Their Backs against the Sea: The Battle of Saipan and the Largest Banzai Attack of World War II
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Daley, Thomas, 177
Dallas Morning News, 97
Daurio, Dominic, 168
Davis, Thomas, 205
Davis, Tom, 205
Depta, Josephine, 261
Dinova, Samuel, 84
Distinguished Flying Cross, 257
Dolliner, George, 169
Domanowski, John, 175
Donovan, James, 65–66
Doolittle, Jimmy, 245
Dorsey, Willis, 144
Dowdakin, David, 191
Duval, Claude, 38–39, 129
Duval, Stanford, 38–40
Earhart, Amelia, 48
Early, John, 86–87
East L.A. Marine (documentary film), 189
Edwards, Ralph, 188
Einstein, Albert, 238–239
Elliot, Donald, 91
Emig, Charles, 172–173
Erskine, Graves B. (“Bobby”), 98–99, 126
Evans, Jim, 67
Flores, Celso, 181
food, military food description, 30
Foster, Preston, 79
From a Limestone Ledge (Graves), 256
Fulbright, James, 34–35
Gabaldon, Guy
background/Japanese family, 186
saving Japanese civilians/soldiers, 186, 187–189
Gailey, Harry A., 130
Garapan, Saipan, 48, 57, 65, 67–71, 121, 128–129, 137–138, 204–205
Gehrig, Lou, 27
Gilbreath, Jack
after war/posttraumatic stress disorder, 229–239
Pearl Harbor fire, 74–75
Saipan and, 76, 229
Giuffre, Felix, 162, 163
Goette, John, 7–8
Goodbye to a River (Graves), 255
Gooden, Frank, 162
Goot, John, 174, 260
Graves, John
after war/writings, 255–256
background/description, 50–51
Battle of Saipan/injury, 134, 135
hospitalization/nurse and roommate, 145–146, 255
travels to/Saipan and, 51–53
Gray, George, 78–80
Greene, Bob, 260
Grestini, Attilio, 173–174, 260
Grigas, Walter, 166
Grinaldo, Nicholas
after war/posttraumatic stress disorder, 228–229
Army’s 27th Division/Battle of Saipan, 82, 85, 86, 87, 94, 121–122, 146, 161
on Ralph Smith, 121–122, 130–131
Griner, George, 127, 130, 133, 193, 194
Groves, Robert, 40–41
Grumman Hellcat importance, 108
Guadalcanal
fighting, 54, 63, 146
US troops traveling to, 22, 30
“Washing Machine Charlie” and, 22
Guadalcanal Diary (film/book), 78–79
Guam
descriptions, 5, 6
Japan taking/controlling, 13, 109
US and, 6
Haberman, Harold
after war/posttraumatic stress disorder, 231–234
Battle of Saipan, 47–48, 231–232
family (Irene/Paul/Dan) and, 232–233
Hallstein, 52
Hammond, Luke, 119, 161–162
Hansen, Arthur, 158
Hard Scrabble (Graves), 256
Harrell, Ed, 239–240
Harris, Marshall E., 18–19
Hart, Joseph (“Jumping Joe”), 90, 91, 164
Hawrylak, William, 167–168
Hearst, William Randolph, 117–118
Heimberger (Albert), Eddie, 55
Hell to Eternity (film), 188–189
Hensley, Kenneth, 195
Hertensteiner, Richard, 62
Hideki Tojo, 243
High, James, 188
Hill, Cassie, 163–164
Hill, Harry, 211
Hirohito, Emperor, 247, 248–250, 252–253
Hodges, Herbert J., 56
Hokohana, Willie, 180
Holmes, Kenneth, 114
Howe, Clifford, 88, 189
“Howlin’ Mad” Smith vs. the Army (Gailey), 130
Hunter, Jeffrey, 188–189
internment camps, Japanese Americans, 186
Isely, Robert, 109–110
Itano, Marcus, 181–182
Iwo Jima, 203, 223, 245
Japan
incendiary bombings/civilian deaths and, 237–238, 245–247
losing war and, 243–244, 246–250
mobilization of civilians, 248
See also specific events; specific individuals; specific locations
Japanese soldiers
alcohol and, 8, 149, 154–155, 197
description/traits, 7–8, 14, 16, 89, 154
suicide attacks, 247–248
See also specific battles
Jarman, Sanderford
replacing Ralph Smith, 124, 126, 127
Smith/Smith and, 124, 125, 127, 133
Jefferies, William, 67
Jensen, Leslie M., 151
Jisaburo Ozawa
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 107–108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115–116
position/reputation, 107–108
Johnson, Ronald, 147, 153
Juhan, Jack, 24
“jungle rot,” 224–225
kamikazes, 247
Kantaro Suzuki, 248–249
Kelley, Gerard, 94, 134
King, Ernest J., 9–10
King, Hugh, 169, 170
Kiyochi Ogata, 210, 215
Kossler, Herman, 110–111
Kunde, Armin, 163
Kuniyaki Koiso, 243, 248
LaSorta, Anthony, 168
Laucella, Gerald, 177–178
Leary, James Stanley, Jr.
background/Saipan, 17–18, 196–197
Matthews and, 17–18, 196–197, 259, 260
Lee, R. J., 19
LeMay, Curtis, 237–238, 245–247
Lent, Jack, 95–97
Lewis, Robert, 18–19, 242
Liberty, Arthur, 37, 38
Life magazine, 19, 119
Love, Edmund G., 81, 193
Luck, Edwin, 88–89, 158–159
Lusitania, 85
MacArthur, Douglas, 9–10
McCarthy, Edward, 150–151, 171, 183
McCurdy, Russell, 1–2
McDonough, John, 134
McGuire, Robert, 169
Magellan, Ferdinand, 5
Mailloux, Wilfred (“Spike”), 174, 260
Manhattan Project, 214, 238–239
Maria Anna, Queen of Spain, 5–6
Marianas Islands
descriptions/history, 5–7
Japan’s use (World War II), 13
name origins, 5–6
significance to Japan, 9
See also Chamorros; specific islands
Marianas Turkey Shoot. See Battle of the Philippine Sea
Marshall, George C., 82
Matthews, Carl
Army/“Howlin’ Mad Smith” and, 259
death, obituary, ashes, 259–260
injury/treatment, 198–199, 258–259
landing/Battle of Saipan, 17–18, 197, 198
Leary and, 17–18, 196–197, 259, 260
Matthews, James Stanley, 259
Mauskemo, Clement, 162
Medal of Honor, 99, 161, 167, 176, 189, 192
Meighan, Joseph, 83–84, 86, 99
Mele, Michael, 169
Merritt, Charles D., 56
Michalak, Hank, 62–64
Michihiko Hachiya/Yaeko (wife), 251–252
Mitscher, Marc A.
background, 13
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 67, 108, 110, 111, 113, 115
Mitsuharu Noda, 154–155
Mitsumasa Yonia, 243
Mizony, Harold, 134
Mochitsura Hashimoto, 240–241
Monroe, Jim, 55–56
Moore, T. T., 49–50
Moore, Winiford, 199
Morrison, Philip, 238–239, 242
Mount Tapotchau
Battle
of Saipan and, 10, 63–64, 71, 73, 131–134
description, 10, 71
significance to Japan, 10, 63–64, 71, 132, 204
Mulhern, John, 168, 183
Mumme, Floyd
Army’s 27th Division/Saipan, 100, 101–102
background/description, 100–101
Myself and Strangers: A Memoir of Apprenticeship (Graves), 256
Nagumo Chuichi, 150, 154
napalm, 246
Navy Cross, 15, 53, 67, 189, 198, 211
Nedderson, Gorden, 237
New York Journal-American, 117–118
New Zealand, 21, 22, 30, 31, 143
Nimitz, Chester, 108
Nolan, Lloyd, 79
Noonan, Fred, 48
Oak Leaf Clusters, 257
Oba Sakae, 204
Obermiller, H. L., 68–69, 219–220
O’Brien, Lawrence, 90
O’Brien, William
background/family, 99, 147
Battle of Saipan, 99–100, 119–120, 141, 150–151, 157, 164, 165–166, 176, 261
Occinario, Mario, 151
O’Connell, Geoffrey, 126
O’Donnell, George, 158, 160
Ojeda, Joe, 37
Okinawa, 86, 116, 203, 205, 223, 245, 247, 249, 261
Olander, Frank, 159–160
Oldendorf, Jesse B., 16
Omark, Warren, 112
Orsock, John, 132
Osami Nagano, 202
Owens, Seymour D., 211
Pase, Charles
background/description, 29–30
military experience before Saipan, 30–33
Saipan/Tinian and, 33, 212–213
Pase, Joseph, 29
Pearl Harbor attack
descriptions, 2, 16
Japanese architect/submarine force commander, 150, 154, 203
US reactions/recruitment and, 13, 20, 21, 63, 84, 85, 100, 105, 186, 224, 258
Pearl Harbor fire, 74–75
Peltier, Carl, 215–217
Perry, Olian Thomas
after war/posttraumatic syndrome, 230–231
background/travels to Saipan, 20–23
Philippines
Japanese control and, 101
See also Battle of the Philippine Sea
Phillip IV, King of Spain, 5
Pittman, Leon, 162
Polikowski, J. F., 158
posttraumatic stress disorder, 223, 226, 227–234
Potsdam Declaration, 247
Priddy, William, 162
Purcell, John, 172
Purple Heart, 84, 228, 261
Purple Heart Ridge, 131, 136
Pusatere, Frank, 83
Quinn, Anthony, 79
Rape of Nanking, 7
Reed, Bob, 67
Reed, James V., 74, 75–77
Renfro, Raymond
background/family, 41–43
Battle of Saipan and, 43–44, 77–78, 139–140
injuries, 139–140, 227
return home/posttraumatic stress disorder, 227, 228
Renfro, Robert Leon, 41–42, 227–228
Renstrom, Keith, 186
Rhodes, James, 169
Richardson, Robert, 202
Riseley, James, 25–26
Roosevelt, Franklin, 82, 102–103
Roth, Irene, 232–233
Roush, Roy William
Saipan/Cunningham and, 56–59
Tinian/other Roush and, 217
Ruffner, Clark, 202
Ryan, Paul, 88, 170
Ryan, Richard, 169
Saipan
agricultural development/sugar cane and, 8, 39, 48, 52, 74, 89, 92–93, 225
descriptions/geography, 5, 10
Japan settling/developing, 6–7
map of, viii
military installations and, 7, 9, 15, 16
railroads and, 8, 39, 44
significance to Japan/US, 9–10, 245
See also Battle of Saipan; Marianas Islands
Salomon, Ben, 166–167
San Francisco Examiner, 117
Saunders, James
background, 225
“jungle rot” and, 224–225
Marianas campaign/posttraumatic stress disorder, 225–226
Schmidt, Harry, 56
Schrader, Billy, 72–73
Schwabe, John, 187, 189
Sherrod, Robert, 19, 119, 192–193
Shigeru Fukudome, 203
Shigeyosh Miwa, 203
Shoup, David, 95
Sidur, John
after war, 260, 261
Army’s 27th Division/Battle of Saipan, 141–143, 174
banzai attack/rescues and, 152, 174, 260
“clearing caves” and, 141–143, 261
losing helmet/photo, 147, 261
Siebert, Russell, 72
Silver Star, 67, 172, 189, 202, 205
Simms, Homer, 177
Smith, Holland M. (“Howlin’ Mad” Smith)
after Battle of Saipan, 202, 209
Army’s 27th Infantry Division and, 60–61, 129–131, 136, 202, 259
background/descriptions, 11, 123, 129, 130–131, 146, 202
Battle of Saipan and, 11, 98–99, 118, 126, 137, 146, 203
Battle of the Philippine Sea and, 108–109
Fourth of July greeting, 137
front lines and, 98–99, 126
warning/assessment of banzai attack and, 146, 150, 193–194
See also Smith vs. Smith controversy
Smith, Ralph
after Saipan, 202
background/descriptions, 11–12, 121–123, 126–127, 130
Jarman/plan of attack and, 126–127
removal and, 118, 124–127, 129–131, 136
silence on Holland Smith, 118
See also Smith vs. Smith controversy
Smith, Robert, 177
Smith vs. Smith controversy
background/Battle of Saipan, 118–122, 124–128
Makin island confrontation and, 122–123
Nafutan Point and, 118, 119, 120–121
news stories on, 117–118
Ralph Smith activities following dismissal, 126–127
removing Ralph Smith and, 118, 124–127, 129–131, 136
significance of, 12, 117, 125, 129–131, 136
See also Smith, Holland M. (“Howlin’ Mad” Smith); Smith, Ralph
Smoddy, Sam, 23
Solace, Sergeant Major, 4
Speirling, Donald, 157
Spencer, Samuel (“Red”), 70–71
Spruance, Raymond
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 67, 108–109, 111, 115–116
Smith vs. Smith controversy, 118, 124–126
Tinian and, 208
Stauffer, Paul, 34–35
Steel, Bill, 73, 214
Stopera, Barney, 169–170
submarines (US)
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 108, 110–111
“Blair’s Blasters” and, 14, 15
Japanese transports of weapons/soldiers and, 13–15
suicides, Japanese, 149–150, 154–155, 189–190, 191, 229
See also Battle of Saipan/Japan’s gyokusai attack
Sweeney, Chuck, 242
Szech, Chester, 67–68, 185
Talbot, Bob, 54–55
Tanapag Harbor, Saipan, 10
Tarawa conflict, 31–33, 54–55, 63, 70
Terwilliger Bunts One (Wayne Terwilliger), 257
Terwilliger, Ivan, 27
Terwilliger, Wayne (“Twig”)
background/description, 27, 72
baseball and, 27, 72, 256–257
Battle of Saipan and, 26–27, 256
Tex, battalion runner, 200–201
Texas Tornado/Texas Tornado Number Two (amphibians), 34–36
This Is Your Life, 188
Thompson, Frank M. (“Tommy”), 44–45
Tibbets, Paul, 239, 241–242
Time magazine, 19, 119, 192–193
Timmerman, Grant, 191–192
Tinia
n
airfields for US and, 9, 207–208, 221, 235, 237–239, 241–242, 245
descriptions, 6, 7, 9, 207–208
Japanese airfields, 7, 9, 207–208, 214
sugar cane and, 207–208, 213–214, 216
Tinian battle
description/overview, 207, 208–221
Japanese civilians and, 219–220
Japanese defense, 209
Japanese suicides, 219, 220
map of, ix
US landing/invasion, 207, 208–214
Tinsley, Tom
background/travels to Saipan, 1–2, 25
Battle of Saipan, 3–4, 24, 25, 190, 200–201
landing/injury, 3–4, 24
Titterington, John, 170
Tolf, Bernard, 157, 176, 177
Toyoda Soemu, 116
Tregaskis, Richard, 78
Truman, Harry S., 232, 250, 252–253
“Turkey Shoot” in the Philippine Sea. See Battle of the Philippine Sea
Turner, Richmond Kelly
Battle of the Philippine Sea, 108–109
predictions on Saipan, 60
Smith vs. Smith controversy, 118, 124–125
27th Infantry Division. See Army’s 27th Infantry Division
USS Indianapolis
atomic bomb and, 239
Japanese sinking/US casualties, 239–241
Vandemere, Gerald, 77–78
Verna, Bob, 53
Vigliatura, Jack, 53–54
Vracui, Alex, 109
Watson, Thomas E., 56
Webb, Wilber (“Spider”), 109
Wentworth Institute, Boston, 103
Westervelt, Norman, 237
White, Earl, 170
Whitehead, Barnes, 138–139
Williams, Ted, 257
Wilson, William (“Willie the Ape”), 51
Winston, Robert A., 113
Winter, Mark, 173
World War II
Germany’s surrender to Allies, 249
US patriotism and, 104–105
women/supplies to troops on trains, 104
See also specific events; specific individuals
Wren, Jack, 70–71
Yoshida Hiyoshi, 154, 194–195
Yoshitsugu Saito
Japanese situation and, 128–129, 144, 145, 210
letter to Japanese officers/suicide and, 148–150
Saipan defense and, 14, 128, 144, 145
Zielinski, Frank, 176