59 [“line of latitude”] : Grier to Buchanan, letter of February 23, 1857, quoted in ibid., p. 312.
59 [Fehrenbacher on Taney’s opinion] : ibid., p. 311.
60 [“subordinate and inferior class”] : Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), quoted at 404-5, 407, 450, 426, respectively.
61 [Curtis’s dissent] : ibid. at 564.
61 [“speedily and finally”] : “Inaugural Address,” in Richardson, vol. 4, pp. 2961-67, quoted at p. 2962.
61 [“supreme law”] : March 15, 1857, quoted in Fehrenbacher, p. 418.
61 [“momentous and revolutionary”] : James R. Doolittle, Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 2nd session, February 11, 1858, p. 665.
62 [“opposing and enduring forces”] : Seward, “The Irrepressible Conflict,” speech delivered at Rochester, NY, October 25, 1858, quoted in Frederic Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward (Harper & Brothers, 1900), vol. 1, p. 459.
CHAPTER FOUR-WAR POWERS: LINCOLN VS. TANEY
Arthur T. Downey, “The Conflict Between the Chief Justice and the Chief Executive: Ex parte Merryman,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 31, no. 3 (November 2006), pp. 262-78.
Charles Fairman, Mr. Justice Miller and the Supreme Court, 1862-1890 (Harvard University Press, 1939).
Daniel Farber, Lincoln’s Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 1978).
Don E. Fehrenbacher, Lincoln in Text and Context (Stanford University Press, 1987).
Paul Finkelman, “‘ Hooted Down the Page of History’: Reconsidering the Greatness of Chief Justice Taney,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 1994 (1994), pp. 83-102.
George P. Fletcher, Our Secret Constitution: How Lincoln Redefined American Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1969 (Chelsea House, 1969-78), vol. 2.
Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (Simon & Schuster, 2005).
Harold Holzer and Sara Vaughn Gabbard, eds., Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Southern Illinois University Press, 2007).
Timothy S. Huebner, The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (ABC-CLIO, 2003).
Harold M. Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (Alfred A. Knopf, 1973).
Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice Under Law: Constitutional Development, 1835-1875 (Harper & Row, 1982).
Gary J. Jacobsohn, “Abraham Lincoln ‘On This Question of Judicial Authority’: The Theory of Constitutional Aspiration,” Western Political Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1 (March 1983), pp. 52-70.
Willard L. King, Lincoln’s Manager, David Davis (Harvard University Press, 1960).
Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham & the Civil War (University Press of Kentucky, 1970).
Wallace Mendelson, “Chief Justice Taney: Jacksonian Judge,” University of Pittsburgh Law Review, vol. 12 (Spring 1951), pp. 381-93.
Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (Oxford University Press, 1991).
Michael Stokes Paulsen, “The Merryman Power and the Dilemma of Autonomous Executive Branch Interpretation,” Cardozo Law Review, vol. 15 (October 1993), pp. 81-111.
David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (Harper & Row, 1976).
David M. Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme Court (University of Illinois Press, 1957).
James F. Simon, Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the President’s War Powers (Simon & Schuster, 2006).
Robert M. Spector, “Lincoln and Taney: A Study in Constitutional Polarization,” American Journal of Legal History, vol. 15, no. 3 (July 1971), pp. 199-214.
Robert L. Stern, “Chief Justice Taney and the Shadow of Dred Scott,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 1992 (1992), pp. 39-52.
Stuart Streichler, Justice Curtis in the Civil War Era (University of Virginia Press, 2005), ch. 6.
Carl B. Swisher, Roger B. Taney (Macmillan, 1935).
Carl B. Swisher, The Taney Period, 1836-64, vol. 5 of History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1974).
The Trial of Hon. Clement Vallandigham, by a Military Commission: and the Proceedings Under His Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus (Rickey and Carroll, 1863).
Samuel Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, LL.D, 2nd ed. (John Murphy, 1876).
63 [“I do not forget”] : “First Inaugural Address,” in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed. (Library of America, 1989), vol. 2, pp. 215-24, quoted at pp. 220, 221, 218, respectively.
64 [“very much agitated”] : Baltimore Daily Exchange, March 5, 1861, quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 741.
64 [“that bench-full”] : Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1861, quoted in Silver, p. 42.
64 [“Somebody has to reverse”] : speech at Chicago, July 10, 1858, quoted in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 1, pp. 439-58, quoted at p. 451.
64 [“I am sensible”] : Taney to Ellis Lewis, letter of December 24, 1860, quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 726.
65 [“arrest, or disperse”] : Lincoln to Winfield Scott, letter of April 25, 1861, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 2, pp. 236-37, quoted at p. 236.
65 [“Errors, if any”] : General George Cadwalader to Taney, letter of May 26, 1861, reprinted in Tyler, pp. 643-44 (Appendix), quoted at p. 643.
65 [“perform his constitutional duty”] : ibid., p. 645.
65 [Merryman] : 17 Fed.Cas. (D. Maryland 1861) 144.
66 [“vindication of the principles”] : Baltimore Sun, June 4, 1861, quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 851.
66 [“aid and comfort”] : New York Tribune, May 30, 1861, quoted in ibid.
66 [“government of the people”] : “Message to Congress in Special Session,” in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 2, pp. 246-61, quoted at pp. 250, 253, 259.
68 [“one Supreme Court”] : Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd session, December 9, 1861, pp. 26-28, quoted at pp. 26, 27.
68 [“fully settled”] : “Speech on the Dred Scott Decision,” Springfield, IL, June 26, 1857, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 1, pp. 390-403, quoted at p. 392.
68 [“run the gantlet”] : John Hay, “Life in the White House in the Time of Lincoln,” Century, vol. 41, no. 1 (November 1890), pp. 33-37, quoted at p. 34.
70 [“without any useful purpose”] : Nelson to Justice Clifford, letter of April 19, 1861, quoted in Fairman, p. 81.
71 [“fully expressed”] : Clifford to James Buchanan, letter of July 19, 1859, quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 733.
71 [“Constitution knows”] : quoted in Silver, p. 112.
71 [“civil war is never”] : Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1862), majority opinion quoted at 666, 669, 669-70; Nelson’s dissent at 694.
72 [“paper trash”] : quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 943.
72 [Legal tender case] : Roosevelt v. Meyer, 68 U.S. 512 (1863).
73 [“all persons discouraging”] : “Proclamation Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus,” September 24, 1862, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 2, p. 371.
73 [Eighteen thousand civilian arrests] : Hyman and Wiecek, p. 233.
73 [“disregard each and every”] : quoted in Streichler, p. 157.
73 [“is authorized to suspend”] : quoted in Swisher, Taney Period, p. 920.
74 [“political school”] : ibid., p. 923.
74 [“wicked, cruel”] : Trial of Vallandigham, p. 11.
74 [“King Lincoln”] : testimony of Capt. John A. Means, in ibid., pp. 22-23.
74 [“disloyal sentiments”] : ibid., p. 11.
75 [“close confinement”] : ibid., p. 33.
75 [“when the national life”] : Judge H. H. Leavitt’s Opinion of the Court, in
ibid., pp. 269, 266, respectively.
75 [Lincoln and Vallandigham’s arrest] : see Lincoln to General Ambrose E. Burnside, telegram of May 29, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 2, p. 451.
75 [“wily agitator”] : Lincoln to Erastus Corning and Others, letter of June 12, 1863, in ibid., vol. 2, pp. 454-63, quoted at p. 460.
76 [“to review or pronounce”] : Ex parte Vallandigham, 68 U.S. 243 (1863), quoted at 252.
76 [“foul and corrupt”] : quoted in Simon, p. 244.
76 [“necessary war measure”] : “Final Emancipation Proclamation,” January 1, 1863, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, vol. 2, pp. 424-25, quoted at p. 424.
76 [“hot-new purpose”] : Phillips, “Speech at the Cooper Institute,” December 22, 1863, in The Liberator, vol. 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1864), p. 2.
76 [“absolve the judicial department”] : Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1863, quoted in Spector, p. 207.
CHAPTER FIVE-DECONSTRUCTION: REPUBLICAN REVERSAL
Michael Les Benedict, “Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction,” Journal of American History, vol. 61, no. 1 (June 1974), pp. 65-90.
Michael Les Benedict, “Preserving Federalism: Reconstruction and the Waite Court,” Supreme Court Review, vol. 1978 (1978), pp. 39-79.
Michael Les Benedict, “The Problem of Constitutionalism and Constitutional Liberty in the Reconstruction South,” in Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely, Jr., eds., An Uncertain Tradition: Constitutionalism and the History of the South (University of Georgia Press, 1989), pp. 225-49.
Pamela Brandwein, “The Civil Rights Cases and the Lost Language of State Neglect,” in Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch, eds., The Supreme Court and American Political Development (University Press of Kansas, 2006), pp. 275-325.
Pamela Brandwein, Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth (Duke University Press, 1999).
Michael Kent Curtis, No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights (Duke University Press, 1986).
Garrett Epps, “The Antebellum Background of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 67, no. 3 (Summer 2004), pp. 175-211.
Charles Fairman, Five Justices and the Electoral Commission of 1877, supplement to vol. 7 of History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1988).
Charles Fairman, Mr. Justice Miller and the Supreme Court, 1862 -1890 (Harvard University Press, 1939).
Charles Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864-88, vols. 6-7 of History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1971-87).
Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (Harper & Row, 1988).
Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789 -1969 (Chelsea House, 1969-78), vol. 2.
Harold Holzer and Sara Vaughn Gabbard, eds., Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Southern Illinois University Press, 2007).
Harold M. Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (Alfred A. Knopf, 1973).
Harold M. Hyman, The Reconstruction Justice of Salmon P. Chase (University Press of Kansas, 1997).
Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice Under Law: Constitutional Development, 1835 -1875 (Harper & Row, 1982).
Peter Irons, A People’s History of the Supreme Court (Viking, 1999), chs. 16-17.
Stanley I. Kutler, Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics (University of Chicago Press, 1968).
Ronald M. Labbé and Jonathan Lurie, The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment (University Press of Kansas, 2003).
Charles Lane, The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction (Henry Holt, 2008).
William Lasser, The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics (University of North Carolina Press, 1988), ch. 3.
C. Peter Magrath, Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character (Macmillan, 1963).
Earl M. Maltz, Civil Rights, the Constitution, and Congress, 1863 -1869 (University Press of Kansas, 1990).
Roy Morris, Jr., Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 (Simon & Schuster, 2003).
William E. Nelson, The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine (Harvard University Press, 1988).
Keith Ian Polakoff, The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction (Louisiana State University Press, 1973).
David A. J. Richards, Conscience and the Constitution: History, Theory, and Law of the Reconstruction Amendments (Princeton University Press, 1993).
Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era (Louisiana State University Press, 2003).
Frank J. Scaturro, The Supreme Court’s Retreat from Reconstruction: A Distortion of Constitutional Jurisprudence (Greenwood Press, 2000).
Jean Edward Smith, Grant (Simon and Schuster, 2001).
C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (Little, Brown, 1951).
Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “The Civil Rights Act of 1875,” Western Political Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 4 (December 1965), pp. 763-75.
79 [Population growth, postwar decades] : Susan B. Carter et al., eds., Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present (Cambridge University Press, 2006), vol. 1, pp. 31-32 (Table Aa9).
80 [“terrible war”] : March 4, 1865, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed. (Library of America, 1989), vol. 2, pp. 686-87, quoted at p. 687.
80 [“who shall have tasted”] : Lincoln to Stephen A. Hurlbut, letter of July 31, 1863, in ibid., vol. 2, pp. 485-86, quoted at p. 485.
80 [“new birth”] : November 19, 1863, in ibid., vol. 2, p. 536.
81 [“full and equal benefit”] : quoted in Hyman, More Perfect Union, p. 462.
82 [“injure, oppress”] : U.S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875), quoted at 547.
84 [“entirely fitting”] : letter of November 8, 1873, in Grant, Papers, John Y. Simon, ed. (Southern Illinois University Press, 1967- ), vol. 24, p. 253.
85 [Welles on Waite] : Magrath, p. 2.
85 [Waite in front rank of second-class lawyers] : Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration (Dodd, Mead, 1937), p. 665.
85 [“fear and trembling”] : quoted in Magrath, p. 90.
86 [Slaughterhouse] : Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873), Miller’s opinion quoted at 82, 77, 75, 71, respectively.
87 [“bloodiest single act”] : Foner, p. 530.
88 [“every legal door”] : Irons, p. 205.
88 [“very highest duty”] : Cruikshank, quoted at 553, 556.
89 [“not exactly extinct”] : editorial, New York Times, June 1, 1876, p. 6.
89 [“inns, public conveyances”] : quoted in Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, vol. 7, p. 176.
89 [“I am treated”] : Congressional Record, 43rd Congress, 2nd session, February 3, 1875, p. 945.
89 [“depriving white people”] : quoted in Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, vol. 7, p. 564.
90 [“not to distinctions”] : 109 U.S. 3 (1883), quoted at 24, 25.
91 [“The negro will disappear”] : “The Political South Hereafter,” Nation, vol. 24, no. 614 (April 5, 1877), pp. 202-3, quoted at p. 202.
CHAPTER SIX-A COURT FOR THE GILDED AGE
Richard L. Aynes, “Unintended Consequences of the Fourteenth Amendment,” in David E. Kyvig, ed., Unintended Consequences of Constitutional Amendment (University of Georgia Press, 2000), pp. 110-40.
Mark Warren Bailey, Guardians of the Moral Order: The Legal Philosophy of the Supreme Court, 1860-1910 (Northern Illinois University Press, 2004).
Michael Les Benedict, “Laissez-Faire and Liberty: A Re-Evaluation of the Meani
ng and Origins of Laissez-Faire Constitutionalism,” Law and History Review, vol. 3, no. 2 (Autumn 1985), pp. 293-331.
Loren P. Beth, The Development of the American Constitution, 1877-1917 (Harper & Row, 1971).
David J. Brewer, “The Nation’s Safeguard,” Proceedings of the New York State Bar Association, vol. 47 (1893), pp. 37-48.
David J. Brewer, “Protection to Private Property from Public Attack,” New Englander and Yale Review, vol. 55, no. 256 (August 1891), pp. 97-110.
James MacGregor Burns, The Workshop of Democracy (Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), part 2.
Robert F. Durden, The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896 (University of Kentucky Press, 1965).
James W. Ely, Jr., The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888-1910 (University of South Carolina Press, 1995).
James W. Ely, Jr., The Fuller Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (ABC-CLIO, 2003).
James W. Ely, Jr., The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1998), ch. 5.
Charles Fairman, “Mr. Justice Bradley’s Appointment to the Supreme Court and the Legal Tender Cases,” Harvard Law Review, vol. 54, nos. 6 and 7 (April and May 1941), pp. 977-1034 and 1128-55.
Charles Fairman, Mr. Justice Miller and the Supreme Court, 1862 -1890 (Harvard University Press, 1939).
Charles Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864-88, vols. 6-7 of History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1971-87).
Charles Fairman, “The So-Called Granger Cases, Lord Hale, and Justice Bradley,” Stanford Law Review, vol. 5, no. 4 (July 1953), pp. 587-679.
Charles Fairman, “What Makes a Great Justice?: Mr. Justice Bradley and the Supreme Court, 1870-1892,” Boston University Law Review, vol. 30 (January 1950), pp. 49-102.
Harold U. Faulkner, Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900 (Harper & Brothers, 1959).
Harvey Fireside, Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism (Carroll & Graf, 2004).
Owen M. Fiss, Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888-1910, vol. 8 of the History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1993).
Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court Page 28