8.
A. Shliapnikov,
Kanun semnadtsatogo goda
, 3rd ed. Pt. 2 (Moscow, [1923?]), 35–42.
9.
Burdzhalov in
VI
, No. 4 (1956), 40; N. F. Kudelli,
Pervyi legaVnyi Petersburgskii Komitet Bol’shevikov v 1917 g
. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927).
10. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 41–42; Izvestiia, No. 7 (March 6, 1917), 6.
11. Kamenev, Pravda, No. 9 (March 15, 1917), 1; Stalin, Pravda, No. 10 (March 16, 1917), 2 (reprinted in I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, III, Moscow, 1946, 4–8).
12. Shliapnikov, Semnadtsatyi god, II (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 185–86.
13. Kudelli, Pervyi, 50.
14. Revoliutsiia, I, 147.
15. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 11–33.
16. Pravda, No. 14 (March 21, 1917), 2–3, and continued in No. 15 (March 22, 1917), 2; Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 49.
17. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 10.
18. General M. Hoffmann, Der Krieg der versäumten Gelegenheiten (Munich, 1923), 174.
19. B. Nikitin, Rokovye gody (Paris, 1937), 108.
20. Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 207–8.
21. P. Scheidemann, Memoiren eines Sozialdemokraten (Dresden, 1930), 427–28.
22. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 47. Memorandum dated April 2 [March 20], 1917.
23. Ibid., 49–50. Cable of April 3 [March 21], probably referring to Lenin’s first “Letter from Afar” published in Pravda on that day. See further ibid., 51–54.
24. Ibid., 10.
25. LS, II (1924), 389–90. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 498.
26. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 28.
27. Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 24; LS, II (1924), 390.
28. Richard M. Watt, Dare Call It Treason (New York, 1963), 138.
29. Fritz Platten, Die Reise Lenins durch Deutschland (Berlin, 1924), 56; Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 2; Zinoviev, God revoliutsii, II, 503.
30. K. Radek, Living Age, No. 4,051 (February 25, 1922), 451.
31. Hahlweg, Lenins Rückkehr, 99–100; J. Görgen in Weltspiel (Berlin), No. 12,632 (April 12, 1987); Lenin, Khronika, IV, 45–46.
32. Zeman and Scharlau, Merchant, 217–19.
33. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 119.
34. Izvestiia, No. 32 (April 5, 1917), 1.
35. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, III (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 26–27.
36. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 72–78; Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 640.
37. Pravda, No. 25 (April 6, 1917), 1.
38. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.
39. Kudelli, Pervyi, 88.
40. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 52.
41. Zeman, Germany, 51.
42. C. Malaparte, Coup d’Etat: The Technique of Revolution (New York, 1932), 220.
43. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, II (Paris-The Hague, 1963), 302.
44. Letter to Dr. Kugelmann of 1871 cited in Lenin, PSS, XXXIII, 37.
45. April 8, 1917 (NS), in Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 91–92.
46. Cf. H. Delbrück, Geschichte der Kriegskunst, IV (Berlin, 1920), 492–94; G. Lefebvre, Napoléon, I (New York, 1969), 230–31.
47. Lenin, PSS, XLV, 381.
48. G. Le Bon, The Crowd (London, 1952), 73.
49. E. Canetti, Crowds and Power (Middlesex, Eng.-New York, 1973), 24–25.
50. P. Lepeshinskii, Zhiznennyi put’ Lenina, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1925), 44.
51. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 78–79; George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair (London-New York, 1980), 54.
52. V. S. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika Vremennogo pravitel’stva (Moscow, 1966), 124.
53. Alexander Kerensky, The Catastrophe (New York-London, 1927), 135.
54. Text in Revoliutsiia, II, 247–48.
55. Vasiukov, Vneshniaia politika, 128.
56. See his statement in NZh, No. 5 (April 23, 1917), 6.
57. Account of his death by P. N. Krasnov in ARR, I (1921), 105–12.
58. Revoliutsiia, II, 50.
59. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 136.
60. Burdzhalov in VI, No. 4 (1956), 51.
61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XX, 648. Text in ibid., 608–9, from Pravda, No. 37 (April 21, 1917), 1; Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 291–92.
62. Kudelli, Pervyi, 92–94.
63. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 309–11.
64. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 107.
65. The figure is from G. N. Golikov and Iu. S. Tokarev in IZ, No. 57 (1956), 51.
66. KL, No. 7 (1923), 91; F. F. Raskolnikov, Na boevykh postakh revoliutsionnykh boev (Moscow, 1964), 69.
67. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 106–10.
68. P. Miliukov, Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii, I, Pt. 1 (Sofia, 1921), 98–99.
69. Revoliutsiia, II, 57.
70. Lenin, PSS, XXXI, 361.
71. Ibid., XXXIV, 216.
72. Sukhanov, Zapiski, III, 299.
73. Revoliutsiia, II, 74.
74. Ibid., 82.
75. PN, No. 5,668 (September 30, 1936), 2.
76. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 135–36.
77. Revoliutsiia, II, 95.
78. Ibid., 98–99; Ibid., III, 13–14.
79. Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution (New York, 1938), 163–71.
80. Marc Ferro in R. C. Elwood, Considerations of the Russian Revolution (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1976), 100–32.
81. John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution (London, 1976), 79.
82. Resolution in Oktiabr’skaia revoliutsiia i Fabzavkomy, I (Moscow, 1927), 22–24.
83. Ibid., 6.
84. Paul Avrich in Jahrbücher, XI, No. 2 (1963), 166–68; Revoliutsiia, II, 231–33.
85. V. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 29–31.
86. Revoliutsiia, II, 82–84.
87. Malakhovskii in PR, No. 10/93 (1929), 31.
88. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iune 1917 goda: Iunskaia demon-stratsiia, (Moscow, 1959), 488.
89. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 289–90.
90. Shestoi s”ezd RSDRP (bol’shevikov): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 147–50; PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 287–88; V. P. Budnikov, Bol’shevistskaia partiinaia pechat’ v 1917 g. (Kharkov, 1959), passim.
91. Soldatskaia Pravda, No. 1 (April 15, 1917), 1.
92. Zeman, Germany, 94.
93. Vorwärts, January 14, 1921, 1.
94. Alexander Kerensky, The Crucifixion of Liberty (New York, 1934), 325–26; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 116–17.
95. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 117.
96. Kerensky, Crucifixion, 326.
97. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 112–14, where also other examples. Cf. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 570.
98. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 107.
99. Lenin, PSS, XLIX, 437, 438.
100. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 109–10.
101. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 209.
102. Vasiukov, Vneshnaia politika, 191.
103. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (New York, 1919), 196.
104. Ibid., 197, citing V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko.
105. Alexander Kerensky, Russia and History’s Turning Point (New York, 1965), 277.
106. W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, I (New York, 1935), 152.
107. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iiunie 1917 g., 486.
108. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 317–18.
109. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, 485–87.
110. Soldatskaia Pravda, June 10, 1917, cited in A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution (Blooming-ton, Ind., 1968), 69.
111. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 307–10; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 228.
112. Pravda, No. 80 (June 13, 1917), 1; emphasis supplied.
113. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 52–54.
114. C. R. M. F. Cruttw
ell, A History of the Great War, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1936), 630–32; Tsen-tral’noe Statisticheskoe Upravlenie, Otdel Voennoi Statistiki, Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine 1914–1918 goda (v tsifrakh) (Moscow, 1925), 4n.
115. Rossiia v Mirovoi Voine, 4; Iu. A. Poliakov, Sovetskaia strana posle okonchaniia grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1986), 99.
116. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Armiia i flot Rossii v nachale XX v. (Moscow, 1986), 17.
117. Calculated on the basis of figures in the sources cited in notes 114, 115, and 116 above.
118. Shliapnikov in PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 59.
119. P. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 65–66; Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, II, 270.
120. Stulov, loc. cit., 70.
121. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 6.
122. PR, No. 4/51 (1926), 56.
123. PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 7.
124. Revoliutsiia, III, no.
125. F. F. Raskolnikov in Pravda, No. 159 (July 16, 1927), 3, and No. 168 (July 27, 1927), 3; see also his Kronshtadt i Piter v 1917 godu (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925).
126. Revoliutsiia, III, 84, 105, 108.
127. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 93.
128. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 266; V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh (Moscow, 1930), 58.
129. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 111.
130. Ibid., 115–16.
131. Ibid., 120, 122–23.
132. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 87–90; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 123–25.
133. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 115–16.
134. Pravda, No. 98 (July 4, 1917), cited in O. N. Znamenskii, lul’skii krizis 1917 goda (Moscow-Leningrad, 1964), 47.
135. Pravda, July 2, 1917, cited in Rabinowitch, Prelude, 139; Revoliutsiia, III, 305–6; Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 9.
136. Revoliutsiia, III, 305; Znamenskii, lul’skii krizis, 47.
137. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 96.
138. G. Veinberg in Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 149 (July 17, 1921), 3.
139. Leon Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, II (New York, 1937), 13.
140. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 97–98.
141. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v iiule 1917 g. (Moscow, 1959); B. I. Kochakovin Uchënye Zapiski Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, No. 205 (1956), 65–66.
142. Stulov in KL, No. 3/36 (1930), 101; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 1, 243.
143. Shestoi Kongress RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 17; also Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 11.
144. Trotsky, History, II, 20.
145. Revoliutsiia, III, 132.
146. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 90–91. Cf. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 53–58.
147. Chugaev, Revoliutsionne dvizhenie v iiule, 91; Raskolnikov, loc. cit., 55.
148. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 20–21.
149. V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 146.
150. A Sobolev in Rech’, No. 155/3,897 (July 5, 1917), 1.
151. Flerovskii in PR, No. 7/54 (1926), 73–75; N. Arskii in Sbornik Perezhitoe, I (Moscow, 1918), 36.
152. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 59; B. Elov in KL, No. 7 (1923), 101.
153. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 13.
154. Testimony of V. I. Nevskii in Revoliutsiia, III, 135; also Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 17.
155. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 281.
156. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 19.
157. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 174–75.
158. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 408–9.
159. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 180.
160. Revoliutsiia, III, 140.
161. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 39–40.
162. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 61–62. The figure is from Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 131.
163. Chugaev, Revoliutionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 96. Cf. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 23–24; Flerovskii in PR, No. 7/54 (1926), 77.
164. Pravda, July 5, 1917, in Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 36.
165. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 71; PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 62.
166. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 49.
167. NV, No. 118/142 (July 16, 1918), 1.
168. Rabinowitch, Prelude, 195–96.
169. Revoliutsiia, III, 151.
170. Zinoviev in PR, 8–9/67–68 (1927), 62.
171. F. F. Raskolnikov in Pravda, No. 160/3,692 (July 17, 1927), 3.
172. NoV, No. 14,822 (July 9, 1917), 4.
173. NZh, No. 68 (July 7, 1917), 3.
174. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v iiule, 290.
175. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 153–54.
176. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh, 87–90.
177. Zhivoe slovo, No. 51/404 (July 5, 1917), 2. Text also in Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 509–10.
178. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia, I, 91.
179. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 440–43.
180. Raskolnikov, PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 72. Cf. Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 149.
181. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 58.
182. NoV, No. 14,821 (July 8, 1917), 2.
183. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 281–82; Nikitin, Rokovye gody, 151.
184. P. A. Polovstoff, Glory and Downfall (London, 1935), 256–58; Revoliutsiia, III, 167; Zhivoe slovo, No. 52/406 (July 6, 1917), 1.
185. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 470.
186. NV, No. 118/142 (July 16, 1918), 1.
187. NZh, No. 70 (July 9, 1917), 1.
188. Stroev in NZh, No. 68 (July 7, 1917), 1.
189. Vladimirova in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 44.
190. Raskolnikov in PR, No. 5/17 (1923), 78.
191. Shliapnikov in PR, No. 5/52 (1926), 24.
192. NZh, No. 71 (July 11, 1917), 3; Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 414–18, 424–26; XXXIV, 22–23.
193. Lenin, PSS, XXXII, 433–34; XXXIV, 8–9, 459–60.
194. Zinoviev in PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 68.
195. Lenin, Khronika, IV, 277.
196. Sukhanov, Zapiski, IV, 480–81.
197. Kerensky, Catastrophe, 240.
198. Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987), 244.
199. Revoliutsiia, III, 178.
200. S. P. Melgunov, Sud’ba Imperatora Nikolaia II posle otrecheniia (Paris, 1951), 180.
201. Ibid., 192–201.
202. Ibid., 179.
203. Trotskii, O Lenine, 59.
Chapter 11
1.
Alexander Kerensky,
The Catastrophe
(New York-London, 1927), 318.
2.
Alexander Kerensky,
The Prelude to Bolshevism
(New York, 1919), xiii; D. A. Chugaev, ed.,
Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v avguste 1917 g.: Razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha
(Moscow, 1959), 429.
3.
Zinaida Gippius,
Siniaia kniga
(Belgrade, 1929), 152.
4.
E. I. Martynov,
Kornilov
(Leningrad, 1927), 33–34.
5.
A. Kerenskii,
Delo Kornilova
(Ekaterinoslav, 1918), 20–21.
6.
Martynov,
Kornilov
, 36.
7.
Ibid
, 34.
8.
Boris Savinkov,
K delu Kornilova
(Paris, 1919), 13–14.
9.
Ibid.
, 15; P. N. Miliukov,
Istoriia Vtoroi Russkoi Revoliutsii
, I, Pt. 2 (Sofia, 1921), 105.
10. Kerenskii, Delo, 23; Savinkov, K delu, 15–16; Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 99.
11. Revoliutsiia, IV, 69–70.
12. Ibid., 54.
13. Savinkov, K delu, 15.
14. Kerenskii, Delo, 56–57; Kerensky, Catastrophe, 318.
15. Savinkov, K de
lu, 12–13; George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair (London-New York, 1980), 54.
16. A. S. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I (Berlin, 1922), 227.
17. Katkov, Kornilov, 170.
18. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 228, 232.
19. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 429.
20. Ibid., 429–30.
21. Revoliutsiia, IV, 37–38; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia I, 224–25.
22. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 107–8; Trubetskoi in Obshchee delo, No. 8 (October 4, 1917), cited in Martynov, Kornilov, 53.
23. Kerenskii, Delo, 81; Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 164–65.
24. Kerenskii, Delo, 56–57.
25. Cited in DN, No. 135 (August 24, 1917), 1.
26. NZh, No. 110 (August 25, 1917), 1.
27. N. N. Golovin, Rossiiskaia kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917–1918 gg., I, Pt. 2 (Tallinn, 1937), 15.
28. Kerenskii, Delo, 62.
29. From the deposition of Savinkov in Revoliutsiia, IV, 85.
30. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 158.
31. The protocols of the meeting, taken down by Savinkov, are reproduced in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 421–23. Another protocol, signed by Kornilov and two generals, is in Katkov, Kornilov, 176–78. Savinkov’s recollections: K delu Kornilova, 20–23.
32. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 175; Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 422.
33. Savinkov in RS, No. 207 (September 10, 1917), 3.
34. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 178.
35. Cited from the testimony of Kornilov by Miliukov in his Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 202; cf. Revoliutsiia, IV, 91.
36. Martynov, Kornilov, 94; cf. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 202.
37. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238.
38. Ibid., 237–38.
39. Ibid., 232.
40. I. G. Tsereteli, Vospominaniia o Fevral’skoi Revoliutsii, I (Paris, 1963), 108–9; V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 (New Haven, Conn.-London, 1976), 90; Katkov, Kornilov, 85.
41. Kerenskii, Delo, 85.
42. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 427.
43. Katkov, Kornilov, 179; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238–39.
44. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 238–39.
45. Savinkov in RS, No. 207 (September 10, 1917), 3.
46. Katkov, Kornilov, 179–80.
47. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 239.
48. Ibid., 241; Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 432.
49. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 442.
50. Kerenskii, Delo, 88.
51. Katkov, Kornilov, 90–91; emphasis supplied. The original Russian text is in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avgusie, 443.
52. Kerenskii, Delo, 91.
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