“Grumbling and dragging his heels”: Oral History of Admiral William J. Crowe, Jr., U.S. Navy (Retired), Naval Historical Foundation, Washington, D.C., 2009, 631.
“A very poor fourth”: NHHC, “Memorandum for Admiral Thomas H. Moorer,” Records of the Immediate Office of the CNO, Pueblo Incident Files, Correspondence, box 123.
“Must in fairness be borne”: New York Times, May 7, 1969.
“Dashed to pieces”: Lloyd M. Bucher and Mark Rascovich, Bucher: My Story (Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York, 1970), 395.
CHAPTER 19: A DAY IN THE SUN
“With respect to stopping the ship”: RP, Vol. 8, 1814.
“My most experienced officer . . . had robbed me”: Lloyd M. Bucher and Mark Rascovich, Bucher: My Story (Doubleday & Co., Inc., Garden City, New York, 1970), 192.
The lie-detector test: HI, Papers of Lloyd M. Bucher, box 17.
“I regret having done it”: Author interview with Lloyd M. Bucher.
“I am lost all the time”: HI, Bucher Papers, op. cit.
“A tremendous amount of stupidity”: Washington Post, June 10, 1970.
“In any capacity”: Bucher interview, op. cit.
“It was like I had the plague”: Ibid.
“What ships did I surrender today”: Ibid.
“We could not have it both ways”: “Commander Bucher Replies,” Naval History, Winter 1989, 49.
“One hell of a sight better”: Ibid., 50.
“Just easing the pain”: New York Times, May 29, 1988.
“Rifle butts and boot kickings”: Los Angeles Times, Jan. 17, 1988, 34.
“One hell of a lot of conflict”: Bucher letter to Rep. Montgomery, copy in author’s possession.
“The thing that really gnawed at me”: Author interview with Nicholas J. Mavroules.
“They have earned it”: Statement of Vice Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda before the Subcommittee on Investigations, Armed Services Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, June 23, 1989, copy in author’s possession.
“I apologize for all the citizens of this nation”: United Press International, May 5, 1990.
EPILOGUE
Disguised it as a freighter: The New York Times, July 19, 2005.
“My ankles were raw”: Author interview with William T. Massie.
“We’ve not been successful”: Author interview with Daniel T. Gilbert.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Acheson, Dean, The Korean War, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1969.
Andrew, Christopher, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush, HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., New York, 1996.
Armbrister, Trevor, A Matter of Accountability: The True Story of the Pueblo Affair, Coward-McCann Inc., New York, 1970.
Ball, George W., The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1982.
Bamford, James, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century, Doubleday & Co., New York, 2001.
Barron, John, Breaking the Ring: The Rise and Fall of the Walker Family Spy Network, Avon Books, New York, 1987.
Bermudez, Joseph S., North Korean Special Forces, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1998.
Bradshaw, Thomas I., and Marsha L. Clark, Carrier Down: The Story of the Sinking of the U.S.S. Princeton, Eakin Press, Austin, Texas, 1990.
Brandt, Ed, The Last Voyage of USS Pueblo, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1969.
Bucher, Lloyd M., and Mark Rascovich, Bucher: My Story, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York, 1970.
Burrows, William E., By Any Means Necessary: America’s Heroes, Flying Secret Missions in a Hostile World, Plume, New York, 2002.
Busby, Horace, The Thirty-First of March: An Intimate Portrait of Lyndon Johnson’s Final Days in Office, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2005.
Buzo, Adrian, The Guerrilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea, I. B. Tauris and Co., London, 1999.
Califano, Joseph A., The Triumph & Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1991.
Clifford, Clark, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir, Random House, New York, 1991.
Cowger, Thomas W., and Sherwin J. Markman, Lyndon Johnson Remembered: An Intimate Portrait of a Presidency, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Maryland, 2003.
Craven, John Pina, The Silent War: The Cold War Battle Beneath the Sea, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.
Crawford, Don, Pueblo Intrigue, Tyndale House Publishers, Wheaton, Illinois, 1969.
Crickmore, Paul F., Lockheed SR-71: The Secret Missions Exposed, Osprey Aerospace, London, 1993.
Cristol, A. Jay, The Liberty Incident: The 1967 Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship, Brassey’s, Dulles, Virginia, 2002.
Crowe, William J., with David Chanoff, The Line of Fire: From Washington to the Gulf, the Politics and Battles of the New Military, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1993.
Cumings, Bruce, The Korean War: A History, Modern Library, New York, 2010.
Dallek, Robert, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, England, 1998.
Dobrynin, Anatoly, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents, Times Books, New York, 1995.
Downs, Chuck, Over the Line: North Korea’s Negotiating Strategy, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 1999.
Doyle, William, An American Insurrection: James Meredith and the Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962, Anchor Books, New York, 2003.
Early, Pete, Family of Spies: Inside the John Walker Spy Ring, Bantam Books, New York, 1988.
Eckert, Carter J., et al., Korea Old and New. A History, Ilchokak, Publishers, Seoul, South Korea, 1990.
Ennes, James M. Jr., Assault on the Liberty: The True Story of the Israeli Attack on an American Intelligence Ship, Random House, New York, 1979.
Gallery, Daniel V., The Pueblo Incident, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York, 1970.
Goulding, Phil G., Confirm or Deny: Informing the People on National Security, Harper & Row, New York, 1970.
Halberstam, David, The Best and the Brightest, Modern Library, New York, 2001.
Harris, Eleanor Van Buskirk, The Ship That Never Returned, The Christopher Publishing House, North Quincy, Massachusetts, 1974.
Harris, Stephen R., and James C. Hefley, My Anchor Held, Fleming H. Revell Co., Old Tappan, New Jersey, 1970.
Helms, Richard, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency, Random House, New York, 2003.
Hendrickson, Paul, The Living and the Dead: Robert McNamara and Five Lives of a Lost War, Vintage Books, New York, 1996.
Herring, George C., LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1994.
Hersh, Seymour M., “The Target Is Destroyed”: What Really Happened to Flight 007 and What America Knew About It, Random House, New York, 1986.
Hooper, Edwin B., Vice Admiral, USN (Ret.), Mobility, Support, Endurance: A Story of Naval Operational Logistics in the Vietnam War, 1965–1968, Naval History Division, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., 1972.
Hunter, Edward, Brainwashing: The True and Terrible Story of the Men Who Endured and Defied the Most Diabolical Red Torture, Pyramid Books, New York, 1956.
Hunter, Robert W., Spy Hunter: Inside the FBI Investigation of the Walker Espionage Case, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1999.
Ignatius, Paul R., On Board: My Life in the Navy, Government, and Business, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 2006.
Johnson, Lady Bird, A White House Diary, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1970.
Johnson, Lyndon B., The Vantage Point: P
erspectives on the Presidency, 1963–1969, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1971.
Johnson, Sam Houston, My Brother Lyndon, Cowles Book Co., New York, 1969.
Kaiser, Charles, 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York, 1988.
Kalugin, Oleg, with Fen Montaigne, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1994.
Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., Some of It Was Fun: Working With RFK and JFK, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, 2008.
Kearns, Doris, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, Harper & Row, New York, 1976.
Kim, Chong-shin, Seven Years with Korea’s Park Chung-hee, Hollym Corp., Seoul, South Korea, 1967.
Kinkead, Eugene, In Every War But One, W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1959.
Kirkbride, Wayne A., Panmunjom: Facts About the Korean DMZ, Hollym Corp., Seoul, South Korea, 1985.
Koh, Byung Chul, The Foreign Policy of North Korea, Praeger, New York, 1969.
Lech, Raymond B., Broken Soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 2000.
Lerner, Mitchell B., The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2002.
Li Yuk-sa, Juche!: The Speeches and Writing of Kim Il Sung, Grossman Publishers, New York, 1972.
Liston, Robert A., The Pueblo Surrender: A Covert Action by the National Security Agency, M. Evans and Co., New York, 1988.
Mann, Robert, The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights, Harcourt Brace & Co., New York, 1996.
McGarvey, Patrick J., CIA: The Myth and the Madness, Penguin Books, Baltimore, Maryland, 1973.
McLellan, David S., Cyrus Vance, Rowman & Allanheld, Totowa, N.J., 1985.
McNamara, Robert S., The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office, Harper & Row, New York, 1968.
———, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, Vintage, New York, 1996.
McPherson, Harry, A Political Education: A Journal of Life with Senators, Generals, Cabinet Members, and Presidents, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1972.
McWhorter, Diane, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution, Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.
Moorer, Thomas H., Speeches and Statements by Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, USN, Chief of Naval Operations, United States Navy, 1 August 1967–1 July 1970, no publisher or date given.
Morison, Samuel Eliot, John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography, Atlantic-Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1959.
Murphy, Edward R., and Curt Gentry, Second in Command, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1971.
Nitze, Paul H. (with Ann M. Smith and Steven L. Rearden), From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision—A Memoir, Grove Weidenfeld, New York, 1989.
Oberdorfer, Don Tet!, Avon Books, New York, 1971.
———, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History, Basic Books, New York, 1997.
Offley, Ed, Scorpion Down: Sunk by the Soviets, Buried by the Pentagon: The Untold Story of the USS Scorpion, Basic Books, New York, 2007.
Park Chung Hee, The Country, the Revolution and I, Hollym Corp., Seoul, South Korea, 1962.
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Pasley, Virginia, 22 Stayed: The Story of the 21 American GIs and One Briton Who Chose Communist China—Who They Were and the Reason for Their Choice, W. H. Allen, London, 1965.
Plumb, Charlie, I’m No Hero: A POW Story as Told to Glen Dewerff, Independence Press, Santa Barbara, California, 1973.
Reeves, Richard, President Nixon: Alone in the White House, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.
Richelson, Jeffrey T., The U.S. Intelligence Community, Third Edition, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1995.
Rostow, W. W., The Diffusion of Power, The Macmillan Co., New York, 1972.
Rusk, Dean, and Richard Rusk, As I Saw It, Penguin Books, New York, 1991.
Schumacher, F. Carl, and George C. Wilson, Bridge of No Return: The Ordeal of the U.S.S. Pueblo, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1971.
Shesol, Jeff, Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade, W. W. Norton & Co., 1997.
Sontag, Sherry, Christopher Drew, and Annette Lawrence Drew, Blind Man’s Bluff, PublicAffairs, New York, 1998.
Spiller, Harry, ed., American POWs in Korea: Sixteen Personal Accounts, McFarland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1998.
Stebenne, David L., Arthur J. Goldberg, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.
Stone, I. F., In a Time of Torment, Random House, New York, 1967.
Suedfeld, Peter, ed., Psychology and Torture, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1990.
Suh, Dae-Sook, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader, Columbia University Press, New York, 1988.
Tart, Larry, and Robert Keefe, The Price of Vigilance: Attacks on American Surveillance Flights, Ballantine Books, New York, 2001.
Tennant, Roger, A History of Korea, Kegan Paul International, London, 1996.
Tucker, Spencer, and Frank Reuter, Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 22, 1807, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1996.
Vance, Cyrus, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1983.
White, W. L., The Captives of Korea: Their Treatment of Our Prisoners Versus Our Treatment of Theirs, An Unofficial White Paper, Scribner’s, New York, 1957.
Witcover, Jules, The Year the Dream Died: Revisiting 1968 in America, Warner Books, New York, 1997.
ARCHIVES
National Archives at College Park (Archives II), College Park, Maryland
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library & Museum, Austin, Texas
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, Ann Arbor, Michigan
U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command, Washington, D.C.
Vanderbilt University Television News Archive, Nashville, Tennessee
U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
Hoover Institution, Stanford, California
ORAL HISTORIES
Bonesteel, Charles H., III, Senior Officers Oral History Program, 1973, by U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert St. Louis, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
Crowe, William J., Oral History of Admiral William J. Crowe, Jr., U.S. Navy (Retired), Naval Historical Foundation, Washington, D.C., 2009.
Hyland, John, Reminiscences of Admiral John J. Hyland Jr., U.S. Navy (Retired), Volume II, 1989, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.
Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., Oral History Interview III, 11 December 1968, by Paige E. Mulhollan, Internet Copy, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library & Museum, Austin, Texas.
Lee, Kent L., Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Kent L. Lee, U.S. Navy (Retired), Volume II, 1990, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.
Sheck, Eugene, Oral History Interview, 1982, NSA OH-26-82, National Security Agency, Ft. George Meade, Maryland.
Smith, John Victor, Reminiscences of Vice Admiral J. Victor Smith, U.S. Navy (Retired), 1977, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.
GOVERNMENT STUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS
Bolger, Daniel P., “Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966–1969,” Leavenworth Papers No. 19, Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, 1991.
Congressional Record, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (
Historical Series), Volume XX, Ninetieth Congress, Second Session, 1968, made public in 2010.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXII, Northeast Asia, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1996.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIX, Part 1, Korea, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 2000.
Smith, Robert W., and J. Ashley Roach, Limits in the Seas: United States Responses to Excessive National Maritime Claims, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C., 1992.
Strauch, Ralph E., The Operational Assessment of Risk: A Case Study of the Pueblo Mission, a report prepared for the United States Air Force Project Rand, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, 1971.
Van Nederveen, Giles (Captain, U.S. Air Force), Sparks over Vietnam: The EB-66 and the Early Struggle of Tactical Electronic Warfare, Airpower Research Institute, Air University, Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama, undated.
PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS AND ACADEMIC PAPERS
Armbruster, William A., “The Pueblo Crisis and Public Opinion,” Naval War College Review, Vol. XXXIII, No. 7, March 1971.
Finer, Joel Jay, “The Second Ordeal of the Pueblo Crew,” American Bar Association Journal, November 1969, pp. 1029–33.
Ford, Charles V., and Raymond C. Spaulding, “The Pueblo Incident: A Comparison of Factors Related to Coping with Extreme Stress,” Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 29, September 1973.
———, “The Pueblo Incident: Psychological Reactions to the Stresses of Imprisonment and Repatriation,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 129:1, July 1972.
Fubini, Eugene G., “First Person Singular: Recollections of Radar Development,” Journal of Electronic Defense, Dec. 1, 2001, No. 12, Vol. 24, p. 74.
Harvey, E. Miles and William R. Newsome, “Rebuttals to ‘The Second Ordeal of the Pueblo Crew,’” American Bar Association Journal, February 1970, pp. 148–51.
Humphrey, David C., “Tuesday Lunch at the Johnson White House: A Preliminary Assessment,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 8, No. 1, Winter 1984, pp. 81–101.
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