Grasping Gallipoli

by Peter Chasseaud

  Memoirs of Hydrography, Part III. Typescript (n.d.), Hydrographic Department, 920: 528.47 JAC.

  Australian War Memorial

  Maps, War Diaries, etc.

  Bayerisch Hauptstaatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv, Munich

  Vermessungs-Abteilung Nr.11, War Diary.

  Bodleian Library, Oxford

  Milner Papers, Box 122, Folio 129, incl. Minute to War Council by Churchill, 3-4-15.

  British Geological Survey, Wallingford;

  logs taken on the Peninsula during the period of post war British occupation. These provide information not readily available, to the Allies at least, during the war.

  British Library

  Keyes Papers, 5/11.

  British Library Map Library

  Collection of Gallipoli Maps, GHQ-MEF, Maps 43336.(21.).

  The shelf marks of other maps are given in chapter endnotes.

  [Maps SEC.5. (2429), Maps B.A.C.6. (2429), Maps 43980.(7) and (8)]

  Carte de la Presqu’Ile de Gallipoli (in two sheets); published in 1854 by the Depot de la Guerre, Paris, under the direction of Colonel Blondel (engraved by Erhard, 42 rue Bonaparte, printed Chez Kaeppelin, Quai Voltaire.

  Maps 43335.(94.). Sketch of Portion of West Coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula N.W. of Maidos. G. E. Grover. Capt. R.E. 8th February 1876. Lithd. At the Intelligence Branch, Qr. Mr. Genl’s Department under the direction of Lt. Col. R. Home. C.B. R.E. April 1877. [1:15,840]. Stamp: Rec’d TSGS Map Room 7 Jan 1888.

  Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Germany

  Files PH9XX/47, Übungen der Vermessungsabteilungen in Wahn und Thorn 1912, mit photograph, PH9V/98 & 99, Erkundungs- und Vermessungstätigkeit im Festungskrieg. – Entwurf einer Dienstvorschrift in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Kriegsministerium und dem Chef des Generalstabes der Armee, Bd.1, 1913-14, & Bd.2, Jan. 1913 bis Apr. 1914.

  Churchill College, Cambridge

  Chartwell Papers.

  Defence Geographic Centre

  Hedley typescript (1919) on The Geographical Section of the General Staff during the War 1914-18, para 2.

  MI4 (1924), Latitudes of the Turkish Mapping System, Typescript note by MI4, dated 8/8/1924, in MCE, RE (now DGIA).

  MCE, RE.D 30: 3(4). Report from Major R. H. Phillimore, R.E. (8th Field Survey Co., R.E.) on Turkish Staff Maps 1:25,000 and 1:5,000 of Gallipoli and Chanak Kale, with list of Conventional Signs Employed. 20/2/1919.

  The National Archives (formerly Public Record Office, hence references in notes and below given as TNA(PRO))

  (a) Open Shelves

  Foreign Office Lists, 1902-1913.

  (b) Special Collections

  TNA(PRO) 30/57/61. Kitchener papers.

  TNA(PRO) 30/40/14/1. Ardagh Papers, incl. Ardagh (1896), The Eastern Question in 1896, October 1896. pp32-4.

  (c) Admiralty

  ADM 1. Secret Branch: 1796 – 1826.

  ADM 1/8418/90. Admiralty files on Loss of Submarine E15 on 18-4-15.

  ADM 1/8497. Extracts from Minutes of Conference Held in the Admiralty on 3 April 1915.

  ADM 1/8884. War with Turkey. The Forcing of the Dardanelles. 10 August 1906. Very Secret. The Forcing of the Dardanelles (The Naval Aspects of the Question). Capt. C. L. Ottley, Director of Naval Intelligence. E44924. 12.-8/06. Pk. E.& S. A. 12pp., final (third) and earlier drafts.

  ADM 137/787. Dardanelles, Charts and tracings used by the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron 1914-1916, incl. Tracing Admiralty Chart No. 2429, Defences since 4th August 1914, Enclosure No. 11 in Med. Letter No./34 dated 24-12-14.

  ADM 137/881. Dardanelles, 1914 Sept – Dec.

  ADM 137/1089. Dardanelles 1915 Jan – April (H.S. 1089).

  ADM 137/2165, 1914, Mediterranean War Records, Dardanelles.

  ADM 137/4178. 1915-22, Greece, papers relating to economic and strategical position in Balkans and Dardanelles campaign – letters from Admiral Mark Kerr, etc.

  ADM 137/787. (HS Vol. 901) Dardanelles, Charts relating to Eastern Mediterranean Squadron, 1914-1916

  ADM 137/881 Dardanelles. 1914 Sept – Dec.

  ADM 137/1089, Dardanelles 1915 Jan – April (H.S. 1089).

  ADM 137/3087. Royal Naval Division General Staff, Correspondence, Reports & Operation Orders, Dardanelles 4/15 to 1/16.

  ADM 137/3088A. Royal Naval Division, misc. correspondence & arrangements for embarkation 1915.

  ADM 186/26. Notes by Captain H. P. Douglas, R.N. on Methods Employed by H.M. Ships When Engaging Enemy Batteries, C.B. 1202, Confidential, 1916, Admiralty, Gunnery Branch, G. 01701/16. May 1916.

  ADM 186/600, C.B. 1550 Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Attacks delivered on and the Enemy Defences of The Dardanelles Straits, 1919 [Mitchell Report]. Admiralty, Naval Staff, Gunnery Division, April 1921.

  ADM 231/49. Text of NID 838, Turkey. Coast Defences, &c., May 1908, Parts I, II and III, but maps, charts, plates etc., are lacking. Several of these may be found in WO 301 Gallipoli Campaign Maps, and in CAB 19, Minutes of Evidence to the Dardanelles Commission. Earlier reports on Turkey Coast Defences are elsewhere in ADM 231.

  Air

  AIR 1/361. Particulars of HMS Ark Royal, unsigned and undated (probably early 1915).

  AIR 1/479/15/312/239. HMS Ark Royal. Monthly return of Flights, April 1915, etc.

  AIR 1/654 [see Roskill: 241-6]

  AIR 1/664 [see Roskill 258]

  AIR 1/665/17/122/714. Report of work by Short seaplanes in support of firing by HMS Roberts.

  AIR 1/724/76/6. Notes on interview with Air Commodore C. R. Samson, D.S.O., at the Grosvenor Court Hotel, Davies Street, on 15th March 1923. Operations Section. 16th March, 1923.

  AIR 1/2099/207/20/7. Reports from HMS Ark Royal, Dardanelles Operations, Feb – May 1915, Print code: 0(35) AS 140 Pk 1300 250 8/15 E&S, blue printed paper cover.

  AIR 1/2103. Report on the Working of the Kite Balloon Ships at the Dardanelles, Paper on Kite Balloons, 19 October 1915.

  AIR 1/2119/207/72/2. Major Hogg’s Reports, HQ, RFC, ME, Gallipoli & Asiatic Mainland 1915.

  AIR 1/2284/209/75/10, & WO 317/13. Dowson, E. M. (1915), Director-General, Survey of Egypt, Notes on Mapping from Aeroplane photographs in the Gallipoli Peninsula, Secret. [cSeptember 1915], initially issued not earlier than 22 September 1915. Over 40 foolscap pages, illustrated with maps, diagrams, and four air photographs ‘taken by the RNAS in Gallipoli for mapping purposes,’ reproduced typescript, originally in MCE, MRLG (now DGIA).

  (d) Cabinet Office

  CAB 2/2/1. 96th meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defence, 28 February 1907.

  CAB 17/184. Dardanelles Commission, Secret – The Dardanelles Inquiry. Proof. Notes for Evidence… The Origin and Initiation of the Joint Naval and Military Attack on the Dardanelles, April 25. The Possibility of a Joint Naval and Military Attack upon the Dardanelles. Secret. 92B. Printed for the Committee of Imperial Defence. 2 Whitehall Gardens, December 20, 1906. Part I. Memorandum by the General Staff. N.G.L. December 19, 1906. [4pp]. Part II. Note by the Director of Naval Intelligence. [1p]. February 1907. Printed at the Foreign Office by J. W. Harrison, 14/2/1907. Foolscap. Cover + 5pp.

  CAB 19/28. Written submissions to Dardanelles Commission, incl. Aspinall’s written statement to the Dardanelles Commission; Lieut.-Col. Brady’s evidence; Minute by Churchill, 14 May 1915, to Secretary, 1st Sea Lord & Chief of Staff; Callwell’s Summary of Proposed Evidence; Cunninghame to Mears, 3-3-16; etc.

  CAB 19/31. Dardanelles Commission, incl. Maxwell to Kitchener, etc.

  CAB 19/32. Dardanelles Commission, incl. Hamilton’s evidence, & Weather Report by Captain Douglas RN, in Additional statements and documents produced by witnesses after giving evidence to the Dardanelles Commission.

  CAB 19/33. Minutes of Evidence to the Dardanelles Commission, A – C, incl. Summary of Proposed Evidence of Major-General Charles Callwell, evidence of H. Charles Woods, Cunninghame, etc.

  CAB 37/119/47. Churchill, Proposed Aircraft Expedition to Somaliland.

  CAB 38/12/46. Minutes of
92nd meeting of Committee of Imperial Defence, 26 July 1906.

  CAB 38/12/55. Minutes of 93rd meeting of Committee of Imperial Defence, 13 November 1906.

  CAB 45/246. Diary and papers of General C. Cunliffe Owen.

  CAB 45/258. 11th Division War Diary.

  CAB 63/17 (microfilm), sheet 137. Dardanelles, including After the Dardanelles. The Next Steps. Secret. Notes by the Secretary to the Committee for Imperial Defence [Hankey], dated March 1st 1915.

  CAB 63/18 (microfilm), sheet.146. Hankey’s evidence to Dardanelles Commission.

  (e) DEFE Files

  DEFE 2/551. The Dieppe Raid Combined Report (the basis for ‘Battle Report 1886’, sometimes referred to as CB 04244), Combined Operations Headquarters, Directorate papers. See also ‘Confidential Book 04157F’, with which was issued a series of standard and overprinted maps, town plans, defence traces, photographs and mosaics of the operational area.

  (f) Foreign Office

  FO 358/1; FO 881/3676; WO 33/29. Reports and Memoranda relative to Defence of Constantinople and other positions in Turkey. Also on Routes in Roumelia, Strictly Confidential, Printed at the War Office by Harrison & Sons. 1877. [0631] 103 WO.

  FO 371/1847. Cunliffe Owen to Mallet 24-3-14, in Mallet to Grey 24-3-14, No.201; Minute by Russell 30-3-14.

  FO 881/3288, Turkey: Despatches. Defences of Gallipoli (Vice-Consul Odoni).

  FO 881/8589X. Military Report on Eastern Turkey in Europe, 1905, Prepared by the General Staff, War Office. Confidential. A 1027. I 38535. 150.-11/05. Fk. 728. E.& S. A2. Small 8vo. Hard buff covers. [Chapter VI (pp53-72) is on The Gallipoli Peninsula].

  FO 881/9513X. Plates to Accompany the Military Report on Eastern Turkey in Europe and the Ismid Peninsula [General Staff, War Office, London] (Second Edition, 1909). (B414) 200 6/09 H & S 454-2WO. F’cap, buff thin card folder; maps, plans and photographs covering Constantinople, Central Plains (Adrianople, etc), Istranja Balkan District, The Eastern Rhodope District.

  FO 881/9666X, & WO 33/284. Reports on the Defences of Constantinople by Lieut.-Colonel F. R. Maunsell R.A. (Military Attaché, Constantinople). 1903. Secret. [A 826] 9/1903 – (B 157) – 209 WO. Intelligence Department, War Office. 12th September 1903. Hard buff covers, foolscap. 50 pp.

  (g) Secret Services

  HD 3/135. Foreign Office correspondence relating to Secret Service.

  (h) Various Maps

  MPH 1/803/2-3 from WO 33/35. Carte de la Presqu’Ile de Gallipoli – 2 sheets, 1876-80.

  MPH 1/871/2. Survey of Defensive Position near Bulair shewing the Lines constructed by the Anglo-French Army in 1855… 1877.

  MPH 1/871/5-7, 3 Maps of Gallipoli Peninsula from report of 31-1-1877 by G. E. Grover Capt RE about proposed landing place for troops south of Hanafart (Anafarta Lim).

  (i) War Office

  WO 32/5123. Hammersley, report on 11th Division’s operations.

  WO 33/29. Reports and Memoranda relative to Defence of Constantinople and other positions in Turkey… (1877).

  WO 33/35. Paper No.797, Seizure of the Dardanelles as a means of coercing the Porte, including Memorandum on the Passage of the Dardanelles by Major J. C. Ardagh RE, War Office, 1880.

  WO 33/478. Report on Certain Landing Places in Turkey in Europe. 1909. Prepared for the General Staff. War Office. (Secret). (B133) 50 6/09 H&S 158 WO. Vi + 56pp, stiff buff card covers, portrait format c4.5x6.5 inches.

  WO 33/644. Manual of Combined Naval and Military Operations, 1913. Confidential. 40/GEN. NO./269 [A 1674] London: Printed for HMSO by Harrison & Sons, St. Martin’s Lane, Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty. (B 156) 4000 9/13 H&S 194 WO. 72pp. Portrait format, c3.5x4 inches. Hard buff covers.

  WO 33/2333. Report on the Defences of Constantinople. General Staff. Secret. 1909. War Office. [A 1311]. [(B 369) 100 2/09 H & S 400WO]. Copy No. 3 D.M.O. Hard buff covers, portrait format, c4.5 x 6.5 inches. xii + 151 pp.

  WO 33/2334.Plates to accompany the Report on the Defences of Constantinople. General Staff, War Office, 1908. (B 369) 100 2/09 H & S 400-2 WO. Buff foolscap thin printed folder, containing 72 plates, including many folding plans, panorama sketches, photographs, etc.

  WO 95/4309 & 4319. 2nd Lowland Field Company RE, War Diary.

  WO 95/492. 5th Field Survey Company RE, War Diary [Western Front].

  WO 95/4263. M.E.F. Dardanelles, Gen. Staff (GHQ) War Diary, 1915 Feb – 1915 Apr., incl. Report on Naval Bombardment Procedures in the Helles Sector, & Appendices.

  WO 95/4273. Incl. General Douglas to French CEO, 30-7-15.

  WO 95/4280. Anzac Corps General Staff, Special Mission War Diary, & War Diary of Major N. P. Hancock DAA & QMG ANZAC.

  WO 95/4290. Royal Naval Division, General Staff, War Diary.

  WO 95/4304. 29th Division General Staff War Diary, Intelligence Summaries.

  WO 106/42, Military Policy in a War with Turkey, memo by Captain Grant Duff, 11 July 1906. Envelope C3, 21a.

  WO 106/1462. Cunliffe Owen, Lt-Col F., file Forcing of Dardanelles, Feasibility Report on Operations in the Dardanelles, 1914.

  WO 106/1463. Talbot for Callwell, memorandum The Gallipoli Peninsula, signed ‘Cal DMO 1/9/14,’ ‘A, ’in Dallas, memorandum The Dardanelles and Gallipoli Peninsula, dated 1.9.14, ‘B’. Untitled typescript memorandum signed ‘Charles Callwell DMO 3/9/14,’ at ‘D,’ Both at ‘C.’

  WO 106/1534. Samson, Major L.L.R. (1910), Report on Landing Places at Kaba Tepe (Gallipoli Peninsula) with two roads leading therefrom to Maidos and the Kilid Bahr Plateau, Adrianople 28.9.1910. 10pp duplicated typescript.

  WO 153/1058. Maps 1914-1918. Various theatres of war, including Gallipoli Campaign. The references of individual maps are given in chapter endnotes.

  WO 157/647. GHQ MEF Intelligence Summary, Dardanelles.

  WO 157/667. Anzac Corps HQ Intelligence Summaries.

  WO 157/668. Anzac Corps Intelligence War Diary.

  WO 157/678. Anzac Corps Intelligence War Diary, 15-30 April 1915, & Appendices.

  WO 157/681. Anzac Intelligence War Diary, & Appendices, incl. Bulletin, JY 15, dated 7 July, Intelligence Note on Roads, Water Supply, etc.

  WO 158/574. Dardanelles Operations – Copies of Telegrams 1915 (GOC-in-C, Egypt).

  WO 161/84. Birdwood to Ellison, 13 April 1924.

  WO 301. Gallipoli Campaign 1915, Maps. The reference numbers of individual maps are given in chapter endnotes.

  WO 301/45. Gallipoli Campaign 1915, Report by Major S. F. Newcombe RE, with GSGS Map Room stamp dated 17 March 1916.

  WO 301/46. Gallipoli Campaign 1915, Reports and correspondence. Nicholas to Hedley.

  House of Lords Record Office

  Lloyd George MSS F/9/2/16. Reduction of Estimates for Secret Services, Cabinet Memorandum 19-3-1920.

  Imperial War Museum

  a) Department of Documents

  Lt.-Col. F. Cunliffe Owen to The Secretary, Army Council, 27–9-1927.

  Papers of Dr. O. C. Williams (Private Diary, Started March 13 1913, of O. C. Williams, Capt., G.H.Q., British Med. E. F.), Department of Documents 69/78/1.

  b) Department of Photographs

  Lieut Butler’s air photos (No.3 Squadron) in album (Accession No. 9008-06).

  Capt Hon. M. Knatchbull MC, album (Vol. VI – Gallipoli & various) containing air photos of Gallipoli etc. collected by Knatchbull Hugessen, on loan to IWM Dept of Photographs.

  c) Department of Sound Records

  T C Nicholas sound recording tapes. 10475/3/1-3.

  Liddell Hart Archive, King’s College, London

  Hamilton Papers; Lady Hamilton’s Diary.

  RAF Museum, Hendon

  Sykes Papers, Vol. I, includes copy of Notes for Observers, Royal Flying Corps 1915.

  Royal Archives

  RA W27/51. Haldane to Knollys, 10 December 1906.

  Royal Engineers Institution Library, Chatham

  ‘A’ Printing Section RE, Outline War Diary.

  No.2 Ranging & Survey Section RE, Outline War Diary.

  Royal Geographical Society
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  Salmon Collection, Royal Geographic Society, Belgian, French and German Maps – Miscellaneous Maps No.143A.

  There are various other Gallipoli maps in the RGS archives.

  Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre, Château de Vincennes, Paris

  Reports on Section de Topographie in 3M 569 – Service Géographique: Armée d’Orient, mission du Service Géographique dans les Balkans.

  Unpublished Papers etc.

  Bullen, John (n.d.), List of Maps of Gallipoli Campaign in the Australian War Memorial, Gallipoli Vol. 1, Australian War Memorial.

  Diary of Brigadier-General S. W. Hare, GOC 86th Brigade, 29th Division.

  Col. Mike Nolan (2000), notes: ‘1907-1917 – The Golden Years in the Development of Cartography in the Ottoman Empire.’

  Diary of Carrol Romer, Romer Family; present whereabouts unknown.

  Nicholas, Sarah (2000), British Military Intelligence at Suvla Bay, August 1915; unpublished dissertation.

  Authors’ Note

  To avoid confusion, place names are those in use by the British (including Anzac) forces in 1915, and still in use in most of the anglophone literature today. To quote a well-known author on the Aegean: ‘An unfamiliar spelling of a well-known name is apt to annoy the reader – or so it seems to me, as Socrates might say.’2 There is nothing wrong with anglicised names; every country uses its own version (London, Londres, etc.) and it implies no disrespect. To the British and Australasians, Gallipoli rather than Gelibolu is the familiar style, and so is used here. In the same spirit, Constantinople is used rather than Istanbul; it was the form used by the Allies at the time. British sources used both Gaba Tepe and Kaba Tepe, and no attempt has been made to standardise these usages. Finally, it is correct to use ‘Ottoman Empire’, rather than Turkey, which was reborn under the leadership of Kemal Atatürk out of the ashes of the old empire following defeat in the First World War. Ottoman troops included many from Turkey itself, but also many ethnic groups from across Asia Minor and the Arabian Peninsula. However, we have used the two terms interchangeably throughout the text to ease its flow; we hope that this device is understood. Where the phrase ‘the Peninsula’ is used, it refers to the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) is here used as a proper noun, rather than an acronym, to aid the flow of the text. Also, where dates refer to Ottoman maps, they are not necessarily accurate, owing to faulty conversion in some sources from the Ottoman Calendar.3 Finally, it should be pointed out that a one-inch map has a scale of 1 inch to the mile (1:63,360), that a nautical mile = 6,080 feet (2,026.67 yards, or 1.15 miles), and that a map scale of 3 inches to a nautical mile = 1:24,320.