Zaikai
tenbo
*, Aug. 1978, pp. 6265.
60. Kubota, p. 50.
61. Matsubayashi, 1973, p. 85.
62. Nishiyama, pp. 10914, 22830.
63. Spaulding, p. 265, table 45.
64. See the preface by Kishi in Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society,
Yoshino Shinji
. For Kishi's high regard for Yoshino, see Kishi, Sept. 1979, p. 282.
65. "Amakudari" (Descent from heaven),
Shukan
*
yomiuri
, Sept. 4, 1976, p. 149.
66. Honda, 1: 16469.
67. Shibusawa, p. 17. See also Konaka, pp. 99125.
68.
Mainichi Daily News
, Apr. 8, 1974.
69. Clark, pp. 3637.
70. Sakakibara, 1977a, pp. 3132.
71.
Mainichi Daily News
, Apr. 8, 1974.
72. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 100.
73. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 24250; Shiina, 1970, p. 212.
74. In Tsuji, 4: 17981.
75. Kusayanagi, 1974, p. 126; Nawa, 1975, p. 80; and
Japan Times
, July 1, 1974. For a bibliography of Hayashi's numerous articles, see Ozaki, 1970.
76. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 31.
77. MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, p. 227.
78. Misono*, p. 13.
79. Takeuchi, p. 63.
80. Akimi, pp. 913; MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 26669; and Akimoto, pp. 1921.
81. The report that set off the incident of 197980 was Jin Itsuko*, Oka Kuniyuki, and Murakami Masaki, "Kodan*, yakunin, giin, jigyodan* no ketsuzei 13-cho* en kuichirashi" (How public corporations, bureaucrats, and Diet members gobble up 13 trillion yen of tax receipts),
Gendai
, Nov. 1979, pp. 80110.
82.
Mainichi Daily News
, Jan. 6, 1976.
83. For a list of Japanese government corruption cases from 1872 to 1976, see Ouchi* Minoru,
Fuhai no
kozo
*,
Ajia-teki kenryoku no tokushitsu
(The structure of corruption; characteristics of Asian political authority) (Tokyo: Daiyamondo Sha, 1977), pp. 19396.
84. See, e.g.,
Far Eastern Economic Review
, July 1, 1974, pp. 3336; and
Japan Times Weekly
, Apr. 28, 1979, p. 5.
85. Fukumoto, pp. 15759.
86. Takada Shin'ichi, "Tsusan* OB no zensangyo* 'amakudari' bumpuzu"
Page 348
("Amakudari" distribution map of former MITI officials),
Zaikai
tenbo
*, Aug. 1978, pp. 8490.
87. See Ward Sinclair, "Good Grazing for Old Firehorses,"
San Francisco Chronicle
, Feb. 10, 1980 (reprinted from the
Washington Post
). See also
Serving Two Masters: A Common Cause Study of Conflicts of Interest in the Executive Branch
(Washington, D.C.: Common Cause, 1976).
88. Hadley, p. 38.
89. Quoted by Shiba and Nozue, p. 32.
90. Amaya, p. 57.
91. Nakamura, 1969, p. 314.
92. For a complete list of the members of the Kayo-kai*, see MITI Journalists' Club, 1963a, pp. 4142, 26676.
93. Iwatake, pp. 3067;
Shukan
*
yomiuri
, Sept. 4, 1976, p. 149.
94. The basic source on this subject is Okochi*, in Tsuji, 2: 77110.
95. Shinobu Seizaburo*, "From Party Politics to Military Dictatorship,"
The Developing Economies
, 5 (Dec. 1967): 66684.
96. Sahashi, July 1971, p. 108.
97. Sakakibara, Nov. 1977, p. 73.
98.
Mainichi Daily News
, Aug. 2, 1974;
ibid.
, Jan. 10, 1976.
99.
Keizai seisaku
, p. 211.
100. See Johnson, 1977, pp. 23544.
101. Honda, 2: 47.
102. Ojimi* and Uchida, p. 32.
103.
Mainichi Daily News
, Jan. 21, 1976; Honda, 2: 77.
104. Suzuki Kenji, "Keisatsu o shimedashite, Boeicho* o nottoru okura* kanryo*" (Freezing out the police: Ministry of Finance bureaucrats take over the Defense Agency),
Sande
*
mainichi
, July 30, 1978, pp. 13234. For the background of the Self-Defense Forces, see Martin E. Weinstein,
Japan's Postwar Defense Policy, 19471968
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1971). See also Honda, 2: 12155.
105. Shibano, pp. 13139.
106. Watanabe Yasuo, in Tsuji, 4: 186.
107. Hollerman, 1967, pp. 16061.
108. Sakakibara, Nov. 1977, p. 71.
109. For a study of these institutions, see Johnson, 1978.
110. MITI Journalists' Club, 1956, pp. 27374.
111. Nawa, 1974, pp. 12628. The ranks from step seven and below may vary from time to time. See also Nawa, Apr. 1976.
112. See
Kankai
Editorial Board, Oct. 1976; and Fukui Haruhiro, "The GATT Tokyo Round: The Bureaucratic Politics of Multilateral Diplomacy," in Blaker, pp. 1012.
113. Akaboshi, pp. 16472; Policy Review Company, 1970, s.v. "Tsusan-sho*," pp. 6869.
114. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 103, 107.
115. Japan Civil Administration Research Association, 1970, p. 153.
116. Kusayanagi, May 1969, p. 163.
117. "MITI and Japan's Economic DiplomacyWith Special Reference to the Concept of National Interest," unpublished paper for the Social Science Research Council Conference on Japanese Foreign Policy, Jan. 1974, p. 46.
118. Sahashi, 1971a, pp. 26668.
119. Ozaki, 1970, p. 887.
120. Kakuma, 1979b, pp. 220, 223.
Page 349
Three
1. See James Q. Wilson, "The Rise of the Bureaucratic State,"
The Public Interest
, 41 (Fall 1975): 77103.
2. Kobayashi, 1977, p. 102
et seq.
3. Tiedemann, p. 139.
4. Horie Yasuzo *, "The Transformation of the National Economy," in Tobata*, pp. 6789.
5. See Roberts, p. 131.
6. See MITI, 1962, pp. 3163.
7. In Tobata, p. 87.
8. Kusayanagi, May 1969, p. 173.
9. Arisawa, 1976, p. 4; Odahashi, p. 139.
10. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 99100; History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 2: 35; Maeda, 1975, p. 9.
11. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 1821, 3435.
12. History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 1: 10; 2: 12427.
13. Honda, 2: 911; and Inaba, 1977, pp. 17684. Incidentally, another illustrious figure who got a start on his life work in the old MAC was Yanagita Kunio (18751962).
14. Masumi, p. 172.
15. Japan Industrial Club, 1: 109.
16. Arisawa, 1976, p. 5.
17. Havens, p. 74.
18. See MITI, 1951, p. 6163; MITI, 1962, pp. 17080; MITI, 1964, pp. 3840; MITI, 1965, pp. 79; Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 16465; and Shiroyama Saburo*,
Nezumi
(The rat) (Tokyo: Bungei Shunju* Sha, 1966). On kaishime, see Frank Baldwin, "The Idioms of Contemporary Japan,"
The Japan Interpreter
, 8 (Autumn 1973): 396409.
19. Shirasawa, pp. 2833; Ann Waswo,
Japanese Landlords: the Decline of a Rural Elite
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 11718.
20. Takane, pp. 7478; and Goto*.
21. Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, pp. 20710; Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 17678; Nawa, 1974, pp. 1819; and Kishi, in MITI, 1960, p. 95.
22. On Kobiki-cho*, see Yoshino Shinji, 1965, p. 147
et seq.
23. Kakuma, 1979a, p. 163; Japan Industrial Club, 1: 111.
24. Japan Industrial Club, 1: 4751.
25.
Fifty Years
, p. 18; and Roberts, pp. 24042.
26. Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, pp. 17577, 188, 194204; and Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 4344. On Kawai Eijiro's* arrest, see Richard H. Mitchell,
Thought Control in Prewar Japan
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976), p. 158.
27. Arisawa, 1937, pp. 6, 4247; Yoshino Shinji,
Waga kuni
kogyo
*
no
gorika
* (The rationalization of our country's industries) (Tokyo, 1930).
28. Arisawa, 1976, pp. 6668; and Arisawa, 1937, pp. 6780.
29. Havens, p. 80; Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 12428.
30. History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 1: 145; 2: 4445; and Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 11721.
31. Maeda, 1975, p. 9.
32. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 18485.
33. Nawa, 1974, p. 20.
34. See Cho*; Fujiwara, pp. 32223; Oshima* Kiyoshi, "The World Economic Crisis and Japan's Foreign Economic Policy,"
The Developing Economies
, 5,
Page 350
(Dec. 1967): 62847; Hugh T. Patrick, "The Economic Muddle of the 1920's," in Morley, pp. 21166; MITI, 1960, pp. 1112; and Yasuhara, p. 30.
35. Kishi, Sept. 1979, p. 282; Nishiyama, pp. 12932. The metric system did not replace all indigenous Japanese measures until 1959. Iwatake Teruhiko of MITI was the official responsible for completing the shift to metric. See Iwatake, pp. 12224.
36. Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 304.
37. Arisawa, 1976, p. 64.
38. Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, p. 233.
39. Arisawa, 1976, p. 65.
40. Oshima * Kiyoshi (n. 34), p. 633; Arisawa, 1976, p. 20.
41. Quoted in Harari, pp. 4748.
42. On Yoshino's succession to the vice-ministership, see Yoshino Shinji Memorial Society, pp. 23350. On Kishi and the pay dispute, see Imai; Kurzman, pp. 11011; and Yoshimoto, pp. 8588. Some of the noncareer officials whom Kishi supported later transferred to work in the Manchukuo government, where they remained intensely loyal to Kishi. See Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 18788. After Kishi returned from Europe, the pay dispute erupted again. Although the Hamaguchi cabinet ordered the pay cut in October 1929, the Wakatsuki cabinet actually carried it out only on May 27, 1931. Kishi clashed with MCI Minister Sakurauchi, and this time Kishi's sempai from the same feudal han, Matsumura Giichi of the House of Peers and also parliamentary vice-minister of MCI, had to be called in to force Kishi to back down. See Watanabe Yasuo, "Nihon no komuinsei*" (Japan's public service system), in Tsuji, 2: 12729; Kono*; and Robert M. Spaulding, Jr., "The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 192045," in Morley, pp. 5355.
43. Yoshino Shinji, 1935, p. 313.
44. Maeda, in Arisawa, 1976, p. 64.
45. The Major Export Industries Association Law of 1925 was amended in 1931 and 1934 to broaden its scope and give the cartels powers to compel compliance by outsiders. MCI's powers of supervision were also strengthened. The unions of medium and smaller enterprises exercised control primarily over the textile, knitwork, enamelware, celluloid, match, toy, fertilizer, and printing industries.
46. Hadley, p. 330.
47. MITI, 1964, p. 54. For the text of the law and a detailed analysis of each article, see pp. 4773.
48. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 21314; Arisawa, 1976, p. 93; Fujiwara, pp. 35253; and Takase Masao.
Four
1. For the text of the Munitions Industries Mobilization Law, see MITI, 1964, pp. 2529. On "state of incident," see the
New York Times
, Mar. 16, 1938.
2. History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1975, 2: 27071.
3. See Peattie, p. 67.
4. On Uemura, see
Kankai
Editorial Board, Mar. 1976.
5. For the text of the law, see MITI, 1964, pp. 3637.
Page 351
6. Fujiwara, pp. 38485.
7. Ministry of Finance, Secretariat, pp. 5255, 67, 71, 7479, 1012, 151, 173, 18283; Yasuhara, p. 32.
8. Osaka
Asahi shimbun
, July 21, 1928; quoted by Yamamura Katsuro *, ''The Role of the Finance Ministry," in Borg and Okamoto, p. 291.
9. Anderson, pp. 84, 93.
10. See History of Industrial Policy Research Institute, 1978; and Kato*, p. 24.
11. On the Teijin case, see Roberts, pp. 29495; Arthur E. Tiedemann, "Big Business and Politics in Prewar Japan," in Morley, pp. 29496; and Yoshida Shigeru Biography Publication Committee, p. 72. (Note that this Yoshida Shigeru is a different person from the man who became prime minister after the war.)
12. Nakamura, 1974, pp. 3031.
13. Ide and Ishida, p. 110.
14. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 356, 36769.
15. Arisawa, 1976, pp. 11319; Kato Toshihiko, "Gunbu no keizai tosei* shiso*" (The military's economic control ideology), in Tokyo University, 1979, vol. 2,
Senji Nihon keizai
(The wartime Japanese economy), pp. 67110.
16. Shiina, 1976.
17. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 27778.
18. Yoshida Biography Committee, p. 76.
19. Arisawa, 1976, p. 147; Ito* Mitsuharu; and Osawa*, pp. 20428.
20. On Ogawa and his purge of MCI, see Akimi, pp. 14445; Kakuma, 1979a, p. 221; Kishi, Sept. 1979, pp. 28283; Kurzman, p. 118; Shiroyama, Aug. 1975, p. 306; and Yoshimoto, pp. 9296.
21. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 281, 28589.
22. See Murase Memorial Editorial Committee, pp. 10510, 698, 71115; and MITI, 1960, pp. 9294.
23. Yoshino Shinji, 1962, pp. 29091.
24. Nakamura, 1974, pp. 2123; Peattie, pp. 20817. Peattie notes the influence of Soviet economic planning on the Manchurian five year plan.
25. See Tajiri, pp. 11314; MITI, 1960, 1012; Shiina, 1970, pp. 18687; Shiina, 1976, pp. 1078; Kishi, Sept. 1979, pp. 28488; and Kishi, in
Tsusan
*
jyanaru
*, May 24, 1975, p. 21.
26. Domestic Political History Research Association, p. 129. Tanaka Shin'ichi, the subject of this monograph, was an official with the South Manchurian Railroad until 1937, when he joined one of Ayukawa's Mangyo* firms. From there he transferred to the Cabinet Planning Board, and from there to MM, MCI, and MITI.
27. Kakuma, 1979a, pp. 16769, 19596. For the law itself, see MITI, 1964, pp. 8889. Kogane Yoshiteru also participated in drafting the law. See Nishiyama, pp. 1038.
MITI and the Japanese miracle Page 54