Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1970).
William E. Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement (Harvard University Press, 1991).
Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789 -1969 (Chelsea House, 1969-78), vols. 2-3.
Russell W. Galloway, Justice for All?: The Rich and Poor in Supreme Court History, 1790-1990 (Carolina Academic Press, 1991), chs. 7-8.
Howard Gillman, “How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875-1891,” American Political Science Review, vol. 96, no. 3 (September 2002), pp. 511-24.
John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers’ Alliance and the People’s Party (1931; reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1981).
Peter Irons, A People’s History of the Supreme Court (Viking, 1999), chs. 16-20.
Stanley L. Jones, The Presidential Election of 1896 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1964).
Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Belknap Press, 1977).
Paul Kens, Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age (University Press of Kansas, 1997).
Willard L. King, Melville Weston Fuller: Chief Justice of the United States, 1888-1910 (Macmillan, 1950).
Michael J. Klarman, “The Plessy Era,” Supreme Court Review, vol. 1998 (1998), pp. 303-414.
Gabriel Kolko, Railroads and Regulation, 1877 -1916 (Princeton University Press, 1965).
Ronald M. Labbé and Jonathan Lurie, The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment (University Press of Kansas, 2003).
Charles A. Lofgren, The Plessy Case (Oxford University Press, 1987).
Jonathan Lurie, “Stanley Matthews: A Case Portrait of Gilded Age High Court Jurisprudence,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 33, no. 2 (July 2008), pp. 160-69.
C. Peter Magrath, Morrison Waite: The Triumph of Character (Macmillan, 1963).
Robert G. McCloskey, American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise (Harvard University Press, 1951), chs. 4-5.
Wayne D. Moore, “(Re)Construction of Constitutional Authority and Meaning: The Fourteenth Amendment and Slaughter-House Cases,” in Ronald Kahn and Ken I. Kersch, eds., The Supreme Court and American Political Development (University Press of Kansas, 2006), pp. 229-74.
James O’Hara, “The Gilded Age and the Supreme Court,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 33, no. 2 (July 2008), pp. 123-33.
Arnold M. Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887 - 1895 (Cornell University Press, 1960).
Norman Pollack, The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought (Harvard University Press, 1962).
Linda Przybyszewski, “The Dissents of John Marshall Harlan I,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 32, no. 2 (August 2007), pp. 152-61.
Sidney Ratner, “Was the Supreme Court Packed by President Grant?,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3 (September 1935), pp. 343-58.
John P. Roche, “Civil Liberty in the Age of Enterprise,” University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 31, no. 1 (Autumn 1963), pp. 103-35.
Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era (Louisiana State University Press, 2003).
William G. Ross, A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890-1937 (Princeton University Press, 1994).
Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (Stanford University Press, 1991).
Robert Stanley, Dimensions of Law in the Service of Order: Origins of the Federal Income Tax, 1861-1913 (Oxford University Press, 1993).
William F. Swindler, Court and Constitution in the Twentieth Century: The Old Legality, 1889 -1932 (Bobbs-Merrill, 1969), chs. 1-4.
James B. Weaver, A Call to Action (Iowa Printing Co., 1892).
Alan F. Westin, “The Supreme Court, the Populist Movement and the Campaign of 1896,” Journal of Politics, vol. 15, no. 1 (February 1953), pp. 3-41.
William M. Wiecek, “Justice David J. Brewer and ‘the Constitution in Exile,’ ” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 33, no. 2 (July 2008), pp. 170-85.
Tinsley E. Yarbrough, Judicial Enigma: The First Justice Harlan (Oxford University Press, 1995).
94 [Hepburn] : 75 U.S. 603 (1870).
94 [“curious spectacle”] : “The Legal Tender Cases of 1871,” American Law Review, vol. 7 (1872), pp. 146-47, quoted at p. 146. Holmes was editor of the review and presumed author of this “book notice.”
95 [“Chief Justice has resorted”] : letter of April 21, 1870, quoted in Fairman, Mr. Justice Miller, pp. 170, 171.
95 [Legal Tender Cases] : 79 U.S. 457 (1871).
95 [“base compliance”] : quoted in Ratner, p. 348.
95 [“although he required”] : entry of October 28, 1876, quoted in Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration (Dodd, Mead, 1937), pp. 306-7.
96 [“profoundly wrong”] : Fairman, “Mr. Justice Bradley’s Appointment,” p. 1133.
96 [Railroad worker casualties, 1889] : Irons, p. 192.
98 [“distinguishing privilege”] : Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873), quoted at 110, 101, 110, respectively.
99 [Hopkins] : Frederick Rudolph, Mark Hopkins and the Log: Williams College, 1836- 1872 (Yale University Press, 1956), esp. ch. 2.
100 [Munn] : 94 U.S. 113 (1877), Waite’s opinion quoted at 131, 130, respectively; Field’s dissent at 148, 140, respectively.
101 [“labor is prior to”] : “Address Before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,” Milwaukee, September 30, 1859, in Lincoln, Collected Works, Roy P. Basler, ed. (Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), vol. 3, pp. 471-82, quoted at p. 478.
101 [“Unrestricted monopolies”] : Bradley, “Outline of my views on the subject of the Granger Cases,” reprinted as an appendix to Fairman, “The So-Called Granger Cases,” quoted at p. 670.
103 [“oppressive and tyrannical”] : quoted in Hicks, p. 147.
103 [“power of government”] : “People’s Platform,” July 4, 1892, reprinted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of American Presidential Elections (Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 1741-44, quoted at p. 1742.
103 [“Imperial Supreme Court”] : Weaver, pp. 133, 132, 134, 135, respectively.
104 [“marched to the polls”] : Alex Arnett, The Populist Movement in Georgia (Longmans, Green, 1922), p. 154.
104 [“best and most beneficial”] : Miller to David Davis, letter of September 7, 1873, quoted in Labbé and Lurie, p. 14.
104 [“It is vain”] : quoted in Swindler, p. 10.
105 [“duty of the people”] : Fuller, “Address in Commemoration of the Inauguration of George Washington,” December 11, 1889, 132 U.S. 707 (1889), quoted at 732.
105 [Harlan on Lincoln’s “perversion” of Union cause] : Yarbrough, p. 57.
106 [Harlan’s dissent in seamen case] : Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U.S. 275 (1897), dissent at 288.
107 [Santa Clara Co.] : 118 U.S. 394 (1886).
107 [Wabash] : 118 U.S. 557 (1886).
107 [Chicago, Milwaukee] : 134 U.S. 418 (1890), majority opinion by Blatchford quoted at 458; Bradley’s dissent at 462. See also Fiss, pp. 203-4.
108 [“love of acquirement”] : Brewer, “Protection to Private Property,” p. 99.
108 [Reagan] : 154 U.S. 362 (1894), quoted at 412, 399, respectively.
109 [Pollock] : 158 U.S. 601 (1895), Jackson’s dissent quoted at 706; Fuller’s majority opinion at 634.
109 [“unvarying law”] : Brewer, “Nation’s Safeguard,” p. 39.
109 [Knight] : 156 U.S. 1 (1895).
110 [“third House”] : “Triumph of the Sugar Trust over the People of the United States,” American Law Review, vol. 29 (March-April 1895), pp. 293-306, quote
d at p. 306.
110 [“chief end”] : Brewer, “Nation’s Safeguard,” p. 39.
110 [“special exigency”] : 158 U.S. 564 (1895), Brewer’s opinion quoted at 592, 593.
110 [“greed over need”] : May 21, 1895, quoted in Swindler, p. 3.
111 [“government by injunction”] : “Democratic Platform” (1896), in Schlesinger, vol. 2, pp. 1827-31, quoted at p. 1830.
111 [“government by the mob”] : ex-President Benjamin Harrison, quoted in Westin, p. 34.
112 [Plessy] : 163 U.S. 537 (1896), majority opinion quoted at 544, 551, 552; Harlan’s dissent at 559, 557, 559, respectively.
113 [“black flag”] : Brewer, “Nation’s Safeguard,” p. 47.
113 [“do all that it can”] : quoted in Fiss, p. 73.
CHAPTER SEVEN-THE TRIUMPHANT MR. TAFT
Henry J. Abraham, Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1992), ch. 8.
Leonard Baker, Brandeis and Frankfurter (Harper & Row, 1984).
Loren P. Beth, The Development of the American Constitution, 1877-1917 (Harper & Row, 1971).
James E. Bond, I Dissent: The Legacy of Chief Justice James Clark McReynolds (George Mason University Press, 1992).
L. B. Boudin, “Government by Judiciary,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2 (June 1911), pp. 238-70.
David H. Burton, Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998).
David P. Currie, “The Constitution in the Supreme Court, 1910-1921,” Duke Law Journal, vol. 1985, no. 6 (December 1985), pp. 1111-62.
David J. Danelski, A Supreme Court Justice Is Appointed (Random House, 1964).
W. F. Dodd, “Social Legislation and the Courts,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1 (March 1913), pp. 1-17.
James W. Ely, Jr., The Chief Justiceship of Melville W. Fuller, 1888-1910 (University of South Carolina Press, 1995).
James W. Ely, Jr., The Fuller Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (ABC-CLIO, 2003).
Peter G. Fish, “William Howard Taft and Charles Evans Hughes: Conservative Politicians as Chief Judicial Reformers,” Supreme Court Review, vol. 1975 (1975), pp. 123-45.
Owen M. Fiss, Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888-1910, vol. 8 of History of the Supreme Court of the United States (Macmillan, 1993).
Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789 -1969 (Chelsea House, 1969-78), vol. 3.
John A. Garraty, “Holmes’s Appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court,” New England Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 3 (September 1949), pp. 291-303.
Howard Gillman, The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Decline of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence (Duke University Press, 1993).
M. Paul Holsinger, “The Appointment of Supreme Court Justice Van Devanter: A Study of Political Preferment,” American Journal of Legal History, vol. 12, no. 4 (October 1968), pp. 324-35.
Herbert Hovenkamp, Enterprise and American Law, 1836-1937 (Harvard University Press, 1991).
Charles Evans Hughes, Autobiographical Notes, David J. Danelski and Joseph S. Tulchin, eds. (Harvard University Press, 1973).
Peter Irons, A People’s History of the Supreme Court (Viking, 1999), chs. 20-22.
Paul Kens, Judicial Power and Reform Politics: The Anatomy of Lochner v. New York (University Press of Kansas, 1990).
Jonathan Lurie, “Chief Justice Taft and Dissents: Down with the Brandeis Briefs!,” Journal of Supreme Court History, vol. 32, no. 2 (August 2007), pp. 178-89.
Alpheus T. Mason, Brandeis: A Free Man’s Life (Viking, 1946).
Alpheus T. Mason, “The Conservative World of Mr. Justice Sutherland, 1883-1910,” American Political Science Review, vol. 32, no. 3 (June 1938), pp. 443-77.
Alpheus T. Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law (Viking, 1956).
Alpheus T. Mason, The Supreme Court from Taft to Warren (Louisiana State University Press, 1958).
Alpheus T. Mason, William Howard Taft: Chief Justice (Simon and Schuster, 1965).
Daniel S. McHargue, “President Taft’s Appointments to the Supreme Court,” Journal of Politics, vol. 12, no. 3 (August 1950), pp. 478-510.
George E. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (University of Wisconsin Press, 1946).
Paul L. Murphy, The Constitution in Crisis Times, 1918-1969 (Harper & Row, 1972), chs. 1-4.
Lewis J. Paper, Brandeis (Prentice-Hall, 1983).
Joel Francis Paschal, Mr. Justice Sutherland: A Man Against the State (Princeton University Press, 1951).
Richard Polenberg, Fighting Faiths: The Abrams Case, the Supreme Court, and Free Speech (Viking, 1987).
Walter F. Pratt, Jr., The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921 (University of South Carolina Press, 1999).
Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft, 2 vols. (Farrar & Rinehart, 1939).
Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes, 2 vols. (Macmillan, 1951).
William L. Ransom, Majority Rule and the Judiciary (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912).
Peter G. Renstrom, The Taft Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (ABC-CLIO, 2003).
Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography (Macmillan, 1913).
William G. Ross, A Muted Fury: Populists, Progressives, and Labor Unions Confront the Courts, 1890-1937 (Princeton University Press, 1994).
Stephen Stagner, “The Recall of Judicial Decisions and the Due Process Debate,” American Journal of Legal History, vol. 24, no. 3 (July 1980), pp. 257-72.
Philippa Strum, Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People (Harvard University Press, 1984).
William F. Swindler, Court and Constitution in the Twentieth Century: The Old Legality, 1889 -1932 (Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).
David M. Tucker, “Justice Horace Harmon Lurton: The Shaping of a National Progressive,” American Journal of Legal History, vol. 13, no. 3 ( July 1969), pp. 223-32.
G. Edward White, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self (Oxford University Press, 1993).
115 [“strong and efficient”] : Roosevelt, Autobiography, p. 462.
116 [“malefactors of great wealth”] : e.g., Roosevelt, “The Thraldom of Names,” Outlook, vol. 92 (June 19, 1909), pp. 391-95, quoted at p. 395.
116 [“chief lawmakers”] : “Eighth Annual Message to Congress,” December 8, 1908, in Roosevelt, Works, Hermann Hagedorn, ed. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), vol. 15, pp. 489-545, quoted at p. 511.
116 [“constructive statesmen”] : “Speech of the President of the United States at the Dinner to Mr. Justice Harlan” on the 25th anniversary of his service on the Supreme Court, December 9, 1902, American Law Review, vol. 37 (January-February 1903), pp. 93-95, quoted at p. 93.
116 [“negative action”] : Roosevelt, Autobiography, p. 463.
117 [“life of the law”] : Holmes, The Common Law (Little, Brown, 1881), p. 1.
117 [“ordinary and low sense”] : letter of July 10, 1902, in Roosevelt, Letters, Elting E. Morison, ed. (Harvard University Press, 1951-54), vol. 3, pp. 288-90, quoted at p. 289.
118 [TR on Moody] : Roosevelt to William Allen White, letter of November 30, 1908, in ibid., vol. 6, pp. 1392-93, quoted at p. 1393.
118 [Northern Securities] : Northern Securities v. U.S., 193 U.S. 197 (1904), Brewer quoted at 363; Holmes’s dissent at 401.
119 [“went wild”] : Adams to Elizabeth Cameron, letter of March 20-21, 1904, in Adams, Letters, J. C. Levenson et al., eds. (Belknap Press, 1982-88), vol. 5, pp. 563-65, quoted at p. 564.
119 [“long outgrown philosophy”] : “Eighth Annual Message,” p. 511.
119 [“all-pervading power”] : Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), quoted at 59, 57, 64, respectively.
119 [“treasured freedom”] : brief for Joseph Lochner, quoted in Irons, p. 255.
119 [“this case is decided”] : Lochner, quoted at 75.
120 [“choice between”] : Freund, “Limitations of Hours of Labor
and the Federal Supreme Court,” Green Bag, vol. 17 (July 1905), pp. 411-17, quoted at p. 416.
120 [Adair] : 208 U.S. 161 (1908).
120 [Loewe]: 208 U.S. 274 (1908).
120 [Brandeis’s brief in Muller] : see Mason, Brandeis, pp. 248-52.
120 [Muller] : 208 U.S. 412 (1908), quoted at 423, 422, respectively.
120 [“very slovenly”] : “Eighth Annual Message,” p. 515. The decision TR referred to was Employers’ Liability Cases, 207 U.S. 463 (1908).
121 [“you beloved individual”] : letter of August 2, 1906, in Roosevelt, Letters, vol. 5, pp. 341-43, quoted at p. 341.
122 [“menace to the welfare”] : Roosevelt to Henry Stimson, letter of February 5, 1912, in ibid., vol. 7, pp. 494-95, quoted p. 495.
122 [“people themselves”] : “Roosevelt’s Own Creed Set Forth,” New York Times, August 7, 1912, pp. 8-9, quoted at p. 8.
122 [“suspension of the Constitution”] : “Taft Shows Peril in Roosevelt’s Policy,” ibid., March 9, 1912, pp. 1, 10, quoted at p. 10.
122 [“wild scheme”] : “Progressing Backward” (editorial), ibid., February 27, 1912, p. 8.
122 [“cause of all the trouble”] : “Reversing John Marshall” (editorial), ibid., February 25, 1912, p. 10.
122 [“serious question”] : “Mr. Roosevelt’s Startling New Issue,” Current Literature, vol. 52 (April 1912), pp. 371-74, quoted at p. 372.
123 [“effectively control”] : quoted in “Roosevelt Pleads for Removal of Special Interest Control,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 1910, p. 6.
123 [“ultimate sovereign power”] : Roosevelt to Joseph P. Cotton, Jr., letter of April 30, 1912, quoted in Ross, p. 140.
123 [“it is the people”] : Roosevelt, “Introduction,” in Ransom, pp. 3-24, quoted at p. 6.
124 [“fundamental law”] : Lurton, “A Government of Laws or a Government of Men?,” North American Review, vol. 193 (January 1911), pp. 9-25, quoted at pp. 24, 20, respectively.
125 [Van Devanter as commander-in-chief] : Harlan Fiske Stone, in Mason, Stone, p. 590 fn.
125 [“modify itself ”] : Holmes, “The Gas-Stokers’ Strike,” American Law Review, vol. 7 (1873), reprinted in “The Early Writings of O. W. Holmes, Jr.,” Felix Frankfurter, ed., Harvard Law Review, vol. 44, no. 5 (March 1931), pp. 795-96, quoted at p. 796.
Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court Page 29