Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel

by Roger Mattson

  568 “Missing Uranium Report Withheld,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, December 28, 1978.

  569 “Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.? 13 Years of Contradiction and Confusion,” Report by the Comptroller General of the United States, December 18, 1978, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  570 Smith, p. 204. “Supplemental Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended,” U.S. Department of Justice, Registrant: Arnold and Porter LLP, Foreign Principal: State of Israel, December 31, 2014.

  571 “Transcript of Proceedings: Hearing Held before Executive Session of Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Informal Meeting between Interior Committee Representatives and Dr. Zalman M. Shapiro,” December 21, 1978. Transcript attaches “Statement of Dr. Zalman M. Shapiro before the Honorable Morris K. Udall and the Honorable Robert E. Bauman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States House of Representatives,” submitted for the record on December 21, 1978, and “Dr. Zalman M. Shapiro,” letter from Leonard H. Becker, Attorney, Arnold & Porter, to Hon. Morris K. Udall, January 16, 1979.

  572 Letter from Charles Keller to Henry Myers, January 12, 1979, discussed in Untitled Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], August 6, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  573 “Interview with Andre Finkelstein,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Avner Cohen collection, accessed December 26, 2015 at http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997.

  574 Memo to MKU (Morris Udall) from HM (Henry Myers), December 29, 1978, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  575 Henry Myers, personal communication, November 10, 2009. Memo from Henry Myers to Morris Udall, August 6,1979 University of Arizona special Collections Library.

  576 Michael McNulty, personal communication, June 4, 2009.

  577 Memo from HM (Henry Myers) to MKU (Morris Udall), January 2, 1979, University of Arizona Library, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall.

  578 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979; Transmitted by Director, FBI to SAC, Newark and Washington Field Office, May 17, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 692, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  579 John Fialka, personal communication, January 2009.

  580 “CIA Head’s Suspicions on A-Matter Reported,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 18, 1979.

  581 “Apollo,” Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], January 25, 1978, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  582 “CIA Tales of ‘Lost’ Uranium Seem to Conflict,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 28,1979; Cockburn, p. 79.

  583 DOE internal memorandum with attachments, “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Deputy Inspector General to Under Secretary, April 27, 1979. Declassified and excised version released under FOIA Request #2007-000554, October 24, 2008.

  584 DOE internal memorandum with attachments, “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Deputy Inspector General to Under Secretary, April 27, 1979. Exhibit QQ, “Summary of May 4, 1978 Interview of General Edward B. Giller, former Deputy Assistant Administrator for National Security, Energy Research and Development Administration,” SECRET Classification Cancelled by Authority of 4-26-79 Memo from Griffin to Williamson, April 27, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365, Folder 1.

  585 “Prospects for Further Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” CIA Special national Intelligence Estimate, SNIE 4-1-74, August 23, 1974, labeled Top Secret before redaction and release.

  586 “Nuclear Forensics: Role, State of the Art, Program Needs,” Joint Working Group of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2007. “Nuclear forensics experts prepare for the worst and hope to deter it.” Ralph Vartabedian, Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2015.

  587 Peter Stockton interview, February 18, 2013.

  588 DOE letter from Michael A. Kilpatrick, Deputy Director, Office of Security and Safety Performance Assurance, to Stephen Aftergood, Federation of American Scientists, enclosing the draft report “Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking a Balance,” which was dated January 2001.

  589 “CIA Says Uranium Routed to Israel: Agency Contradicts Nuclear Regulators,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, August 19,1977.

  590 “Interview with Edward B. Giller, Jr.,” Nevada Test Site Oral History Project, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Interview by Mary Palevsky, April 5, 2005.

  591 DOE internal memorandum with attachments, “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Deputy Inspector General to Under Secretary, April 27, 1979. Exhibit MM, “Summary of May 19, 1978 Interview of Robert W. Fri, Former Acting Administrator of ERDA,” SECRET Classification Cancelled by Authority of 4-26-79 Memo from Griffin to Williamson, April 27, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365, Folder 1.

  592 DOE internal memorandum with attachments, “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Deputy Inspector General to Under Secretary, April 27, 1979. Exhibit PP, “Summary of May 30, 1978 Interview of General Alfred D. Starbird, former Assistant Administrator for National Security, Energy Research and Development Administration,” Classification Cancelled by Authority of 4-26-79 Memo from Griffin to Williamson, April 27, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365, Folder 1.

  593 DOE internal memorandum with attachments, “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Deputy Inspector General to Under Secretary, April 27, 1979. Exhibit IIII, “Summary of March 8, 1979 Interview of Robert W. Fri, former Acting Administrator of the Energy Research and Development Administration,” Classification Cancelled by Authority of 4-26-79 Memo from Griffin to Williamson, April 27, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365, Folder 1.

  594 “August 8, 1977 NUMEC-Related Congressional Hearing,” Memorandum from DOE Deputy Inspector General to DOE Under Secretary, April 27, 1979, classification cancelled by DOE before redaction and release. Letter from John C. Keeney, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice to Mr. Thomas S. Williamson, Jr., Deputy Inspector General, Department of Energy, April 27,1979.

  595 “3 CIA Directors Reportedly Eyed Nuclear Case,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 18, 1979.

  596 Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], May 8, 1978, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 272, Folder 5. Henry Myers, personal communication, February 2009.

  597 “Zalman Mordechai Shapiro,” Memorandum from McNulty to MKU [Morris Udall], June 22, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365.

  598 Seaborg, 1993, p. 197, 208.

  599 Weissman and Krosney, p. 107, 119.

  600 Hersh, p. 255.

  601 “Detection of Uranium Enrichment Activities Using Environmental Monitoring Techniques,” Belew, W. L., et al., Oak Ridge Tennessee, K/NSP-129, International Atomic Energy Agency Consultant Group Meeting on Environmental Monitoring and Special Analysis Methods for Safeguards, Vienna, March 20-April 2, 1993; “Nuclear Forensics: Role, State of the Art, Program Needs,” Joint Working Group of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2007.

  602 “MAY 20, 1976 Meeting with FBI,” Memorandum to Files - NUMEC, Samuel C. T. McDowell, ADR&D, Division of Safeguards and Security, Energy Research and Development Administration, May 25, 1976, Classified CONFIDENTIAL before release by ERDA, reproduced in Green, p. 335.

  603 “Divert,” Teletype from SAC, WFO to Director FBI, May 28, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 570 l
abeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.

  604 Trulock, p. 59.

  605 Reed and Stillman, p. 313.

  606 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of Edward Mason, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 167.

  607 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of Kenneth Chapman, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 41.

  608 Victor Gilinsky, personal communication, April 18, 2009.

  609 “Secrecy Foils Probers of Uranium Loss,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, August 3, 1978.

  610 Hersh, p. 250-251.

  611 “Spy chiefs honor a CIA friend: A man who ‘kept the faith’ when times were bad,” Andy Court, Jerusalem Post, December 5, 1987. Cohen 1998, p. 84; Cockburn, p. 15-16; Riebling, p. 245; Raviv and Melman, p. 90-91.

  612 Hersh, p. 147.

  613 Interview of John L. Hadden, Jr., October 7, 2014.

  614 Wright, p. 308.

  615 Letter from Delores M. Nelson, Information and Privacy Coordinator, CIA to Roger J. Mattson, Reference F-2007-01889, September 30, 2008.

  616 Hersh, p. 237.

  617 Henry Myers, personal communication, September 21, 2010. Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, Jeffrey T. Richelson, Editor, September 10, 2001.

  618 Richelson, p. 133-134, 190-192; Riebling, p. 321-322.

  619 “Minutes of the National Security Council Meeting,” July 1975 through February 1976, online at the Gerald R. Ford Library, classified TOP SECRET before redaction and release.

  620 “Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence 1966-1973,” Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith, The DCI Historical Series, Redacted Unclassified Version, Central Intelligence Agency, 1993. Helms and Hood, p. 385-388. Richelson, p. 150-154.

  621 Richelson, p. 161-163.

  622 “Report of Honor and Merit Awards Board,” August 22, 1973.

  623 “Honor and Merit Awards Ceremony: Presentation by Mr. William E. Colby, Director of Central Intelligence, Distinguished Intelligence Medal to Carl E. Duckett,” January 26, 1976.

  624 Richelson, p. 192-193.

  625 Tom Halstead, personal communication, April 18, 2014.

  626 “Near Armageddon: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East,” ABC Television, 1981, transcript attached to an internal CIA memorandum “ABC News 10:00 p.m. Closeup: Near Armageddon, shown on 27 April 1981,” recipient and author both redacted, May 4, 1981. Released to NRDC under FOIA, December 15, 1989. Also quoted in Weissman and Krosney, p. 125 and in Valley News Dispatch, a publication of Trib Total Media, August 26, 2002.

  627 “CIA Head’s Suspicions on A-Matter Reported,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 18, 1979.

  628 Hersh, p. 187, 247, 255 and 256.

  629 “Memorial Tributes, National Academy of Engineering,” Volume 11, 2007, p. 88.

  630 CIA Press Releases, “CIA to Mark 50th Anniversary, Honor ‘Trailblazers,’” September 10, 1997.

  631 “Despite doubts, Shapiro maintains innocence,” Valley News Dispatch, a publication of Trib Total Media, Pittsburgh, August 26, 2002

  632 Obituary, John Lloyd Hadden, The Times Record: Serving the Communities of Mid-Coast Maier and Beyond, June 6, 2013.

  633 “Manhattan District History,” accessed October 23, 2015 at http://energy.gov/management/office-management/operational-management/history.

  634 Interviews of John Hadden, Jr., July 7 and October 7, 2014.

  635 Hersh, p. 164 and 247. Cockburn, p. 78.

  636 Raviv and Melman, p. 195-196.

  637 Hersh, p. 253.

  638 Cockburn, p. 78-80.

  639 Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], May 22, 1978, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  640 “Panorama on Israel,” Transcript of a BBC television program discussing Israel’s acquisition of the bomb, June 26, 1979.

  641 Cohen 1998, p. xiv, 193.

  642 Cockburn, p. 91.

  643 “Panorama on Israel,” Transcript of a BBC television program discussing Israel’s acquisition of the bomb, June 26, 1979.

  644 Peter Stockton interview, February 18, 2013.

  645 “What Lies Beneath,” Foreign Policy, Scott Johnson, March 23, 2015.

  646 Thomas, various; Helms and Hood, p. 39-103.

  647 Helms and Hood, p. 413-415 and 439-446; Riebling, p. 312. “New Book explains Why Ex-CIA Director Richard Helms Lied to Congress,” Elizabeth Flock, U.S. News& World Report, January 11, 2013.

  648 Helms and Hood, p. 305.

  649 Corn, p. 15-35.

  650 Thomas p. 293.

  651 Shackley, p. xiv.

  652 Weiner, p. 295. “In Appreciation: CIA ‘China Hand’ Jim Lilley (1928-2009), CIA Featured Story Archive, accessed on the Internet on January 23, 2016 at https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/in-appreciation-jim-lilley.html.

  653 Corn, p. 36-58; Shackley, p. 50; Weiner, p. 212-217.

  654 Corn, p. 169.

  655 Weiner, p. 296.

  656 Corn, p. 182.

  657 Corn, p. 183.

  658 Helms and Hood, p. 337.

  659 Corn, p. 336-353, Weiner, p. 420-422.

  660 Weiner, p. 460.

  661 Shackley, p. 277.

  662 Cockburn p. 79. “CIA Tales of ‘Lost’ Uranium Seem to Conflict,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 28, 1979.

  663 Shackley, p. 36.

  664 “Theodore Shackley, Enigmatic C.I.A. Official, Dies at 75,” David Stout, New York Times, December 14, 2002.

  665 FBI report “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” name of special agent redacted, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, November 9, 1979, Labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.

  666 FBI report “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” name of special agent redacted, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, November 9, 1979, Labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release, p. 43.

  667 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of Robert A. Erickson, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 72-73.

  668 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of Marcus Rowden, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 60.

  669 “The Case of the Missing Uranium,” David Burnham, The Atlantic Monthly, April 1979.

  670 NRC Official Quits, Urges Changes,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, November 5, 1979.

  671 Memorandum for Zbigniew Brzezinski from Jerry Oplinger, National Security Council, “NUMEC MUF,” November 27, 1979, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before release.

  672 FBI Internal Memorandum, from SAC, Chicago, to Director, FBI, “DIVERT,” November 20, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 713, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  673 FBI Report by Washington Field Office, “[Redacted]” February 7, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 720, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  674 FBI Internal Memorandum, from Director, to Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Washington Field Offices of FBI, “DIVERT,” March 7, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 721, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  675 FBI Internal Report of Interviews, “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” Philadelphia Field Office, March 28, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document number 723, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release. FBI released a less redacted version of this document in 2009. FBI documents 733, 734 and 735 appear to be earlier drafts of number 723.

  676 FBI Internal Report of Interviews, “DIVERT,” from SAC Pittsburgh to Director FBI and Criminal Investigative Division, Terrorism Section, March 25, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, docu
ment 728, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release. FBI Teletype from Pittsburgh to Director, “DIVERT,” March 25, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 729, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  677 “Uranium Loss Is Tied to Federal Laxity,” David Burnham, New York Times, March 16, 1980.

  678 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of Ralph G. Page, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 12.

  679 FBI Internal Report of Interviews, “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” Pittsburgh Field Office, April 23, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document number 724, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  680 FBI Teletype, from Pittsburgh to Director, “DIVERT,” Attention Criminal Investigation Division, Terrorism Section, May 7, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 726, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  681 FBI Memorandum from SAC San Francisco to Director, FBI, “DIVERT, ATOMIC ENERGY ACT, 00: WFO,” May 15, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 732, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  682 Letter from James J. Cummings, Director, Office of Inspector and Auditor, to John Martin, Chief, Internal Security Section, Criminal Division, U.S. Department of Justice, labeled Official Use Only before release, June 11,1980.

  683 FBI Report, from SAC Washington Field Office, to Director, “Divert,” December 16, 1980, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 752, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  684 FBI Report of Interview, from SAC, Columbia to Director, “Divert, AEA, 00: WFO,” January 16, 1981, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 757, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  685 Unattributed white paper, “[deleted] Atomic Energy Act,” April 22, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 765, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  686 “Pittsburgh and Beyond: The Experience of the Jewish Community,” A Guide to the NCJW Pittsburgh Section Oral History Collection, National Council of Jewish Women, Pittsburgh Section, 2002; accessed on the Internet on October 23, 2015 at http://digital.library.pitt.edu/n/ncjw/.