by Tim Jeal
5o APR Fonds Congo ioo/i Leopold to Solvyns 17 Nov 1877-
511 Lii to Solvyns 117.1111.11877 quoted Ascherson 1104, and a little differently Emerson 85-
5z CFFS i z 1.
53 Bontinck z8 Sanford to US Secretary of State 211.011.11878
54 CFFS i zi.
55 S's Appointment diary 1878.
56 Longford 527; APR Fonds 1o/z Beaconsfield to Lii 29.10.1878; Emerson 88.
SIXTEEN: A Colony for a King
11 S to JS Keltie 117.09.11884 RGS 2/1/7-
z Manchester Courier 26.11.1878 .
3 Samuel Tibbins to My dear Phillips, Edinburgh University Library LOA 239 f28.
4 TDC i 61-z.
5 Hird 202-3; CD 114.08.11879.
6 Greindl to S 5.10.1878. The inference intended to be drawn from a book title such as Stanley: Sorcerer's Apprentice (volume ii of McLynn's biography) is that Stanley fell under the influence of a man versed in the dark arts, and then learned how to practise them himself. '1877 marked the meridian point,' wrote McLynn, `when the influence of the saintly Livingstone started to wane and that of the evil genius of King Leopold II began to appear,' ushering in the part of Stanley's life when thanks to the king, he faced his own `dark interior' (McLynn vol i 329-30). In reality, the influence of Livingstone did not diminish after Stanley signed his contract with Leopold.
7 UL 149-
8 Ascherson 98.
9 CD 13.10.1878.
1o Solvyns to S 6.06.1878 quoted CD.
ii CD 4-01.1879-
iz Emerson 86.
13 Ibid. 84; Bennett Mirambo of Tanzania 113 ff.
14 S to Sanford 10, 19 Oct, 16 Nov 1878 Sanford Museum.
15 CD 5.11.1878 and 9.12.1878. Rumour of £4,000 advance salary, see Bontinck 49, quoting G. S. Mackenzie to Sanford 16.07.1881.
16 Greindl to S 25.11.1878.
17 CD 9-1o Dec 1879.
18 Emerson 89-90; Ascherson 116-17.
19 UL 2i, 5
zo Sanford to S 4.08.1879.
z1 CD 14.08.1879 (S had stayed with the king in Jun and Dec 1878 and Jan 1879)-
zz S to Strauch 8.01.1880.
23 S to Sanford 27.02.1879 Sanford Museum.
24 CD 9.oz.1879-
z5 UL 36.
z6 CFFS i 23; S to Strauch 30-07-1879-
27 CD 18-27 Mar 1879; S to Strauch zo.08.1879.
z8 CD 3-5 Oct 1879.
z9 Swinburne to S 25.11.1884.
30 Swinburne to S 15 Nov, z9 Dec 1877 .
31 CD 8-03.1879-
32 S to Strauch zo Aug, 3 Dec 1879, Jan 8, Mar 15, Sep zo 18
33 S to Strauch zo.08.1879.
34 CFFSi8o,96.
35 CD Aug 27-291879-
36 CFFS i 33-8, 473, 475, 495, ii 48, 195-7; see Hochschild 71; Bierman 239 .
37 S to Strauch 14.10.1879; CD 28.09.1879•
38 S to Strauch 8.07.1879.
39 CFFS i 142.
40 CD 1-3 Dec 1879; CFFS i 148.
41 Ibid. 148-51-
42 S to Strauch 6 Feb, 17 May 1880.
43 CD i.oi.i88i.
44 S to Strauch z5.1o.188o; S to Kirkbright 22.05.1880; S to Strauch n.d. Nov ,88o.
45 CD 19.06.1880; S to Sparhawk 24.11.1880.
46 S to Strauch z6.03.188 o.
47 CD 1880-83 many refs to Stanley's `favourites'. By 1883 Dualla would be receiving the same pay as many Europeans.
48 S to Strauch 6.07.1881.
49 Explanatory Intro to CD.
5o S to Strauch 25.10.1880; CFFS i 225.
51 CD 9.11.188o and 27.0.1881; 9.03.1880.
5z Richard West Brazza of the Congo, 1972, 102-3; CD 7.11.1880.
53 CD 3.01.1881 and 9.11.1880.
54 CD 27.02.1881.
55 CD whole of May 1881; i.o6.i88i; CFFS i 273-5
56 CD 5.06.1881.
57 CD i5.os.i88z, quoting Strauch to S 31.10.1881.
58 CD 25.03.1882, quoting Strauch letter, original 25.11.82 destroyed, not listed at Tervuren.
59 S to Strauch 25.03.1882; published minus most contentious matters UL io6 ff.
6o Treaty signed with Chief Kimpallamballa at Ntamo (Kintamba 31.12.1881). 61 CD 25.03.1882; 1.01.1882.
6z UL 137-8.
63 CD 27-28 Jul 1881; CFFS i 292-3; UL 68, 72.
64 CD 31.07.1881.
65 CD 31 Jul-13 Aug 1881.
66 UL 84; S to Strauch n.d. Nov 1881.
67 CFFS i 3 5 0-1.
68 Ibid. 348; UL 86; Bentley to Baynes 2.08.1882 Bapt Missy Society Archive, Regent's Park Coll, Oxford.
69 UL 87-
7o Treaty dated 31.12.1881 and 1.01.1882 Kintamba, Ntamo Witnesses Makoko, Ngamberengy, Dualla, Kmiyara, Kimpallamballa, Henry. M. Stanley occupation granted to `Henry M. Stanley or his representative', Luwel Papers, Ter.
71 UL 87-8; CD 7, 8 Nov i88i.
72 T. J. Comber to Baynes 4.07.1882 and 5.1o.18 8z Regent's Park Coll, Oxford.
73 CD 6, 23 Feb 1881.
74 CD 28.10.1881; S to Strauch 20.09.1880.
75 UL 59-60.
76 CD 16 Mar, 6 Jul 1881; CFFS ii 257-
77 CFFS i 394-40; UL 142.
78 CFFS i 444-
SEVENTEEN: A Banquet in Paris
1 CD 30.09.1882.
z UL 152.
3 Strauch to S 27.03.1882; model convention 1883.
4 S to Strauch 29.12.1881 Ter; Strauch to S 27.03.1882.
5 CD Jan 189o p 88.
6 S to Strauch 8.oi.i88o.
7 T. J. Comber to brother 7.08.1882 Regent's Park Coll, Oxford; Comber to Baynes 5.09.1882; Swinburne to Stanley 1.01.1883; UL 158 .
8 Britons appointed 1882-3: Captain J. Grant Elliott, Captain Seymour Saulez, Mr E. J. Glave, Mr D. H. G. Keys, Major Parminter, Major Francis Vetch, Mr E. Massey Shaw, Mr Spenser Burns, Mr John Rose Troup, Dr Ralph Leslie and Engineer Binnie. Carte de Visite Album sold Christie's, Sep zooz.
9 Jean Stengers 156 n 105.
1o CD 1-4 Oct 188z; Bentley to Baynes iz.o8.8z; Regent's Park Coll; S to Strauch 25.03.1882; Lii to Stanley 31.12.1881; S to Strauch 10.04.1882.
ii UL 134; CD 1-4 Oct 1882.
iz UL 161; S to Strauch 8-07-1879-
13 UL 16i-z.
14 UL 16o; Strauch to S 30.04.83; S to Mackinnon 10.05.1884 MP 55 SOAS.
15 CD iz.io.i88z.
16 CD 1z, 19 Oct 1882.
17 Brazza 121-z.
18 UL 153-5; Times zo, 2,1 Oct 1882; Pakenham 159-60.
i9 Brazza 123; UL 155.
zo CD 19.10.1882; Bierman 236.
zi CD 19-zi Oct 188z.
EIGHTEEN: After the Slave Raids
1 CD 3.01.1881.
2 CD i.oi.i88i.
3 King to S early Nov 1882.
4 May Sheldon (MS) letters to S in 1884
5 Henry E Reddall Henry M Stanley: A Record, 1890, 21.
6 Dorothy Middleton Victorian Lady Travellers, 1965, Chap iv.
7 Anonymous note dated 6.so.i88z from Amsterdam.
8 CD 12.11.1882.
9 MS to S 6.30 p.m 13.ii.1882.
1o King to S 27.11.1882.
,i CFFS i 469.
12 S to Lii 22-03.1883-
13 S to Strauch 21-03.1883-
14 CFFS i 486.
15 S to Strauch 21.03.1883 Reel 3; S to Lii 31-03.1883-
16 S to Strauch 7.05.1883.
17 S to H. H. Johnstone 15.04.1883 Academie Royale des Sciences Coloniale iii1957-2 349•
A S to Lii 6.04.1883 .
19 CD 1.oi.i883; S to Johnston 9-07-1883-
20 H. H. Johnston The River Congo,1884, 46, 291f; CD 24.04.1883.
z1 S to Johnston 23-07-1883-
zz Johnston to S 13.02.1885.
23 S to Johnston 15.02.1885.
24 S to Strauch 8.07.1883.
z5 S to Lii 11.08.1883; S to Strauch 12.07.1883.
z6 CD 16.07-1883-
27 CD z9, 5, 13 Jul 1883-
28 Edward Glave Six Years of Adventure in Congoland, 1893, 16.
z9 CD 24-07-1883-
3 o Glave 38-9, 42-3, 69, 109; CD 24
Jul, 15 Sept etc 1883.
31 CFFS ii, I19, 89. This was possible because all along the river his great journey had passed into oral history and legend. People would even date events before or after the time `when Stanley passed our village a long time ago' (Glave 44). The name Bula Matari had also travelled upstream and was as well known as Tandley, Tandelay and Standley (S to Johnston 9.07.18 83)-
32 S to Johnston 9.07.1883 .
33 CD zz.11.1883.
34 CFFS ii 138-40-
35 CD 27-11.1883-
36 S to S 27 Jan 84-
37 CFFS ii 144-5; CD 27.11.1883.
38 S to Strauch 27.01.1884.
39 CFFS ii 186.
40 Swinburne's success was in sharp contrast to the situation Henry found at Kimpoko, where the Belgian station chief, Louis Amelot, had killed a chief and six of his headmen, after quarrelling with them about a rotting hippopotamus carcase. Meanwhile, at Equator, lieutenants Vangele and Coquilhat had shot Chief Ikenge and five men (S to Lii ? Aug 1883; S to Strauch 27.07.1883; S to Strauch 27-01.1884)-
41 S to Strauch 8-07-1883-
42 S to Lii 23.04.1884; CFFS ii 18.
43 Gordon to S 6.01.1884.
44 CD 27.02.1884; Lii to S 7-01-1884-
45 Lii to S 7.01.1884; CD 27-02-1884-
46 Lii to S z8.o3.s884 .
47 M. Luwel Sir Francis de Winton, 1964, 46, 77.
48 S to Strauch sz.o5.s884.
49 Ibid.; Jun n.d. 1884; Brazza, 130-1; P de Chavannes Avec Brazza, 1935, 182-3; M. Luwel Sir Francis de Winton 167-9 .
5o Ibid. 167.
51 Lalaing to S 10.09.1884•
5z CFFS ii facing 257.
53 S to Lii 23.04.1884•
NINETEEN: Who Stole the Congo?
General note: Most of the key documents in the early history of the Congo Free State were destroyed on Leopold II's orders in the opening years of the twentieth century.
i Times 25.11.1883.
z Lii to S 3o.o9.1883.
3 P. Gifford and W. R. Louis eds France and Britain in Africa, 1971, in chap by Jean Stengers `King Leopold and Anglo French Rivalry 1882-4' (Stengers) 158-60; Emerson 107-
4 CD S to Lii 116.oi.i886; Jules Ferry to de Brazza 25.04.1884 quoted in n 114 Stengers 15 8.
5 Ibid. Jules Ferry to Leopold 25.04.1884.
6 Hall z68.
7 Bierman 239; Bierman also accused Stanley of being flippant about `the people he had duped', when describing them as `An imposing family! And to think that I am under an obligation to love and defend the whole lot to the death!' (UL 164). In fact this phrase referred to the chiefs who had become his blood brothers. Hochshild 71-2 quotes 450 chiefs and treats CFFS as a reliable source proving gross exploitation.
8 S to Strauch 8.07.1879.
9 Despite Lii's destruction of key documents, a copy of this letter from Strauch to S has survived in the archives of the Department of Foreign Affairs, which from the date of S's response to it (see next note) can be dated mid-Jun 1879, UL 22-3-
io S to Strauch 8-07-1879-
1i CD 15.oi.188z quoting Strauch to S 31.10.1881.
Iz UL 161, Lii to Strauch 116.io.i88z.
13 Identification of treaty makers: Strauch to Valcke 1.02.1884; Strauch to S 4.01.1883 mentioning Harou's instructions; Strauch to S 1.02.1884 mentioning instructions to Hansenns; S to Elliott 7-01.84 (Stengers 141 and note 37; Diplomatic Blue Book Africa No 5, 1884, c-4o23 Papers Presented to both Houses of Parliament quoting treaties and signatories). Sovereignty was demanded by Leopold as a vital ingredient in treaties from 188z, and the earliest agreements of this sort were made by Valcke in October that year at Inkissi, and by Parfoury at Isangila in November, when S was away in Europe. Most of these sovereignty treaties were obtained by Valcke, Orban, Vangele, Harou, Hansenns and Elliot, who all received their orders directly from the king, without any reference to S. All the other `exclusive', or monopolistic, treaties that are known about were made on dates in the second half of 188z when S was either hundreds of miles away on the upper Congo, or in Europe or on his way there. (Known monopolistic treaties such as Isangila, Manyanga, Ngombi, Leopoldville, Ndandanga, Msuata and Lufuntchu were all made in the second half of 188z when S was in Europe. S's own non-monopolistic treaties at Isangila and Manyanga had been signed over two years earlier.) The treaty agreed between Lutete, chief of Ngombi, and the Belgian officer, Lieutenant Valcke, on 20.10.1882 is typical of all monopolistic agreements: `The chiefs cede absolutely' the land specified in the treaty, and `none other than the agents of the aforesaid Comite is authorised to come and trade within the limits of the territory of the said Chiefs' (Blue Book: Africa 5 1884, 1-7; Stengers 130)-
14 Bontinck 378-9, S to Mrs Sanford 31.io.1895.
15 S to Lii 11.08.1883; S to Strauch 12.07.1883. Given the efforts Stanley had made to convince Strauch and Leopold that the ownership of the land should remain in the hands of the chiefs, he was later appalled by the claim made by `Colonel' George Washington Williams, the black American preacher and author, that he (S) had used tricks involving galvanic batteries and cigar lighters to persuade chiefs to part with their land and give it to King Leopold. Article: `The Difficulty of Avoiding a Law Court', t/s by S early 189os; Hochschild, 109-10, quotes Williams's `Open Letter' to the US President, appearing to accept that Williams was stating facts.
116 Wack, Henry W. The Story of the Congo Free State, 11905, gives text of forgeries that he considered true 487-91; in the Mininstry of Foreign Affairs Archives, Brussels, nine copies of alleged Stanley treaties are kept but the originals have disappeared; significantly, six of these alleged copies (written by secretaries) are dated 11884, during S's last months on the Congo, when he feared that the French might take all his stations by force. Prof G. Janssens, Archivist of the Palais Royal, Brussels, has confirmed that there are no original Stanley treaties in his archive.
17 S to Strauch 14.10.1879; CD 28.09.1879•
118 Vivi Treaty 113.06.11880 Foreign Affairs Archive, Brussels.
s9 CD quotes S to Strauch 25.03.1882.
zo S Treaty at Ntamo 31.12.1881, Luwel papers, Tervuren; confirmed in S to Strauch14.o1.1882 UL 98ff.
z11 Strauch to S 30-04-1883-
zz S to Lii 23-4-1884-
23 Stengers 13o n 19, iz8 n 13; altered treaties in H. W. Wack The Story of the Congo Free State 488-9, 487-8.
24 Mistakenly he wrote 8 Jan.
z5 CFFS ii 205; Blue Book Africa no 5 1884 c-4o23.
z6 CD 119.08.11884.
27 Bierman p 239; see note 7 above.
z8 CFFS ii 197-204-
z9 Lalaing to S 10.09.1884; see also Borchgrave to S 2, 23 Feb, 16 Mar 1885.
3o Hochschild 711-2,.
31 Original copy CFFS.
32 Memo by T. V. Lister and P. Anderson z and 3 Mar 1884 FO 84/11809.
33 S to Harold Frederic 24.07.1885.
34 Bontinck 276.
35 Times 28.03.11883.
36 W. H. Holman to Baynes z.o8.1882 Regents Park Coll.
37 CFFS ii 22-3.
38 Ibid. 123.
39 CFFS i 394•
TWENTY: A Pawn in Great Power Politics
1 New York Sun 7.08.1885.
z Manchester Guardian 22.110.11884; Saturday Review 25.110.11884.
3 Saturday Review 25.so.1884.
4 CD Sep n.d. 1882.
5 CD 24.08.1884.
6 Lalaing to S 4, io Sep, Iz Oct 1884-
7 Bontinck 13 5; Emerson 103-4.
8 Stengers n iz8 and n 13o; Hochschild 78-9; Vivi Treaty in former Historic Colonial Collection in Foreign Affairs Library, now called Diplomatic Archive and Africa Archive, Brussels.
9 Emerson zoo; CFFS vol ii 383.
zo Stengers 163-
iii Ascherson 1132-
Iz Stengers 19z; CD Iz.10.1884.
13 Borchgrave to S Io.11.1884.
14 Wack zz-3o; general books: S. E. Crowe, The Berlin WestAfrica Conference 1884-5, 1942; Emerson; Stengers; R. T. Anstey, Britain and the Congo in the Nineteenth Centu
ry, 1962.
15 CD 30.11.1884; Stengers n iz8 and n 130-
16 S to Sanford 3.01.1885 Sanford Museum; CD i.oi.1885.
17 CD 4.rz.1884.
18 S to de Winton 26.11.1885 Luwel De Winton 134-5•
z9 Borchgrave to S 23.oz.1885.
zo S to Sanford 14.03.1885 Sanford Museum.
zi T/s 237 vol ii of CFFS.
22 3739/c Adjt General's Office E. B. Rec'd May 14 1885; Navy Records from Old Military and Civil Records, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC.
23 Scottish Geographical Soc Mag Jan-March 1884, 42-
24 Bruce to S zo.o8.1885; S to Bruce 24.03.1885.
25 Bruce to S 3.06.1885.
z6 Pakenham 342-3-
27 Scottish Geog Soc Mag 44-
z8 Anstey 67-70-
z9 Report of General Meeting of Committee ... 17 Nov 1879 MP; Anstey 170.
3 0 S to Mackinnon 16 Sept 8 5 MP 5 5
311 CD n.d. but early Jul quoting Borchgrave to S 28.06.1885.
32 Lii to S 29.07.1885.
TWENTY-ONE: `A Kind of Innocence'
i May Sheldon (MS) to S 27 Mar, i Aug 1884.
z MS to S 1.08.1884.
3 S to Mackinnon 26.08.1884 from Paris Mackinnon Papers, MP; King to S 5.09.1884.
4 MS to S 24.08.1884.
5 These photographs are referred to in Tracey J. Boisseau's biography of May Sheldon White Queen: May Sheldon and the Origins of American Feminist Identity, 2004-
6 MS to S 24.08.1884.
7 Robert Rhodes James Henry Wellcome, 1137-
8 MS to S 25.10.1884.
9 Hall 274, quoting Lii to Strauch 7.08.1884.
io Henry E Reddall Henry M Stanley, 18 go, zi; M. Shuey Southwest Review xxv 1940, 378ff.
11 S to Wellcome 16.07.1886 RGS.
iz S to Bruce 26.05.1885 NLS.
13 S to Bruce 30.12.1884 NLS; McLynn ii 118.
14 S to MS 17.06.1885 RGS.
15 MS to S 18.o6.1885.
16 S to MS 25.o6.1885 RGS.
17 Arnold to S 19.06.1885.
18 Charles Tennant born 1796 m Gertrude Collier 1847, Dolly born 1854 Isle of Wight.
1g Dorothy's Diary (DD) xv 11.03.1888.
zo Artists' registers, Dorothy taught in Paris by Jean Jacques Henner. 21 William Peiris Edwin Arnold, 1970-
zz GTrevelyan to DS 6.08.1884.
23 DD Jan 1885.
24 Julian B. Arnold Giants in Dressing Gowns, 1942, 79-
z5 DD 24-5 Jun, 18 Jul 1885. Unsent letter to A. Carnegie, attached to 1883 DD.
z6 1891 Census.
27 Enid Starkie Flaubert 1967, 72, 85, 86-9, g1-z, 1oz-3; letter quoted Julian Barnes Flaubert's Parrot 71-