “Making It,” New Yorker, 21 July 2008; George Galland in Dean Barnett, “Would You Hire Barack Obama?,” Weekly Standard, 1 September 2008; Clarke, “A Firm with a Mission,” Chicago Lawyer, January 2009; John W. Rogers Jr.’s 2002 interviews with Julieanna Richardson; Jarrett’s 2012 interview with Jim Gilmore; Minow’s 2008 interview with Gilmore; DJG interviews with Sondra Hemeryck, Jesse Jackson Jr., John Levi, Kelly Jo MacArthur, Gwendolyn LaRoche Rogers, John W. Rogers Jr., Geraldine Alexis, Newton Minow, Linzey Jones, Eden Martin, Judd Miner, Allison Davis, Paul Strauss, George Galland, Elvin Charity, and Rob and Lisa Fisher; Bob Goldsborough, “John W. Rogers Sr., 1918–2014,” CT, 22 January 2014. On Valerie Jarrett, also see Maurice Lee, “When the Going Gets Tough, Jarrett Steps Up,” HPH, 21 May 2003, p. 7, Christi Parsons et al., “Barack’s Rock,” CT, 22 April 2007, and Jarrett on Tell Me More, NPR, 24 July 2008. Paul Kengor, “Letting Obama Be Obama,” American Spectator, July–August 2011, pp. 12–19, is a relentlessly hostile Jarrett profile. Her former spouse, Dr. William Robert Jarrett, whom she married in 1983, left in 1987, and divorced in 1988, died of a heart attack in 1993 at age forty. Kenan Heise, “Dr. William Jarrett of Jackson Park Hospital,” CT, 23 November 1993. On Jarrett’s father, see Dawn Rhodes, “Dr. James E. Bowman, 1923–2011,” CT, 30 September 2011. On her mother, see Barbara Mahany, “Bard of Education,” CT, 20 August 1997, and Kimberly Sweet, “Behind Every Child,” University of Chicago Magazine, February 1999. Timuel D. Black Jr. interviewed both Bowmans at length in 1994. See Black, Bridges of Memory (Northwestern University Press, 2003), pp. 568–99, and the full transcripts in the Black Papers, CPL.