Rising Star

by David Garrow

  28. Obama to Bell, 3 February 1995, Bell to Obama, 27 March 1995, and Obama to Bell, 27 March 1995, Bell Papers; Obama, “Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief,” ACORN v. Edgar, #95-C-174, N. D. Ill., 11 January 1995; Juan Cartagena to NVRA Implementation Attorney Network, “Status of Litigation,” 1 February 1995, Human SERVE Papers Box 35 Fld. 1495; ACORN v. Edgar, 880 F. Supp. 1215, esp. 1219, 1222 (N. D. Ill.), 28 March 1995; Bernie Mixon and Peter Kendall, “Illinois Told to Move on ‘Motor-Voter Law,’” CT, 29 March 1995, p. C1; Obama to David R. Melton, 29 March 1995, HSP Box 16 Fld. 748; ACORN v. Edgar, 56 F. 3d 791 (7th Cir.), 5 June 1995; ACORN v. Edgar, 1995 WL 359900 (N. D. Ill.), 13 June 1995; ACORN v. Edgar Docket, 26 June 1995; 51st Annual IVI/IPO Independents’ Day Dinner, 22 July 1995, HSP Box 16 Fld. 749; ACORN v. Edgar, 1995 WL 532120 (N. D. Ill.), 7 September 1995; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, pp. 78–79; African American Voting Rights Legal Defense Fund v. Villa, 54 F. 3d 1345 (8th Cir.), 12 May 1995; cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1113, 20 February 1996; Barnaby J. Feder, “Kenneth Pontikes, 54, Founder of Computer Leasing Company,” NYT, 25 June 1994; Henri Cauvin, “Kenneth N. Pontikes, 54, Founder of Comdisco Inc.,” CT, 25 June 1994; Donnell v. Comdisco, #95-C-512 (N. D. Ill.), 26 January 1995; Ronald E. Yates, “Ex-Comdisco Worker Sues, Alleging Bias,” CT, 7 February 1996; Matthew Schifrin, “Jack Slevin’s Ordeal,” Forbes, 14 August 1995, pp. 82–83, 86; Donnell v. Comdisco, 1995 U. S. Dist. Lexis 13214 (N. D. Ill.), 8 September 1995; Obama’s 20 September 1995 remarks at the Cambridge (MA) Public Library; Barbara Sullivan, “Now Is She a Household Name?,” CT, 31 January 1994; Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank, #94-C-4094 (N. D. Ill.), 6 July 1994; Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank, 162 F.R.D. 322 and 338 (N. D. Ill.), 29 June 1995; “Settlement Agreement,” 9 January 1998, “Order,” 7 May 1998, and “Order,” 12 May 1998, Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank, #94-C-4094; Mike Robinson (AP), “Some Cases Obama Worked on in His Career as an Attorney,” 20 February 2007; Pallasch, “Obama’s Legal Career,” CST, 17 December 2007, p. 4; Dan Morain, “Obama’s Lawyer Days Were Effective but Brief,” LAT, 6 April 2008, p. A14; Pallasch, “Judge Ruben Castillo Makes Top 10 List of Obama’s Supreme Court Possibilities,” CST, 13 May 2009; Matt O’Connor, “Federal Judge Bua Hanging Up the Robe,” CT, 11 September 1991; Bill Lueders, “They Knew Him When,” Isthmus, 21 February 2008; Miner, “Barack Obama’s Career at Miner, Barnhill & Galland”; Jeff Cummings, Speech Outline, [29 April 2009]; Dick Lovell, “Obama Is ‘An Extraordinary Person,’ Friend Jeff Cummings Tells Rotarians,” Madison Rotary News #44, 1 May 2009; Neil Munro, “With Landmark Lawsuit, Barack Obama Pushed Banks . . . ,” and Stephen Elliott, “Obama’s African-American Clients Got Coupons, Not Cash,” Daily Caller, 3 September 2012; Matt Gertz, “Daily Caller Tries and Fails to Read Legal Documents,” MediaMatters.org, 4 September 2012; DJG interviews with Allison Davis, Alex Kotlowitz, Derrick Bell, Madeline Talbott, Judd Miner, Jeff Cummings, Cindi Canary, David Melton, Jeanne Gills, Whit Soule, and Chuck Barnhill.

  29. UCLS Announcements 1994–95, pp. 44–45; UCLS Directory 1994–95, p. 34; UCLS Course Evaluation, Current Issues in Racism and the Law, Spring 1995; Noni-Ellison Southall, “When the President Was My Professor,” CNN.com, 25 February 2013; DJG interviews with Marni Willenson, Tiffanie Cason De Liberty, Susannah Baruch, Linda Simon, Liisa Thomas, and Deborah Burnet. By 1995 Barack was contributing “an outstanding lecture” on the legal roots of American racism each time UC medical professor Dr. Deborah Burnet, the spouse of CCRC veteran Rev. Bob Klonowski, taught her interdisciplinary “Inequality and Health” course.

  30. Times Books catalog, page 23, Rob Mitchell Papers (and listing Dreams as a June title); Publishers Weekly, 10 April 1995, p. 46; Kirkus Reviews, 15 April 1995; Thomas Hardy and John Kass, “Daley Hits the Campaign Running,” CT, 9 December 1994; Bernie Mixon, “Gardner Says He’ll Stay in Mayoral Race,” CT, 12 December 1994; Kass, “Daley Calls for End to City Racial Politics,” CT, 15 December 1994; Kass, “Moseley-Braun Steps into Daley’s Corner,” CT, 21 December 1994; Burney Simpson, “Voter Registration: Too Good to Be True,” Chicago Reporter, February 1995; Hardy, “Ho-Hum Mayoral Campaign Is Good News for Daley,” CT, 12 February 1995; Joseph A. Kirby and Kass, “Gardner Tries Tossing a GOP Label at Daley,” CT, 14 February 1995; Kass and Theresa Puente, “Gardner Expresses Bitterness,” CT, 16 February 1995; Kirby, “Jackson’s Words Lift Up Gardner,” CT, 19 February 1995; Hardy, “Daley’s Machine Humming,” CT, 26 February 1995, Hardy and Kass, “Daley Rolls Just Like Dad,” CT, 1 March 1995; Hardy and Kass, “Daley Rests While Burris Maps Strategy,” CT, 2 March 1995; Hardy, “Shades of Resentment Evident in Burris Campaign Against Daley,” CT, 26 March 1995; Don Terry, “In a GOP World, a Democrat Rules Chicago,” NYT, 1 April 1995; Hardy, “Daley Again in a Cakewalk,” CT, 5 April 1995; Hardy, “Daley Keeps Minority Inroad,” CT, 7 April 1995; Dick Simpson et al., “The New Daley Machine: 1989–2004,” The City’s Future Conference, Chicago, July 2004, esp. p. 7; Dan Conley, “Look Homeward, Obama,” Salon, 23 May 2008 (“Daley stalwarts like Valerie Jarrett . . . and John Rogers”); Draper’s 2009 interviews with Robin Schiff and Benjamin Dreyer; DJG interviews with Rob Fisher, Ruth Fecych, and Roland Burris.

  31. Steve Neal, “Emil Jones Considers Run for Treasurer,” CST, 12 December 1994, p. 23; Janan Hanna, “Case Against Reynolds Dealt Blow,” CT, 10 January 1995; “Jack O’Malley’s Burden of Proof,” CT, 11 January 1995; Neal, “Palmer Clouds Reynolds’ Political Future,” CST, 11 January 1995, p. 29; Alice Palmer, “Legislature Seeks to Change Higher Education,” HPH, 1 March 1995, p. 4; Maurice Possley, “Reynolds Accused of Sex with 2nd Teen,” CT, 5 April 1995; Ellen Schumer notes, 7 April 1995, ESP; “Twice Burned in the 2nd District,” CT, 21 April 1995; Gabriel Kahn, “Legal Woes Mounting, Reynolds Now Pursued by Political Rivals,” Roll Call, 24 April 1995; Schumer notes, 1 May 1995, ESP; Possley, “Reynolds Is Socked with New Indictments,” CT, 4 May 1995; Ellen Warren, “Amid Hopes, Always Doubt,” CT, 7 May 1995; Schumer notes, 11 May 1995, ESP; Illinois State Senate Floor Transcript, 26 May 1995, esp. pp. 66–68 (del Valle), 71–73 (Garcia), and 77 (Palmer); Thomas Hardy and Rick Pearson, “State GOP Had Its Way All the Way,” and Suzy Frisch, “State Lawmakers Adjourn with GOP Flaunting Majority,” CT, 28 May 1995; Ray Gibson, “Tapes May Decide Reynolds’ Fate,” CT, 25 June 1995; Friends of Alice Palmer, FEC Form 3, 31 January 1995–30 June 1995 (as amended 28 June 1996), FEC; Obama to Abon’go Malik Obama, 23 July 1995, Abon’go Malik Obama Papers; Obama in Joe Frolik, “A Newcomer to the Business of Politics,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, 3 August 1996, p. A1; Obama’s 2001 interview with Julieanna Richardson; Obama’s remarks at the Heartland Cafe, Chicago, 7 February 2004, JKP and TPP, and on The Charlie Rose Show, 23 November 2004; “Complete Transcript of the Sun-Times Interview with Barack Obama,” SunTimes.com, 15 March 2008 (“we were both active in Alice Palmer’s campaign, so I got to know him at that point”); Obama interview transcript, CT, 16 March 2008, p. 22 (Rezko introducing Obama to aldermen); Jean Rudd in Ryan Lizza, “The Agitator,” TNR, 19 March 2007, pp. 22ff., and in Michael Powell, “Calm in the Swirl of History,” NYT, 4 June 2008; Michelle in Suzanne Bell, “Michelle Obama Speaks at ISU,” Daily Vidette, 26 October 2004, and in Sarah Brown, “Obama ’85 Masters Balancing Act,” Daily Princetonian, 7 December 2005; Rosalind Rossi, “Obama’s Anchor,” CST, 21 January 2007, p. A9; Michelle in Eric Tucker (AP), “Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama,” 1 March 2007, on All Things Considered, NPR, 9 July 2007, in Scott Helman, “Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb,” BG, 12 October 2007, p. A1, in Rosemary Ellis, “A Conversation with Michelle Obama,” Good Housekeeping, November 2008, in Liza Mundy, Michelle, p. 124, and in Sandra Sobieraj Westfall, “The Obamas Get Personal,” People, 4 August 2008; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 106; McClelland, “Mel Reynolds’s Horniness Opened Door for Obama,” NBCChicago.com, 28 November 2012; DJG interviews with Alice Palmer, Hal Baron, Brian Banks, Kitty Kurth, Darrel Thompson, Ellen Schumer, Andy Foster, Judd Miner, Allison Davis, Jeff Schoenberg, Joh
n Hooker, Frank Clark, Ray Harris, Jean Rudd, Larry Suffredin, Steve Derks, Marilyn Katz, Matt Piers, Chuy Garcia, Toni Preckwinkle, Barbara Holt, and Barbara Flynn Currie. On Barbara Holt’s election, see Steve Neal, “Holt, Oliver-Hill Neck and Neck in South Side Aldermanic Race,” CST, 29 March 1995, p. 33, Jorge Oclander, “Loss of Clout Dims IVI-IPO’s Fate,” CST, 2 April 1995, p. 22, and Ben Joravsky, “Mud Flap,” CR, 20 April 1995. On Chuy Garcia, also see his 1990 interview with Betty Brown Chappell, Steve Bogira, “What Pilsen Taught Chuy Garcia,” CR, 12 December 2014, and Bogira, “Jesus ‘Chuy’ Garcia’s Journey,” CR, 21 January 2015. See also “The Barack Obama We Know,” Lake & Prairie, 4th Quarter 2008, p. 3.

  32. “Elementary School Council Election Results,” CT, 13 October 1989; Michael Hirsley, “Islam Pilgrimage Goal of a Lifetime,” CT, 20 May 1994, p. C9; Judy Hevrdejs and Mike Conklin, “Changing of Guard in Schools Puts Daley Staff at Head of Class,” CT, 16 June 1995, p. 18; Kevin Knapp, “Names Begin to Surface for Committeeman Races,” HPH, 23 August 1995, p. 3; Michael Sneed, “Sneed,” CST, 25 June 1995, p. 4; Chinta Strausberg, “St. Sen. Palmer Makes Bid for Reynolds Seat,” CD, 27 June 1995, p. 3; Strausberg, “Palmer Ready to Take on Reynolds,” CD, 28 June 1995, p. 1; Thomas Hardy, “Palmer Seeks to Replace Reynolds,” CT, 28 June 1995, p. C3; Scott Fornek, “Reynolds’ 1st Challenger Announces,” CST, 28 June 1995, p. 14; Knapp, “Alice Palmer to Run for Reynolds Seat,” HPH, 5 July 1995, pp. 1–2; Hevrdejs and Conklin, “Something Different,” CT, 7 July 1995, p. 20; “The Friends of Alice J. Palmer (in formation),” n.d., TBP Box 103 Fld. 21 (including Barbara Flynn Currie, Al Johnson, Antoin Rezko, Allison Davis, Toni Preckwinkle, Jean Rudd, Barack Obama, Hal Baron, Brian Banks, and Alan and Lois Dobry); Friends of Barack Obama, Report of Campaign Contributions and Expenditures, Form D-2, 1 July 1995–31 December 1995, 2 February 1996; Bruce Bentley, “Chicago New Party Update,” New Ground 42, September–October 1995; Al Johnson’s 1989 interview with Betty Brown-Chappell; Robert Mier and Kari J. Moe, “Decentralized Development: From Theory to Practice,” in Pierre Clavel and Wim Wiewel, Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive Development in Chicago, 1983–1987 (Rutgers University Press, 1991), p. 87; Cheryl V. Jackson, “Albert W. Johnson: GM’s 1st Black Franchise Owner,” CST, 14 January 2010; Trevor Jensen, “Albert W. Johnson: 1920–2010,” CT, 21 January 2010; “Former Neighbor Al Johnson, First Black GM Dealer, Dies at 89,” RanchoMurieta.com, 29 January 2010; DJG interviews with Hermene Hartman, Abner Mikva, Don Johnson, and Willie Delgado.

  33. Obama [by Hallett] to Bruce Newman, 31 May 1995, CACP Box 130 Fld. 924; CAC Board of Directors “Minutes,” 5 June 1995, CACP; Jacquelyn Heard and V. Dion Haynes, “GOP Changes the Rules for City Schools,” CT, 13 November 1994; Rick Pearson and Joseph A. Kirby, “School Power Lobbed to Daley,” CT, 26 April 1995; John Kass and Pearson, “Daley Quickly Flexes School Muscle,” CT, 25 May 1995; Haynes, “Schools Get Ready for Annenberg Challenge on Innovative Education,” CT, 23 June 1995, p. 5; Kass, “Daley Names School Team,” CT, 30 June 1995; Kass, “City Schools Get Chief Who Rejects Failure,” CT, 2 July 1995; Jacquelyn Heard, “New School Officials Plan Coordinated Effort,” CT, 4 July 1995; Joanne Esters-Brown, “School Cluster Must Meet Aug. 1 Deadline,” HPH, 5 July 1995, pp. 1–2; Haynes, “School Team Tells Principals of Plans,” CT, 14 July 1995; “Rising to the Annenberg Challenge,” CT, 17 July 1995; Heard, “Schools Get New Whiz Kid,” CT, 23 July 1995; Haynes, “Proposed Budget Has Pupil Focus,” CT, 14 August 1995; “Vallas’ Amazing Balancing Act,” CT, 15 August 1995; R. Bruce Dold, “It’s Too Late to Cry Over Spilled Milk,” CT, 18 August 1995; Linda Lenz, “The New Law,” and Grant Pick, “179 Partnerships Bid for First-Round Annenberg Funds,” Catalyst Chicago, September 1995; Lenz and Lynnette Richardson, “89 Groups Get Annenberg Go-Ahead,” Catalyst Chicago, October 1995; CAC Board of Directors, “Minutes,” 12 October 1995, CACP; Ken Rolling to Vartan Gregorian et al., “Chicago Annenberg Program Report,” 8 May 1996, CACP; Anthony S. Bryk et al., “Chicago School Reform,” in Diane Ravitch and Joseph P. Viteritti, eds., New Schools for a New Century (Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 164–200; Dorothy Shipps, “The Invisible Hand: Big Business and Chicago School Reform,” and Michael B. Katz et al., “Poking Around: Outsiders View Chicago School Reform,” Teachers College Record 99 (Fall 1997): 73–116 and 117–57; David Moberg, “Chicago’s 4 R’s: Reading, ’Ritin, ’Rithmetic and Reform,” Examining Education, 20 September 1998, p. 10; Shipps and Karin Sconzert, The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: The First Three Years (Consortium on Chicago School Research, March 1999), pp. 15–17; Paul G. Vallas, “Saving Public Schools,” Civic Bulletin 16, March 1999, pp. 1–9; William S. McKersie and Anthony Markward, “Lessons for the Future of Philanthropy: Local Foundations and Urban School Reform,” in Charles T. Clotfelter and Thomas Ehrlich, eds., Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America (Indiana University Press, 1999), pp. 385–412; G. Alfred Hess Jr., “Expectations, Opportunity, Capacity and Will: The Four Essential Components of Chicago School Reform,” and Shipps et al., “The Politics of Urban School Reform: Legitimacy, City Growth, and School Improvement in Chicago,” Educational Policy 13 (September 1999): 494–517 and 518–45; William Rau et al., “The Chicago School Reforms: Are They Working?,” Sociological Quarterly 40 (Autumn 1999): 641–61; Hess, “School Reform Struggles in an Era of Accountability,” PRAGmatics 2 (Fall 1999): 3–5; Shipps, “Regime Change: Mayoral Takeover of the Chicago Public Schools,” in James G. Cibulka and William L. Boyd, eds., A Race Against Time: The Crisis in Urban Schooling (Praeger, 2003), pp. 106–28; Shipps, “The Businessman’s Educator: Mayoral Takeover and Nontraditional Leadership in Chicago,” in Larry Cuban and Michael Usdan, eds., Powerful Reforms with Shallow Roots (Teachers College Press, 2003), pp. 16–37; Shipps, “Pulling Together: Civic Capacity and Urban School Reform,” American Educational Research Journal 40 (Winter 2003): 841–78; Shipps, “Chicago: The National ‘Model’ Reexamined,” in Jeffrey R. Henig and Wilbur C. Rich, eds., Mayors in the Middle (Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 59–95; Christine C. George, “The Chicago Annenberg Challenge: The Messiness and Uncertainty of Systems Change” (Loyola University of Chicago), 2007, esp. pp. 14–17; Shipps, “Updating Tradition: The Institutional Underpinnings of Modern Mayoral Control in Chicago’s Public Schools,” in Viteritti, ed., When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City (Brookings Institution Press, 2009), pp. 117–47; DJG interviews with Pat Graham, Ken Rolling, Anne Hallett, and Bill Ayers.

  34. [Sandy O’Donnell], “Minutes of Meeting of Hope Center Planning Team & WAALIMU,” 22 July 1995, SOP; DJG interviews with Sokoni Karanja and Sandy O’Donnell; Maurice Possley, “Reynolds’ Trial Delayed 2 Weeks,” CT, 30 June 1995; Possley, “Cast Is Ready for Reynolds Sex-Trial Drama,” CT, 16 July 1995; Possley, “Reynolds Jury Has Balance,” CT, 22 July 1995; Thomas Hardy, “Courtroom Foes Reynolds, O’Malley Both at Crossroads in Their Careers,” CT, 23 July 1995; Possley and Peter Kendall, “Reynolds’ Graphic Phone Calls Detailed,” CT, 25 July 1995; Janita Poe and Graeme Zielinski, “Among Reynolds’ Constituents, Frustration Runs Deep,” CT, 26 July 1995; Hardy, “In Tapes and Trial, Reynolds Is Projecting a Profile in Shame,” CT, 30 July 1995; “Sexual Assault Trial Puts a Chicago Congressman’s Career on the Brink,” NYT, 30 July 1995; Stephen Braun, “Lawmaker’s Trial Rivets Politically Jaded Chicago,” LAT, 1 August 1995; Steve Neal, “2nd District Race May Get Crowded,” CST, 30 July 1995, p. 27; Jerry Thomas, “The Son Is Rising,” CT, 26 May 1995; Ray Gibson, “Reynolds Foe Already Has Raised $51,000 Toward Her ’96 Campaign,” CT, 3 August 1995; Hardy, “Even in August, We’re Still Dogged with Politics,” CT, 6 August 1995; Richard L. Berke, “Behind-the-Scenes Role for a ‘Shadow Senator,’” NYT, 27 March 1991; Steve Rhodes, “What Does Junior Want?,” Chicago Magazine, May 2005; Christopher Wills, “Jackson: Trailblazer, Not Obama’s Mentor,” AP, 7 March 2008; Jason Zengerle, “Jr.: Who Thwarted the Ambitions of Jesse Jackson’s Son?,” New York Magazine, 4 November 201
2; DJG interviews with Hal Baron, Brian Banks, Alice Palmer, Kitty Kurth, Darrel Thompson, Delmarie Cobb, Jesse Jackson Jr., and Marty King.

  35. Friends of Barack Obama, Form D-2, 1 July 1995–31 December 1996, 2 February 1996; John Chase, “Tony Rezko,” CT, 26 May 2005, p. 1; Remnick, The Bridge, p. 277; DJG interviews with David Brint, Kevin Thompson, Carol Harwell, and Janis Robinson. A month later, on September 6, Barack would inscribe a copy of Dreams to Jean Rudd: “You have been such an important person in my life—as a friend, a mentor, a colleague and a sounding board. I am grateful for everything and look forward to our friendship only deepening in the years to come. Love, Barack Obama.”

  36. Dreams From My Father (Times Books, 1995), esp. pp. v, xiii, xv–xvii, 5, 12, 16, 21–22, 29–31, 40, 51, 70, 72, 79, 86, 93–95, 104–5, 135–39, 151–53, 167–80, 189, 195–98, 207–53, 269, 279–85, 291–95, 340–45, 427–30, 434, 437, 440–42 (page citations are to the widely available, 442-page 2004 paperback edition, rather to the very rare 403-page Times Books hardback original); Jeffrey S. Siker, “President Obama, the Bible, and Political Rhetoric,” Political Theology 13 (September 2012): 586–609, at 588 (highlighting the epigraph and observing that “Obama clearly viewed this passage as an important commentary on his life”); Mike Littwin, “Obama’s ‘Change’ Could Be More Than a Coined Phrase,” Rocky Mountain News, 29 August 2007; Rebecca Janowitz, Culture of Opportunity—Obama’s Chicago: The People, Politics, and Ideas of Hyde Park (Ivan R. Dee, 2010), p. 5; Michael Cass, “Obama’s Rise Is No Surprise to Nashville Woman Who Worked with Him,” Tennessean, 5 October 2012; Peter Osnos, “The Making of the Book That Made Obama,” DailyBeast.com, 27 January 2009; Robert Draper’s interviews with Mary Beth Roche and Jessica Reighard; Draper, “Barack Obama’s Work in Progress,” GQ, November 2009; Barbara Foley, “Rhetoric and Silence in Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father,” Cultural Logic 2009, pp. 1–46, at 23; Jefferson A. Singer and Peter Salovey, The Remembered Self: Emotion and Memory in Personality (Free Press, 1993), p. 157 (“identity may be as”); David B. Pillemer, Momentous Events, Vivid Memories (Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 10, 55, 59, 70, 73, 76, 83; Dan P. McAdams, “What Psychobiographers Might Learn from Personality Psychology,” in William T. Schultz, ed., Handbook of Psychobiography (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 64–83, at 74–75; Pierre-Marie Loizeau, “Barack Obama’s Autobiography: A Quest for Personal and Political Identity?,” in Benaouda Lebdai, ed., Autobiography as a Writing Strategy in Postcolonial Literature (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015), pp. 53–65 at 63–64; Mitchell Aboulafia, Transcendence (Stanford University Press, 2010), p. 434; Philip Weiss, “Obama’s Dark Side,” MondoWeiss.net, 22 April 2008; Lynn Sweet, “Obama’s Book: What’s Real, What’s Not,” CST, 8 August 2004; Roger Cohen, “The Obamas of the World,” NYT, 6 March 2008; DJG interviews with Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Dan Lee, Ralph Dunham, Cathy Askew, Margaret Bagby, Eva Sturgies, Maury Richards, Jerry Kellman, Mike Kruglik, Greg Galluzzo, Alex McNear, Genevieve Cook, Sheila Jager, Mary Ellen Montes, Johnnie Owens, Jeremiah Wright, and Zeituni Onyango.