44. Ludwig Bazylow, Ostatnie lata Rosji Carskiej: Rzady Stolypina (Warsaw, 1972), 172.
45. A. Ventin in Sovremennyi mir, No. 4 ([1910]), Pt. 2, 69.
46. NoV, No. 10,939 (August 27, 1906), 2.
47. Text in Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 170–74.
48. Ibid., 193–200.
49. Stolypin’s Duma speech of March 6, 1907, in Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty, 1907 god, I, Sessiia Vtoraia, Zasedanie 5-oe (St. Petersburg, 1907), 115.
50. S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma (Moscow, 1963), 391.
51. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie Otchëty, 1907 god, II, Sessiia Vtoraia, Zasedanie 36-oe (St. Petersburg, 1907), 436–37.
52. See above, p. 120.
53. On this, David A. J. Macey, Government and Peasant in Russia, 1881–1906 (De Kalb, Ill., 1987).
54. Roberta T. Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 55.
55. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 215–16.
56. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, 189.
57. Savich, Novyi gosudarstvennyi stroi, 232–38.
58. A. A. Kofod, Russkoe zemleustroistvo, 2nd ed. (St. Petersburg, 1914), 30.
59. See, e.g., A. V. Shestakov, Kapitalizatsiia sel’skogo khoziaistva Rossii (1861–1914) (Moscow, 1924).
60. Based on Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, passim.
61. Ibid., 199.
62. Ibid., 206.
63. Ibid., 305.
64. E. G. Vasilevskii, Ideinaia bor’ba vokrug Stolypinskoi agrarnoi reformy (Moscow, 1960), 67–84.
65. Based on Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaia zemel’naia reforma, 419.
66. L. Pasvolsky and H. G. Moulton, Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction (New York, 1924), 91.
67. Bazylow, Ostatnie lata, 205; Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 93–94; Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 150.
68. This exchange, which took place in July–August 1906, is reproduced in KA, No. 4 (1923), 132–35.
69. KA, No. 5 (1924), 105–7; Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 236–38, and Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 296n–297n.
70. Kurlov, Gibel’, 73–74; Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 403, 415.
71. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 111–16.
72. Ibid., 82.
73. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 55–56.
74. P. P. Maslov in OD, III, Book 5, 117.
75. Chetvërtyi (Ob”edinitel’nyi) S”ezd RSDRP; Protokoly, (Moscow, 1959), 525–26.
76. Golovin in Padenie, V, 367, 373.
77. KA, No. 4 (1923), 132.
78. Kokovtsov in Padenie, VII, 88, 97.
79. Tverskoi in VE, XLVII, No. 4 (April 1912), 193.
80. Kryzhanovskii in Vospominaniia, 90, and Padenie, V, 401; and Kryzhanovskii’s letter to V. N. Kokovtsov, dated June 20, 1929, in Kryzhanovskii Archive, Box 1, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.
81. Kurlov, Gibel’, 94; Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 421.
82. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 114.
83. Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 418; Szeftel, Russian Constitution, 259.
84. Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 50.
85. Alexander Kerensky in SZ, LX (1936), 460.
86. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,619 (August 12, 1936), 2.
87. Kryzhanovskii in Padenie, V, 406, 411, 415.
88. [Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaia Partila], Trefia Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Materialy dlia otsenki eë deiatel’nosti (St. Petersburg, 1912), vii.
89. Guchkov in Padenie, VI, 252–53.
90. Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 136.
91. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 8.
92. Struve in RM, No. 10 (October 1911), Pt. 2, 140.
93. Tret’ia Gosudarstvennaia Duma, 286–90.
94. On this subject, see Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 116–46.
95. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 128–30.
96. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia, 218; Guchkov in PN, No. 5,637 (August 30, 1936), 2.
97. The text of the bill as enacted on March 14, 1911, is in Zenkovskii, Pravda o Stolypine, 285–302.
98. A. Ia. Avrekh, Stolypin i Tret’ia Duma (Moscow, 1968), 334–35.
99. Ibid., 331.
100. Ibid., 337.
101. Ibid., 337–38.
102. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,637 (August 30, 1936), 2.
103. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 457.
104. V. I. Gurko, Features and Figures of the Past (Stanford, Calif., 1939), 515.
105. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, I, 463.
106. Ibid., I, 460–61.
107. Kurlov, Gibel’, 128; Zenkovskii, Pravda, 234.
108. A. F. Girs cited in A. Serebrennikov Ubiistvo Stolypina: svidetel’stva i dokumenty (New York, 1986), 191.
109. Police documents on Bogrov, with his depositions, have been published by B. Strumillo in KL, No. 9 (1923), 177–89, and No. 1/10 (1924), 226–40. There exists a short apologetic biography of the assassin by his brother Vladimir: Dmitrii Bogrov i ubiistvo Stolypina (Berlin, 1931).
110. G. E. Rein, citing General Spiridovich in Serebrennikov, Ubiistvo, 197.
111. The theory that Stolypin had fallen victim of the Okhrana has been recently revived by Avrekh in his Stolypin, 367–406.
112. Kurlov, Gibel’, 75–76.
113. Padenie, VI, 252.
114. KA, No. 4/35 (1929), 210.
115. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 8.
116. P. A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX-XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), 454–55.
117. Edmond Théry, La Transformation Economique de la Russie (Paris, 1914), xvii.
118. Pasvolsky and Moulton, Russian Debts, 177.
119. Ibid., 50.
120. Leopold Haimson in SR, XXIII, No. 4 (December 1964), 634–36.
121. The proposition is argued by Haimson, loc. cit., 619–42, and XXIV, No. 1 (March 1965), 1–22.
122. Calculated on the basis of figures in J. I. Griffin, Strikes (New York, 1939), 43.
123. K. G. J. C. Knowles, Strikes: A Study in Industrial Conflict (Oxford, 1952), 310.
124. Haimson in SR, XXIV, No. 1 (1965), 4–8.
125. On this, see Bernice Rosenthal, ed., Nietzsche in Russia (Princeton, N.J., 1986).
126. “Stikhiia i kultura” (1908) in his Sobranie Sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, V (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 351, 359.
Chapter 6
1.
Fritz Fischer,
War of Illusions
(London, 1975) and
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(New York, 1961).
2.
V. N. Lamzdorf,
Dnevnik, 1891–92
(Moscow-Leningrad, 1934), 299.
3.
V. A. Emets,
Ocherki vneshnei politiki Rossii: 1914–17
(Moscow, 1977), 52–53.
4.
A. M. Zaionchkovskii,
Mirovaia voina 1914–18 gg.
, I (Moscow, 1938), 39–40.
5.
N. N. Golovin,
Voennye usiliia Rossii v mirovoi voine
, II (Paris, 1939), 127; Emets,
Ocherki
, 46.
6.
See J. K. Tanenbaum, in E. R. May, ed.,
Knowing One’s Enemies
(Princeton, N.J., 1984), 150–71.
7.
Golovin,
Voennye usiliia
, II, 129–30; G. Frantz, ed.,
Russland auf dem Wege zur Katastrofe
(Berlin, 1926), 68–69.
8.
Norman Stone,
The Eastern Front, 1914–1917
(New York, 1975), 42.
9.
Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 388.
10. A. Knox, With the Russian Army, 1914–1917, I (London, 1921), xix.
11. On Russia’s entry into the war: D. C. B. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War (London, 1984).
12. W. A. Suchomlinow [Sukhomlinov], Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1924), 363–64.
13. Calculated from data in N. A. Troinitskii, ed., Obshchii svod … pervoi vseobshchei perepisi naseleniia, I (St. Petersburg, 1905), 56.
14. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot Rossii v nachale XX veka (Moscow, 1986), 15–16.
15. Emets, Ocherki, 33; Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 544.
16. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, I, 97–105.
17. A. Kersnovskii, Istoriia Russkoi Armii, Pt. 3 (Belgrade, 1935), 507; Knox, With the Russian Army, I, xxv-xxvi.
18. Kersnovskii, Istoriia, III, 613.
19. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 121.
20. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 31–32.
21. Ibid., 222n.
22. Ibid., 27.
23. Emets, Ocherki, 95.
24. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 8.
25. Ibid., 7.
26. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973), 109–10.
27. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 105.
28. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 525.
29. Zaionchkovskii, Mirovaia voina, I, 365.
30. Golovin, Voennye usiliia, I, 62.
31. Kersnovskii, Istoriia, IV, 877.
32. Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1929), 254–55.
33. Padenie, VII, 119.
34. P. B. Struve, “Ekonomicheskaia problema ‘Velikoi Rossii,’ ” in Velikaia Rossiia, Sbornik Statei, Book 2 (Moscow, 1911), 151–52.
35. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,630 (August 23, 1936), 2.
36. Gen. B. Borisov in Voennyi sbornik, II (Belgrade, 1922), 21.
37. A. N. Iakhontov, August 4, 1915, in ARR, XVIII (1926), 36.
38. Cited in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 56.
39. B. V. Mikhailovskii, Russkaia literatura XX v. (Moscow, 1939), 411–18.
40. Ludwig Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 297–98; George Katkov in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 64–66.
41. S. Sazonov, Fateful Years (London, 1928), 32.
42. KN, No. 6/10 (1922), 182–99. English translation in F. A. Golder, Documents of Russian History (New York, 1927), 3–23.
43. S. Dobrovolskii in Voennyi sbornik, II (Belgrade, 1922), 63–64; Emets, Ocherki, 46.
44. N. Maklakov in Padenie, III, 103; Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen, 368–69.
45. Emets, Ocherki, 68, citing Gen. Iu. N. Danilov.
46. Ibid., 50.
47. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 60–61.
48. Ibid., 90, 86.
49. H. von Moltke, Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente, 1877–1916 (Stuttgart, 1922), 434–35; Mémoirs du Maréchal Joffre, 1910–17, I (Paris, 1932), 353, 369.
50. Emets, Ocherki, 95.
51. J. Buchan, A History of the Great War, I (Boston, 1922), 526–27.
52. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 268–69; Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 15.
53. Moltke, Erinnerungen, 385.
54. Ibid., 406, 414.
55. Kersnovskii, Istoriia russkoi armii, III, 729.
56. E. von Falkenhayn, Die Oberste Heeresleitung, 1914–1916 (Berlin, 1920), 26.
57. Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 349.
58. A. G. Shliapnikov et al., eds., Kto dolzhnik? (Moscow, 1926), 125.
59. Ibid.
60. Gen. Sérigny cited in Golovin, Voennye usiliia, II, 143.
61. Emets, Ocherki, 175; Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 95.
62. V. S. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–17) (Leningrad, 1967), 78, citing K. F. Shatsillo.
63. Stone, Eastern Front, 131–32, 147.
64. Reproduced in Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen, 414.
65. His memoirs: Suchomlinow, Erinnerungen; Russian translation: Vospominaniia Sukhom-linova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926).
66. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 79. On him, see further Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 77–79.
67. Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1939), 327.
68. B. Pares, ed., Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914–1916 (London, 1923), 108.
69. S. P. Beletskii, Grigorii Rasputin (Petrograd, 1923), 33–35.
70. Pares, Letters, 110.
71. Rodzianko in Padenie, VII, 153; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 89.
72. B. B. Grave, ed., Burzhuaziia nakanune fevral’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 39.
73. Emets, Ocherki, 175.
74. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII (1926), 15.
75. Pares, The Fall, 256.
76. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 89–90.
77. On him, see Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987).
78. Tsentral’nyi Komitet Trudovoi Gruppy, Aleksandr Fëdorovich Kerenskii (Po Materialam Departamenta Politsii) (Petrograd, 1917).
79. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (London, 1919), 193.
80. Abraham, Kerensky, 96.
81. Beletskii, Rasputin, 13.
82. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 65; Maurice Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, II (Paris, 1922), 54–55.
83. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 113.
84. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 53–56.
85. Padenie, VII, 68–69, 131; V. P. Semennikov, Politika Romanovykh nakanune revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 82–83.
86. Text: Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 98.
87. Pares, The Fall, 269.
88. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 103.
89. The full English text in Pares, The Fall, 271–73.
90. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 27–29; KA, No. 1–2/50–51, (1932) 133–36; ARR, XVIII, 109–10.
91. See examples in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 114.
92. Pares, The Fall, 275–76.
93. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 39.
94. NoV, No. 7,258 (May 14/26, 1896), 2.
95. Iakhontov in ARR, XVIII, 62.
96. Ibid, 128.
97. Ibid.
98. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 126–27.
99. R V, No. 221 (September 27, 1915), 2.
100. Pares, The Fall, 285.
101. Ibid., 242–243.
102. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie otchëty, IV Sozyv, Sessiia IV, Zasedanie 4 (Petrograd, 1915), 303–5.
103. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot, 71.
104. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 102–3.
105. Padenie, VII, 140.
106. A. P. Pogrebinskii in IZ, XI (1941), 164.
107. A. Shliapnikov, Kanun semnadtsatogo goda, 3rd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 95–121; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 100.
108. On it: Pogrebinskii in IZ, XI (1941), 189–99.
109. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 200. no.
110. As does Stone, Eastern Front, 201. III.
110.Knox, With the Russian Army, I, 355–56.
112. Cited in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 93.
113. On the Zemstvo Union, see S. Kotliarevskii in RM, No. 3 (March 1916), Pt. 2, 137–41, and T. I. Polner, Russian Local Government during the War and the Union of Zemstvos (New Haven, Conn., 1930).
114. On them: Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 103–5.
115. E.g., Goremykin and Rukhlov in Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 97.
116. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 66.
Chapter
7
1.
V. V. Shulgin,
Dni
(Belgrade, 1925), 156.
2.
A. P. Pogrebinskii,
Gosudarstvennye finansy tsarskoi Rossii v epokhu imperializma
(Moscow, 1968), 64.
3.
L. N. Yurovsky,
Currency Problems of the Soviet Union
(London, 1925), 12; Rudolf Claus,
Die Kriegswirtschaft Russlands
(Bonn-Leipzig
, 1922), 21.
4.
Estimates by S. N. Prokopovich in A. L. Sidorov,
Finansovoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, 1914–1917 gg
. (Moscow, 1960), 131–32.
5.
Calculated on the basis of figures in Sidorov,
Finansovoe polozhenie
, 117.
6.
Claus,
Kriegswirtschaft
, 25.
7.
Sidorov,
Finansovoe polozhenie
, 146.
8.
Claus,
Kriegswirtschaft
, 4.
9.
Ibid.
, 4–5.
10. N. P. Oganovskii and A. V. Chaianov, eds., Statisticheskii spravochnik po agrarnomu voprosu, I (Moscow, 1917), 10–11; Predvaritel’nye itogi vserossiskoi sel’sko-khoziaistvennoi perepisi 1910 g. (Petrograd, 1916), xv.
11. V. P. Bystrenin in RM, November 1916, 1; see also A. S. Izgoev, RM, October 1916, 2.
12. B. B. Grave, ed., Burzhuaziia nakanune fevral’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 137.
13. L. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu (Warsaw, 1976), 160.
14. M. Florinsky, The End of the Russian Empire (New Haven, Conn., 1931), 121.
15. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 131.
16. A. Knox, With the Russian Army, 1914–1917, II (London, 1921), 388; cf. A. M. Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, 1914–1917 gg. (Moscow, 1962), 306–9.
17. V. S. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia i tsarizm v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–1917) (Leningrad, 1967), 132–33.
18. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 422.
19. A. A. Manikovskii, Boevoe snabzhenie russkoi armii v mirovoiu voinu, 2nd ed., I (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 398, 165.
20. Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London, 1976), 238.
21. Maurice Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre, III (Paris, 1922), 92–93.
22. Bernard Pares, ed., Letters of the Tsaritsa to the Tsar, 1914–1916 (London, 1923), xxix, and The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London, 1939), 401, citing Iusupov.
23. Testimony of Stürmer in Padenie, I, 222.
24. Ibid., VII, 205.
25. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 413.
26. Gen. B. Gurko, Memories and Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–1917 (London, 1918), 188.
27. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 416.
28. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 274–75. Cf. Alexander Blok, “Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, VI (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 193; also RZ, November 1916, 243.
29. Rech’, January 3, 1917, cited in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 275.
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