30. A. I. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina i fevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1014–1017 gg., III (New York, 1962), 13.
31. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 424–25.
32. KA, No. 4/17 (1926), 24.
33. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 127.
34. Ibid., 136.
35. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 552; Pares, Letters, xxxviii.
36. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 542.
37. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 134.
38. Knox, With the Russian Army, II, 515; Grave, Burzhuaziia, 133–34.
39. Izgoev in RM, October 1916, Pt. 3, 1–5.
40. A. Petrishchev in RZ, October 1916, 233–39.
41. A. L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973), 492, 496; P. I. Liashchenko, Istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR, 3rd ed., II (Moscow, 1952), 641.
42. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie, 496.
43. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 230.
44. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 303–4.
45. On this, see S. P. Melgunov, Legenda o separatnom mire (Paris, 1957).
46. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 138.
47. Ibid., 140–41, 147–48.
48. Pares, The Fall, 378–79.
49. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 141.
50. Pares, Letters, 395.
51. Pares, The Fall, 380.
52. E. D. Chermenskii, IV Gosusdarstvennaia Duma i sverzhenie tsarizma v Rossii (Moscow, 1976), 201.
53. Pares, The Fall, 380.
54. Gurko, Memories and Impressions, 184.
55. Guchkov, as reported in Pares, The Fall, 381.
56. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 196, note 4.
57. Padenie, I/2, 1–64.
58. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 198.
59. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 268–69.
60. Padenie, IV, 29; George Katkov, Russia 1917: The February Revolution (New York, 1967), 213.
61. Pares, The Fall, 383.
62. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 204.
63. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 145–48; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 236–37.
64. Grave, Burzhuaziia, 146–47.
65. Ibid., 147.
66. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 241.
67. V. P. Semennikov, Monarkhiia pered krusheniem, 1914–1917 (Moscow, 1927), 130–31.
68. T. Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (Seattle-London, 1981), 55.
69. KA, No. 4 (1923), 196.
70. Chermenskii, IV Duma, 206.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., 207.
73. Ibid.
74. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskii otchët, IV Sozyv, Sessiia V, Zasedanie I (n.p., n.d.), 11–13.
75. Ibid., 29–33.
76. A. S. Rezanov, Shturmovoi signal P. N. Miliukova (Paris, 1924), 43–61.
77. P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 276–77.
78. Miliukov to Petrunkevich in 1919, in Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 243.
79. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 204.
80. S. S. Oldenburg, Tsarstvovanie Imperatora Nikolaia II, II (Munich, 1949), 218–20.
81. Among contemporaries, this opinion was held by the Tsar’s aide V. N. Voeikov (S tsarem i bez tsariia, Helsingfors, 1936, 166) and the liberal publicist Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams: From Liberty to Brest Litovsk (London, 1919), 3; among historians, by Chermenskii (IV Duma, 212–13), Diakin (Russkaia burzhuaziia, 275–76), and George Katkov, Russia, 1917 (New York, 1967), 194–97.
82. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskii otchët, IV Sozyv, Sessiia V, 68.
83. Voeikov, S tsarem, 185.
84. Bobrinskoi in VE, No. 12 (1916), 379.
85. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 244.
86. Lettres des Grands-Ducs à Nicolas II (Paris, 1926), 258–59.
87. Perepiska Nikolaia i Aleksandry Romanovykh, 1916–1917, V (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 128-29, 131.
88. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 244–45.
89. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 189, and VE, No. 2 (1917), 324.
90. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 90.
91. Ibid., 91.
92. Ibid., 105.
93. Rech’, November 11–14, 1916, cited in RZ, November 1916, 238–39.
94. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 248; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 175–76; VE, November 1916, 342–43.
95. Grand Duke Dmitrii in F. Iusupov, Konets Rasputina (Paris, 1927), 134.
96. Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Stenograficheskie otchëty, IV Sozyv, V Sessiia, Zasedanie 6 (November 19, 1916), 253–54.
97. Ibid., Zasedanie 18 (December 16, 1916), 1225–26; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 248–49.
98. KA, No. 4 (1923), 187.
99. A. I. Spiridovich, Raspoutine (Paris, 1935), 335–38.
100. Pares, Letters, 221.
101. See his last will and testament in Aron Simanovitch, Raspoutine (Paris, 1930), 256; V. P. Semennikov, Politika Romanovykh nakanune Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 92.
102. Padenie, IV, 14.
103. Kokovtsov, Iz moego proshlogo, II, 41.
104. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 94.
105. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 261.
106. Perepiska Romanovykh, V, 153; retranslated from the Russian.
107. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 177. Cf. Pares, The Fall, 382.
108. Protopopov in Padenie, IV, 15–16.
109. Ibid., 31.
110. Padenie, IV, 5; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 176–77; A. A. Mossolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar (London, 1935), 170–73.
111. Katkov, Russia, 1917, 197.
112. Maklakov in SZ, XXXIV, 265.
113. Pares, The Fall, 396.
114. Ibid., 396–97, 402.
115. Pares, The Fall, 403.
116. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 369–70; Shulgin, Dni, 119.
117. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 374.
118. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 141.
119. Pares, The Fall, 406.
120. V. M. Purishkevich, Ubiistvo Rasputina (Paris, [1923]), 81.
121. Pares, The Fall, 462; KA, No. 4 (1923), 425.
122. Spiridovich, Raspoutine, 396.
123. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 207.
124. Ibid., 216–17; Pares, The Fall, 410.
125. Voeikov, S tsarem, 178.
126. Iusupov, Konets Rasputina, 204.
127. KA, No. 1/20 (1927), 124.
128. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 203, 211.
129. Ibid., II, 217.
130. Text in Voeikov, S tsarem, 182–83.
131. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 214–15.
132. Ibid., III, 29.
133. Ibid., II, 184; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 287.
134. Pares, The Fall, 414.
135. Voeikov, S tsarem, 191.
136. Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 338–39.
137. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 17.
138. KA, No. 1/20 (1927), 126.
139. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 19.
140. M. V. Rodzianko, The Reign of Rasputin (London, 1928), 253–54.
141. SZ. XXIV (1928), 279.
142. M. V. Rodzianko, The Reign of Rasputin (London, 1927), 253–54.
143. Maklakov in SZ, No. 34 (1928), 279.
144. Guchkov in PN, No. 5,647 (September 9, 1936), 2, and No. 5, 651 (September 13, 1936), 2; see further Pares, The Fall, 427–48; Padenie, VI, 278; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 301–2; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, II, 166, and III, 46; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 187.
145. On this, see Pares, The Fall, 428–29; Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 300; Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 14–17; Guchkov in PN, No. 5,651 (September 13, 1936), 2.
146. Police report of January 5, 1917, in Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 203.
147. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 205; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 287.
148. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 42.
149. Ibid., II, 188, and III, 41.
151. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47; Katkov, Russia, 1917, 240.
152. PR, No. 13 (1923), 269–70.
153. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 207; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.
154. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 47, and Protopopov in GM XV, No. 2 (1926), 189–91.
155. Blok, “Poslednie dni,” 220–21; Bazylow, Obalenie caratu, 344–45.
156. Diakin, Russkaia burzhuaziia, 274–75.
157. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 40.
158. P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 140–41.
Chapter 8
1.
Tsentral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie,
Trudy
, VII, Vyp. 1 (Moscow, 1921), 252.
2.
Padenie
, IV, 21.
3.
E. I. Martynov,
Tsarskaia armiia v fevral’skom perevorote
(Leningrad, 1927), 118; A. P. Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei tsarskogo Petrograda,” Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.
4.
PR
, No. 13 (1923), 290; J. L. H. Keep,
The Russian Revolution
(London, 1976), 58.
5.
A. I. Spiridovich,
Velikaia voina ifevral’skaia revoliutsiia, 1914–191
7
gg.
, III (New York, 1962), 56–57; V. N. Voeikov,
S tsarem i bez tsariia
(Helsingfors, 1936), 193.
6.
Martynov,
Tsarskaia armiia
, 60–61, 207.
7.
Balk, “Poslednie piat’ dnei.”
8.
T. Hasegawa,
The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917
(Seattle-London, 1981), 215–17, 222.
9.
Byloe
, No. 1/29 (1918), 161.
10. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 133–34.
11. Eyewitness account in M. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grand Guerre, III (Paris, 1922), 215.
12. Spiridovich, Velikaia voina, III, 86–87; Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 215.
13. Description in Hasegawa, February Revolution, 232–46.
14. KA, No. 4 (1923), 208–10; retranslated from the Russian.
15. Izvestiia, No. 155 (August 27, 1917), 6.
16. E. R. Levitas, ed., Vogne revoliutsionnykh boev (Raiony Petrograda v dvukh revoliutsiiakh 1917 g.) (Moscow, 1967), 84.
17. Vasilev in P. E. Shchegolev, Okhranniki i avantiuristy (Moscow, 1930), 141–42.
18. K A, No. 2/21 (1927), 4–5.
19. D. N. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (Paris, 1922), 28–30.
20. Padenie, I, 190.
21. Ibid.
22. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 82; Revoliutsiia, I, 35.
23. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, I (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 53.
24. KA, No. 4 (1923), 209–10, letter of February 25.
25. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 53, 59.
26. Paléologue, La Russie des Tsars, III, 214, 218, citing the memoirs of Gabriel Senac de Meilhan.
27. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 206.
28. On their condition and mood, see ibid., 58–59.
29. Rodzianko to Ruzskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 147.
30. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 207.
31. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 54.
32. Byloe, No. 1/29 (1918), 173–74.
33. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 208.
34. Incident described in ibid., 85–88, and I. Lukash, Pavlovtsy (Petrograd, 1917).
35. Vospominaniia Generala A. S. Lukomskogo, I (Berlin, 1922), 124.
36. S. P. Melgunov, Martovskie dni (Paris, 1961), 84.
37. Alekseev in RL, No. 3 (1922), 118; Khabalov in Padenie, I, 203.
38. Khabalov in Padenie, I, 196; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 88–89.
39. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1937), 121–22.
40. Revoliutsiia, I, 37.
41. Ibid., 38.
42. Ibid.; Fredericks in Padenie, V, 38.
43. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 8; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 157.
44. A. Blok, “Poslednie dni imperatorskoi vlasti,” in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh, VI (Moscow-Leningrad, 1962), 243.
45. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 104.
46. Voeikov in Padenie, III, 71. Text: RL, No. 3 (1922), 114.
47. P. K. Benckendorff, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo (London, 1927), 2–3.
48. Revoliutsiia, I, 40.
49. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.
50. His orders in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 114–15; RL, No. 3 (1922), 117.
51. RL, No. 3 (1922), 115.
52. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 10–11.
53. N. de Basily, Diplomat of Imperial Russia, 1903–1917: Memoirs (Stanford, Calif., 1973), 109.
54. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I (Moscow, n.d.), 155.
55. Benckendorff, Last Days, 10; Basily, Diplomat, 113–14; Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 38.
56. Padenie, III, 74.
57. Dubenskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 46–47.
58. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 492.
59. V. V. Shulgin, Dni (Belgrade, 1925), 214; Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 53–55; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 140.
60. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 348.
61. Shulgin, Dni, 157–58. The protocols of this meeting, taken by an unidentified participant and first published in Volia Rossii (Prague), No. 153 (March 15, 1921), 4, are translated in Alexander Kerensky and Robert Browder, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917, I (Stanford, Calif., 1961), 45–47: see also I. Vardin, KN, No. 2/12 (1923), 267–93.
62. Zinaida Gippius, Siniaia kniga (Belgrade, 1929), 89: diary entry of February 28, 1917; Shulgin (Dni, 241) corroborates her intuition.
63. Leonard Schapiro in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 128–30; Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 12.
64. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 27–28.
65. Ibid., 28.
66. Ibid., 80.
67. Ibid.; Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 134.
68. Shulgin, Dni, 233–34, 239.
69. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 112.
70. Ibid., no; Revoliutsiia, I, 41–42.
71. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 330–31. Text in M. Smilg-Benario, Der Zusammenbruch der Zarenmonarchie (Vienna, 1928), Table 13; cf. Marc Ferro, Des Soviets au Communisme Bureaucratique (Paris, 1980), 30–31.
72. lu. S. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov v marte–aprele 1917 g. (Leningrad, 1976), 33–34.
73. Revoliutsiia, I, 40–41.
74. Hasegawa, February Revolution, 380.
75. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, III (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 167–70.
76. Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 190.
77. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, III, 173.
78. Ferro, Des Soviets, 37. Cf. Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 104–6.
79. V. B. Stankevich, Vospominaniia, 1914–1919 g. (Berlin, 1920), 80–82.
80. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 12–13.
81. P. N. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 51.
82. Revoliutsiia, I, 49–50; Sukhanov, Zapiski, I, 256–60.
83. Revoliutsiia, I, 49; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 46, P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia, 1859–1917, II (New York, 1955), 307.
84. Full text in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 177–78.
85. Revoliutsiia, I, 53.
86. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 47.
87. S. E. Kryzhanovskii, Vospominaniia (Berlin, [1938]), 124.
88. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 94.
89. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 45; Hasegawa, February Revolution, 525.
90. A. I. Denikin, Ocherki russkoi smuty, I, Pt. 1
(Paris, 1921), 75.
91. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 67.
92. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 120.
93. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 84.
94. T. I. Polner, Zhiznennyi put’ G. E. L’vova (Paris, 1932), 151.
95. See above, p. 224.
96. D. F. Sverchkov, Kerenskii, 2nd ed. (Leningrad, 1927), 21. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 112–13.
97. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 95.
98. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, 2nd ed., I, 173–74; cf. Tokarev, Petrogradskii Sovet, 61–62.
99. Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 212.
100. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 97.
101. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 176–77.
102. B. Ia. Nalivaiskii, ed., Petrogradskii Sovet Rabochikh i Soldatskikh Deputatov: Protokoly Zasedanii Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta i Biuro Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925). 17.
103. Text in Revoliutsiia, I, 180–81.
104. A. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 236.
105. E. N. Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia: Vosstanie v Petrograde (Moscow, 1967), 352; Shulgin, Dni, 150.
106. Melgunov, Martovskie dni, 135; Guchkov cited in Burdzhalov, Vtoraia russkaia revoliutsiia, 352.
107. KA, No. 4 (1923), 215; retranslated from the Russian.
108. RL, No. 3 (1922), 119.
109. KA, No. 2/21 (1927), 19.
110. Text in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 144–45.
111. Basily, Diplomat, 116–17.
112. S. N. Vilchkovskii in RL, No. 3 (1922), 169–70.
113. RL, No. 3 (1922), 133, 176; P. E. Shchegolev, ed., Otrechenie Nikolaia II (Leningrad, 1927), 153.
114. Text of tape in Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 197–201.
115. RL, No. 3 (1922), 133–34.
116. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 149; RL, No. 3 (1922), 133–34, 172.
117. Text: Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 202–3.
118. RL, No. 3 (1922), 177–78.
119. Shchegolev, Otrechenie, 154.
120. Ibid, 154–55.
121. The texts of these cables in ibid., 203–5; cf. 155; KA. No. 2/21 (1927), 72–73. Gen. Savvich published his recollections of these events in Otechestvo (Archangel), Nos. 5–7/102–104 (January 10–12, 1919), the manuscript of which is in the Kryzhanovskii Archive, Box No. 3, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.
122. Handwritten facsimile in Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 159.
123. Text in RL, No. 3 (1922), 140.
124. Story of the drafting and the text, with corrections, in Basily, Diplomat, 122–25. Also Martynov, Tsarskaia armiia, 159; KA, No. 3/22 (1927), 7.
125. See above, p. 227.
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