Joan of Arc
Page 28
PART ONE: THE MAID IN LIFE AND DEATH
1: A Prophetess to the Rescue
1 Pierre Tisset and Yvonne Lanhers (eds), Jeanne, d’Arc, Procès de condamnation, vol. 1 (C. Klincksieck, Paris, 1960). TLI, pp. 221–2l.
2 Jules Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, dite La Pucelle: publiés pour la première fois d’après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque royale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu’on a pu réunir, et accompagnés de notes et éclaircissements, vol. 5 (J. Renouard, Paris, 1849), pp. 156–9. The text is in German; Quicherat thought it was translated from Latin. A Latin original has been found.
3 P. Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 4, p. 472.
4 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 4, p. 503. The Inquisitor’s name was Johann Nider.
5 Desmond Seward, The Hundred Years War (London, Constable, 1996, pp. 6–17).
2: What Need of the Maid?
1 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1, p. 296.
3: Victory at Orléans and Reims
1 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1, p. 318.
2 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 4, p. 165.
3 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 12.
4 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1, p. 385.
5 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 5, pp. 287–8.
6 For here and what follows, see ibid., vol. 4.
4: Defeats and Capture
1 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 5, pp. 96–8.
5: Coming to Trial
1 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 5, p. 167.
6: The Preparatory Trial
1 For here and what follows, see Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
7: The Ordinary Trial
1 For here and what follows, see Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
8: The Maid’s Death
1 For here and what follows, see Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
PART TWO: THE MAID VINDICATED
9: The King on Trial
1 This is based on the 1623 Folio text of Henry V, Act 4, scene 1, 244–6, 264–75.
10: National Salvation
1 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 3, p. 391.
2 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 156.
3 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 392.
4 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 2, p. 208. This quotation comes from a disquisition by Thomas Basin, a contemporary of Joan who was an eminent Church and civil lawyer, Bishop of Lisieux and critical biographer of Charles VII. The context of the quotation is a discussion of Joan’s use of male costume, which shows that in order to defend Joan’s behaviour a favourable cleric had to have recourse to a careful distinction between the public law of God, which applies to everyone, and the private law of God, which applies to a particular holy individual. This distinction is already present in the theology of the most influential of all medieval theologians, St Thomas Aquinas. See the essay by Jane Marie Pinzino in the collection of essays edited by Ann W. Astell and Bonnie Wheeler, Joan of Arc and Spirituality (Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
11: The Alliance of 1435
1 As Joan’s life on earth moved to its close, in Ghent van Eyck had been finishing off his brother’s vision of heaven, The Adoration of the Lamb.
2 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1, p. 388.
13: Voices in Defence
1 For this and following quotations from Christine de Pisan, see Angus J. Kennedy, and Kenneth Varty (eds), Christine de Pisan, Ditié de Jehanne d’Arc (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1977).
15: Witnesses to the Life
1 For this and what follows, see Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
16: Witnesses to the Trial
1 For this and what follows, see Quicherat, (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 2.
2 For this and what follows, see Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
17: Verdict and Rehabilitation
1 Duparc (ed.), Procès en nullité de la condamnation, vol. 1.
2 François Villon, Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis, in Lucas, St John, The Oxford Book of French Verse (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908), p. 31.
PART 3: THE CULT OF THE MAID
18: History, Legend and Myth
1 See G.B. Shaw, Saint Joan (London, Penguin, 2001), preface, pp. 19, 23–4.
2 See www.scuttlebuttsmallchow.com/joanarc.hltm on the subject of Americans and Joan of Arc in the First World War.
3 Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel, Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, Plon-Nourrit, 1896).
19: Early Accounts, Partial Histories
1 For this and what follows, see Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation.
2 Daniel Rankin and Claire Quintal (trans.), The First Biography of Joan of Arc: with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 1964), pp. 54–64.
3 Dominique Goy-Blanquet in idem (ed.), Joan of Arc, a Saint for all Seasons (Aldershot, Hampshire and Burlington, Vermont, 2003) p. 9.
20: Reinventing the Maid
1 Holinshed, in Geoffrey Bullough (ed.), Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare’s Plays (London, Routledge, 1960), vol. 3, p. 75.
2 Hall, in Bullough, Narrative, vol. 3, 56.
3 Ibid., p. 57.
4 Ibid., p. 61.
5 Boileau, Satire III, in Oeuvres Poétiques (Paris, La Veuve Savoye, 1768), vol. 1.
6 Boileau, Epigramme VIII, in Oeuvres Poétiques, vol. 2.
7 Françoise Michaud-Fréjaville in Goy-Blanquet (ed.), Joan of Arc, a Saint for all Seasons, p. 45.
8 Rapin de Thoyras, Histoire d’Angleterre, Histoire d’Angleterre, trans. N. Tindal (London, Knapton, 1731), vol. 5, p. 453.
9 Ibid.
10 David Hume, History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Accession of Henry VII (London, A. Millar, 1761) p. 336.
11 Ibid., p. 347.
12 Voltaire, Henriade, quoted in Voltaire, La Pucelle d’Orléans, in Besterman, Theodore Besterman et al. (eds) Complete Works (Geneva, Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1970), vol. 7, p. 125.
13 Voltaire, Abrégé de l’histoire universelle (better known as the Essai sur les moeurs) (London, Jean Nourse, 1754), p. 751.
14 Ibid., p. 752
15 Voltaire, La Pucelle d’Orléans, p. 125
16 There is a wonderful evocation of this world in an imaginative and learned account of clerical Angers, not many miles from Orléans, in J. McManners, French Ecclesiastical Society under the Ancien Régime: a Study of Angers in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1960).
17 The archivist of the Loiret found the texts. The scholar Abbé Boussard copied them.
18 Quicherat, (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 5, p. 313. Quicherat did not have access to the full text of the Mystère. It survived only in a manuscript in the Vatican Library, which was printed in the reign of Napoleon III.
19 Richard Wade, The Companion Guide to the Loire (London, Collins, 1979), p. 93
20 Jacques Darras in Goy-Blanquet (ed.), Joan of Arc, a Saint for all Seasons, p. 105.
21: Reviving the Maid
1 Southey, Joan of Arc (Bristol, Cottle and Davis, 1796), Book 3, ll. 355–9, 382–5.
2 Ibid., Book 10, 693–4.
3 Ibid., Book 10, 747–8.
4 Quicherat (ed.), Procès de condamnation, vol. 5, p. 244.
5 Laurent Salomé et al. (eds), Jeanne d’Arc, les tableaux de l’histoire, 1820–1920, p. 15.
6 J. Michelet, Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, Hachette, 1925), vol. 1, p. 11.
7 The information on Lingard I owe to Dr Edwin Jones, author of John Lingard and the Pursuit of Historical Truth (Sussex Academic Press, Brighton, 2004)
8 Thomas De Q
uincey, Works, vol. 3: Joan of Arc in Reference to M. Michelet’s History of France (Edinburgh, Adam and Charles Black, 1863), p. 223.
9 Emile Faguet, Mgr. Dupanloup, un grand evêque (Paris, Hachette, 1914), pp. 239–40.
22: Holy Patriot
1 D.W. Brogan, The Development of Modern France (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1940, rev. edn, 1967), p. 83.
2 Anatole France, Vie de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, Editions Alive, 1999), préfaces, xxxii.
3 Ibid., xxxii.
4 Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel, quoted in Salomé Jeanne d’Arc, les tableaux de l’histoire, p. 9.
5 Sainte Thérèse of Lisieux, Histoire d’une âme (Paris, Editions du Cerf, 1972), p. 75.
6 See Sainte Thérèse of Lisieux, Théâtre au Carmel (Bayeux, Editions du Cerf, 1985), pp. 57–83, 117—61.
7 Just before she died, this pious and naïve nun was conned by a charlatan. Léo Taxil pretended that a certain Diana Vaughan had been converted by the prayers of Joan of Arc. Thérèse was allowed to correspond with him and sent him one of Céline’s photos. Taxil called a meeting in Paris and in front of a copy of this photo revealed to his audience that he was Diana, that he had not been converted and that he had acted as he had in order to discredit the cult of Joan.
8 These words, put into the mouth of Anatole France by his secretary J.-J. Bousson, are quoted by Nadia Margolis in Goy-Blanquet (ed.), Joan of Arc, a Saint for all Seasons, p. 77.
9 Mark Twain, Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (New York, 1997), p. 461.
10 On English artists and Joan see Salomé et al., Jeanne d’Arc, les tableaux de l’histoire, pp. 115–27.
11 On Victoria’s love of Gounod’s setting of Barbier’s play, see Marina Warner, Joan of Arc: the Image of Female Heroism (University of California, Berkeley, 1981), p. 322, n. 23.
12 Alphonse de Lamartine, Jeanne d’Arc (Hachette, London and Boston, 1886).
13 Andrew Lang, The Maid of France, being the story of the life and death of Jeanned’Arc, preface, vi, viii.
14 This account relies on Henry Ansgar Kelly’s essay in Bonnie Wheeler and Charles T. Wood, Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc (New York and London, Garland, 1996), pp. 205–36.
15 Ibid., p. 236, n. 102.
16 Ibid, p. 226.
17 Details on the three miracles, available on the website www.stjoan-center.com, come from a translation of Msgr. Léon Cristiani, Saint Joan of Arc, Virgin-Soldier (Boston, Daughters of St Paul, 1977), 154–5.
23: The Cult of Saint Joan
1 see www.scuttlebuttsmallchow.com/joanarc.html on the subject of Americans and Joan of Arc in the First World War.
2 G.B. Shaw, Saint Joan, preface, p. 25.
3 Dame Felicitas Corrigan, The Nun, the Infidel and the Superman: the Remarkable Friendships of Dame Laurentia McLachlan with Sydney Cockerell, Bernard Shaw and Others (London, John Murray, 1985), p. 88.
4 Adrien Dansette, Histoire Religieuse de la France contemporaine (Paris, Flammarion, 1965), p. 772.
5 Monseigneur Baudrillart, ‘The Saint’ from For Joan of Arc, London, Sheed and Ward, 1930) p. 111.
6 Ibid., p. 112
7 Louis François Cazamian, Andrew Lang and the Maid of France (London, Oxford University Press, 1931), p. 3.
8 Charles Maurras, Jeanne d’Arc, Louis XIV, Napoléon (Paris, Flammarion, c. 1937), p. 78.
9 Ibid., p. 87.
10 Georges Bernanos, Jeanne, relapse et sainte (Paris, Librairie Plon, 1934), pp. 61–8 ff.
24: Vive La France! Vive Jeanne d’Arc!
1 Richard Griffiths, Marshal Pétain (London, Constable, 1970), p. 161.
2 Jacques Maritain, Jeanne d’Arc in Jacques et Raissa Maritain, Oeuvres Complètes, vol. 8 (Fribourg, Editions Universaitaires, 1989), p. 695.
3 Charles de Gaulle, Discours et messages, vol. 1 (1940–6), p. 12.
4 Robert Brassilach, Le Procès de Jeanne d’Arc: Pour une meditation sur la Raison de Jeanne d’Arc (Gallimard, Paris, 1941), p. 5.
25: St Joan: a Modern Heroine?
1 Jacques Maritain, from De l’église du Christ in Oeuvres Complètes (Fribourg, Editions Universitaires, 1992), vol. 13. The subject of the Catholic revival in France, which involved the cult of Joan and in which Maritain was a central figure, requires a book in itself, for beside novelists such as Bernanos and Mauriac, poets such as Claudel and painters such as Rouault, there were historians of philosophy such as Etienne Gilson and Marie-Dominique Chenu and theologians such as Yves Congar, Jean Daniélou and Henri de Lubac. Many lived to a great age. Robert Bresson, the film director who was born in 1901, died in 1999; he was the last survivor from a remarkable epoch.
2 Jean Anouilh, L’alouette (Paris, Folio, 1953), p. 188.
3 The remark is taken from Peter Bogdanovich’s interview with Otto Preminger in Who the Devil Made It? (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1997)
4 Shaw, Saint Joan, Preface, p. 23.
5 Wheeler in Wheeler and Wood, Fresh Verdicts, xvi.
Bibliography
THE LIFE
DeVries, Kelly, Joan of Arc: a Military Leader (Stroud, Sutton, 1999)
Lucie-Smith, Edward, Joan of Arc (London, Allen Lane, 1976)
Pernoud, Régine and Clin, Marie-Véronique, Joan of Arc: Her Story (London, Orion, 2000)
Sackville-West, V., Saint Joan of Arc: Burned as a Heretic, May 30, 1431, Canonised as a Saint, May 16, 1920 (New York, Doubleday, 1936)
Scott, W.S., Jeanne d’Arc (London, Harrap, 1974)
THE FIFTEENTH-CENTURY TRIALS
Kelly, Henry Ansgar, Inquisitions and Other Trial Procedures in the Medieval West (Aldershot, Ashgate Variorum, c. 2001)
Lightbody, Charles Wayland, The Judgements of Joan: Joan of Arc, a Study in Cultural History (London, Allen and Unwin, 1961)
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Pernoud, Régine, Jeanne d’Arc per elle-même et par ses temoins (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1962)
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THE MEDIEVAL BACKGROUND
Barber, Malcolm, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978)
Carstens, R.W., The Medieval Antecedents of Constitutionalism (New York, P. Lang, 1992)
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Jacob, E.F., The Fifteenth Century (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1961)
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Little, Roger G., The Parlement of Poitiers: War, Government and Politics in France, 1418–1436 (London and New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1984)
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THE CULT OF JOAN IN ART
, MUSIC AND LITERATURE
Anouilh, Jean, L’alouette (Paris, Folio, 1953)
Bauchy, Jacques-Henri, Une fête pas comme les autres (550 ans de fête de Jeanne d’Arc), n.d., n.p.
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Raknem, Ingvald, Joan of Arc in History, Legend and Literature (Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1971)
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VIEWS OF JOAN: ANGLO-SAXONS AND OTHERS
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