53. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 200; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 241.
54. Accounts of this meeting: N. V. Nekrasov in RS, No. 199 (August 31, 1917), 2, and Martynov, Kornilov, 101.
55. NZh, No. 120/126 (September 13, 1917), 3.
56. Revoliutsiia, IV, 98.
57. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 180–81.
58. Revoliutsiia, IV, 99; Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 242; Kerenskii, Delo, 113–14; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 33–34.
59. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 242; Revoliutsiia, IV, 100.
60. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, 242–43.
61. Full text in Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 448–52.
62. NZh, No. 114 (August 29, 1917), 3.
63. Revoliutsiia, IV, 111.
64. Gippius, Siniaia kniga, 187.
65. Kerenskii, Delo, 104–5.
66. Savinkov, K delu, 26; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 35.
67. Boris Savinkov in Mercure de France, No. 503/133 (June 1, 1919), 438.
68. Richard Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (New York, 1987), 277.
69. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 445–46; Revoliutsiia, IV, 101–2.
70. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 446.
71. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 37.
72. Revoliutsiia, IV, 109.
73. Ibid., 115.
74. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 162n.; Kerenskii, Delo, 80.
75. Revoliutsiia, IV, 109.
76. Lukomskii, Vospominaniia, I, 245.
77. Revoliutsiia, IV, 125.
78. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 71, 101.
79. Khan Khadzhiev, Velikii boiar (Belgrade, 1929), 123–30.
80. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 71. The tapes of the conversations between Alekseev and Kornilov and Kornilov and Kerensky on August 30-September 1, 1917, are in the Denikin Archive, Box 24, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University.
81. NZh, No. 107/322 (June 4, 1918), 3; NV, No. 96/120 (June 19, 1918), 3.
82. Chugaev, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste, 431.
83. E. H. Wilcox, Russia’s Ruin (New York, 1919), 276.
84. Kerenskii, Delo, 65.
85. Miliukov, Istoriia, I, Pt. 2, 15n., citing Echo de Paris, 1920, Oiechestvo, No. 1, and Poslednie Izvestiia (Revel), April 1921.
86. Revoliutsiia, IV, 299–300, 70.
87. NZh, No. 108 (August 23, 1917), 1–2, and No. 109 (August 24, 1917), 4; W. G. Rosenberg in SS. No. 2 (1969), 160–61.
88. Revoliutsiia, III, 122; Rosenberg, loc. cit.
89. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, I, Pt. 2, 53–54.
90. Sokolnikov in Revoliutsiia, IV, 104.
91. Ibid., V, 269.
92. S. P. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki zakhvatili vlast’ (Paris, 1953), 13.
93. NZh, No. 116 (August 31, 1917), 2.
94. NZh, No. 149/143 (October 10, 1917), 3.
95. NZh, No. 125/119 (September 12, 1917), 3.
96. NZh, No. 123/117 (September 9, 1917), 4.
97. PR, No. 8–9/67–68 (1927), 67–72.
98. Cited by Lenin, PSS, XXXIII, 37.
99. Ibid., 116.
100. Ibid., 90.
101. Lenin, “The Looming Catastrophe and How to Fight It,” ibid., XXXIV, 151–99, and “Will the Bolsheviks Hold On to State Power?,” ibid. 287–339.
102. Ibid, 2–5; emphasis supplied.
103. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXI, 512, note 18.
104. Revoliutsiia, III, 383–84.
105. Leningradskii Istpart, Vtoraia i tret’ia Petrogradskie Obshchegorodskie Konferentsii Bol’shevikov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1927), 77.
106. Izvestiia, No. 164 (September 5, 1917).
107. Izvestiia, No. 195 (October 12, 1917), 1.
108. Ibid., No. 200 (October 18, 1917), 1.
109. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 239–41
110. Ibid., 245.
111. L. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, III (New York, 1937), 355.
112. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 74.
113. SD, No. 169 (September 28, 1917), 1.
114. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 403, 405.
115. Izvestiia, No. 186 (October 1, 1917), 8.
116. Revoliutsiia, V, 53; Izvestiia, No. 197 (October 14, 1917), 5.
117. NZh, No. 138, September 27, 1917, 3.
118. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), 164.
119. Revoliutsiia, IV, 197, 214.
120. Ibid, 256.
121. Protokoly TsK, 73, 76.
122. Revoliutsiia, V, 65.
123. Protokoly TsK, 264; Revoliutsiia, V, 63.
124. Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power (New York, 1976), 209–11.
125. Revoliutsiia, V, 71–72.
126. Ibid., 65.
127. NZh, No. 138/132 (September 27, 1917), 3.
128. Revoliutsiia, V, 78.
129. Ibid., 246, 254.
130. See the government’s declaration of September 25–27 in Revoliutsiia, IV, 403–6.
131. Izvestiia, No. 201 (October 19, 1917), 7.
132. Ibid, No. 200 (October 18, 1917), 1.
133. Ibid., No. 203 (October 21, 1917), 5.
134. Revoliutsiia, V, 109; NZh, No. 156/150 (October 18, 1917), 3.
135. The operation is described in M. Schwarte et al, Der Grosse Krieg, 1914–1918: Der deutsche Landkrieg (Leipzig, 1925), Pt. 3, 323–27.
136. Revoliutsiia, V, 30–31.
137. Izvestiia, No. 191 (October 7, 1917), 4; Revoliutsiia, V, 37.
138. Revoliutsiia, V, 38, 67.
139. Ibid., 52.
140. Ibid., 52, 237–38.
141. PR, No. 10 (1922), 53–54.
142. Ibid., 86.
143. I. I. Mints, ed., Dokumenty velikoi proletarskoi revoliutsii, I (Moscow, 1938), 22.
144. Rabochii put’, No. 33 (1917), cited in Revoliutsiia, V, 238.
145. Trotsky, History, III, 353.
146. Rabochii put’, No. 35 (1917), cited in Revoliutsiia, V, 70–71; Izvestiia, No. 197 (October 14, 1917). 5.
147. Utro Rossii, cited in Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 34n.
148. Izvestiia, No. 199 (October 17, 1917), 8; Revoliutsiia, V, 101.
149. Izvestiia, No. 201 (October 19, 1917), 5.
150. Revoliutsiia, V, 132.
151. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, VII (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1923), 90–92.
152. Protokoly TsK, 83–86.
153. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 70–73.
154. Ibid., 70–71.
155. Protokoly TsK, 87–92.
156. Ibid., 86; Trotskii, O Lenine, 72.
157. Iu. Kamenev in NZh, No. 156/150 (October 18, 1917), 3.
158. Truncated minutes in Protokoly TsK, 106–21.
159. Ibid., 113.
160. DN, No. 154 (September 11, 1917), 3, and No. 169 (October 1, 1917), 1.
161. Trotskii, O Lenine, 69.
162. Mints, Dokumenty, I, 3.
163. C. Malaparte, Coup d’Etat: The Technique of Revolution (New York, 1932), 180.
164. V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, V semnadtsatom godu (Moscow, 1933), 276.
165. Robert V. Daniels, Red October (New York, 1967), 118.
166. See Kritika, IV, No. 3 (Spring 1968), 21–32; N. I. Podvoiskii, God 1917 (Moscow, 1958), 104.
167. Trotsky, History, III, 290–91.
168. G. L. Sobolev in IZ, No. 88 (1971), 77.
169. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 161.
170. O. Dzenis in Living Age, No. 4,049 (February 11, 1922), 328.
171. Izvestiia, No. 204 (October 22, 1917), 3; Revoliutsiia, V, 144–45.
172. Podvoiskii, God 1917, 106–8.
173. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 68–69; Antonov-Ovseenko, Vsemnadtsatom godu, 283; NZh, No. 161/155 (October 24, 1917), 3.
174. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Petrogradskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet: Dokumenty i materialy, I (Moscow, 1
966), 63. This declaration first appeared on October 24 in the Bolshevik daily Rabochii put’.
175. NZh, No. 161/155 (October 24, 1917), 3.
176. Protokoly TsK, 119, 269; Revoliutsiia, V, 160.
177. A. Sadovskii in PR, No. 10 (1922), 76–77; Revoliutsiia, V, 151; Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 69.
178. Revoliutsiia, V, 163–64; Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 69.
179. Revoliutsiia, V, 111–12.
180. Nabokov and the Provisional Government, 78.
181. G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia (Boston, 1923), II, 201; Cf. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919, I (Paris, 1933), 116.
182. Buchanan, Mission, II, 214.
183. KA, 1/56 (1933), 137.
184. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 93–94.
185. Ibid., 88–89.
186. P. N. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 113.
187. Revoliutsiia, V, 164, 263–64.
188. SD, No. 193 (October 26, 1917), 1.
189. Trotskii, O Lenine, 74.
190. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 114.
191. Ibid., 115.
192. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 84–85; Alexander Kerensky, Russia and History’s Turning Point (New York, 1965), 435–36.
193. S. Uralov in PR, No. 10/33 (1924), 277.
194. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 15–16.
195. Trotsky, History, III, 305–6.
196. K. G. Kotelnikov, ed., Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov R. i S.D. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 164, 166.
197. Ibid., 165–66.
198. Trotskii, O Lenine, 77.
199. Rech’, No. 252 (October 26, 1917), in Revoliutsiia, V, 182.
200. Revoliutsiia, V, 189.
201. Dzenis in Living Age, No. 4,049 (February 11, 1922), 331.
202. Maliantovich in Byloe, No. 12 (1918), 129–30.
203. Decision of the Ispolkom of the All-Russian Soviet of Peasants’ Deputies on October 24, in A. V. Shestakov, ed., Sovety krest’ianskikh deputatov i drugie krest’ianskie organizatsii, I, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1929), 288.
204. Revoliutsiia, V, 182.
205. L. Trotskii, Istoriia russkoi revoliutsii, II, Pt. 2 (Berlin, 1933), 327.
206. Revoliutsiia, V, 284.
207. Oskar Anweiler, The Soviets (New York, 1974), 260–61.
208. G. Rauzans in Cina (Riga), November 7, 1987. I owe this reference to Professor Andrew Ezergailis.
209. Kotelnikov, S”ezd Sovetov, 37–38, 41–42.
210. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 203.
211. Dekrety, I, 12–16.
212. Ibid., 17–20.
213. Ibid., 17–18.
214. Ibid., 20–21.
215. Sukhanov, Zapiski, VII, 266. Lenin’s offer to Trotsky: Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 325.
216. Revoliutsiia, VI, 1.
217. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 4/75 (1928), 31.
218. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 20.
219. Dekrety, I, 18.
220. Ibid., 20.
221. Ibid., 25–26.
222. Melgunov, Kak bol’sheviki, 209–10.
223. Protokoly TsK, 106–7.
224. Revoliutsiia, V, 193–94; Revoliutsiia, VI, 4–5; D. A. Chugaev, ed., Triumfal’noe shestvie sovetskoi vlasti (Moscow, 1963), 500.
225. V. A. Kondratev, ed., Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi Komitet: Oktiabr’–Noiabr’ 1917 goda (Moscow, 1968), 22.
226. Ibid., 78.
227. Ibid., 103–4.
228. Ibid., 161.
229. Among those who have are V. Leikina in PR, No. 2/49 (1926), 185–233, No. 11/58 (1926), 234–55, and No. 12/59 (1926), 238–54, and John L. H. Keep in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 180–216.
230. L. Trotskii, Sochineniia, III, Pt. 1 (Moscow, n.d.), L.
231. Dekrety, I, 2.
232. W. Pietsch, Revolution und Staat (Köln, 1969), 68; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 46.
233. NZh, No. 173/167 (November 5, 1917), 1.
234. NZh, No. 171/165 (November 3, 1917), 3. The French Consul, F. Grenard, reports a similar reaction in Petrograd: La Révolution Russe (Paris, 1933), 285. For the provinces, see Keep in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 211.
Chapter 12
1.
W. Pietsch,
Revolution und Staat
(Köln, 1969), 140.
2.
N. Sukhanov,
Zapiski o revoliutsii
, VII (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1923), 266.
3.
R. M. Maclver,
The Web of Government
(New York, 1947), 123.
4.
E. Frankel,
The Dual State
(London-New York, 1941).
5.
C. C. Brinton,
The Jacobins
(New York, 1961).
6.
K. G. Kotelnikov, ed.,
Vtoroi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov R. iS.D
. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), 107.
7.
Desiatyi S”ezd RKP (b), Mart 1921 goda: Stenograficheskii otchët
(Moscow, 1963), 407.
8.
I. Stalin,
Voprosy Leninizma
, nth ed. (Moscow, 1952), 126.
9.
Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly
(Moscow, 1960), 307.
10. Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), 231; BSE, XI, 531.
11. Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is Ruled (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 177.
12. Sukhanov, Zapiski, II, 244.
13. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 18/232 (January 25/February 7, 1918), 1.
14. Krasnaia gazeta, No. 7 (February 2, 1918), 4.
15. See Dokumenty stavki E. I. Pugacheva, povstancheskikh vlastei i uchrezhdenii, 1773–1774 (Moscow, 1975), 48, and R. V. Ovchinnikov, Manifesty i ukazy E. I. Pugacheva (Moscow, 1980), 122–32.
16. V. Tikhomirnov in VS, No. 27 (1918), 12.
17. Pietsch, Revolution, 77.
18. J. Bunyan and H. H. Fisher, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–18: Documents and Materials (Stanford, Calif., 1934), 277.
19. L. M[artov] in Novyi luch, No. 10/34 (January 18, 1918), 1.
20. Pietsch, Revolution, 80.
21. S. Studenikin, ed., Istoriia sovetskoi konstitutsii v dekretakh i postanovleniiakh sovetskogo pravitel’stva 1917–1936 (Moscow, 1936), 66.
22. Dekrety, I, 20.
23. A. Taniaev, Ocherki po istorii dvizheniia zheleznodorozhnikov v revoliutsii 1917 goda (Fevral’-Oktiabr’) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1925), 137–39.
24. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b): Avgust 1917-Fevral’ 1918 (Moscow, 1958), 271; and Revoliutsiia, VI, 21.
25. Revoliutsiia, VI, 22–23. P. Vompe’s Dni oktiabrskoi revoliutsii izheleznodorozhniki (Moscow, 1924), which is said to contain minutes of the meetings of the Union of Railroad Employees and Workers, was not available to me.
26. Protokoly TsK, 271–72. According to L. Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 74, the minutes of this meeting have been removed from the published protocols of the Central Committee. They can be found in L. Trotskii’s Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii (Berlin, 1932), 116–31. See also Oktiabr’skoe vooruzhënnoe vosstanie, II (Leningrad, 1967), 405–10.
27. Protokoly TsK, 126–27.
28. Trotskii, Stalinskaia shkola fal’sifikatsii, 124.
29. Izvestiia, November 4/17, 1917, cited in Protokoly TsK, 135.
30. Revoliutsiia, VI, 423–24.
31. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1969), 143.
32. A. L. Fraiman, Forpost sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii (Leningrad, 1969), 166–67.
33. Revoliutsiia, VI, 91.
34. Fraiman, Forpost, 169.
35. Korolenko, “Protest,” in Gazeta-Protest Soiuza Russkikh Pisatelei, November 26, 1917. A copy of this paper is available at the Hoover Institution.
3
6. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–17.
37. M. P. Iroshnikov, Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentral’nogo gosudarstvennogo apparata, 2nd. ed. (Leningrad, 1967), 115; John L. H. Keep, ed., The Debate on Soviet Power (Oxford, 1979), 78–79.
38. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta Rabochikh, Soldatskikh, Krest’ianskikh i KazachHkh Deputatov II Sozyva (Moscow, 1918), 28.
39. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 304–5.
40. Ibid., XXXV, 58.
41. Protokoly zasedanii, 31.
42. Ibid., 32.
43. Revoliutsiia, VI, 73.
44. Protokoly zasedanii, 31–32.
45. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 148.
46. S. Piontkovskii in BK, No. 1 (1934), 112.
47. S. A. Fediukin, Velikii Oktiabr’ i intelligentsiia (Moscow, 1972); E. Ignatov in PR, No. 4/75 (Moscow, 1928), 34.
48. The story of these events is very inadequately covered. See D. Antoshkin, Professional’noe dvizhenie sluzhashchikh, 1917–1924 gg. (Moscow, 1927), and Z. A. Miretskii in A. Anskii, ed., Professional’noe dvizhenie v Petrograde v 1917 g.: Ocherki i materialy (Leningrad, 1928), 231–42.
49. DN, Nos. 191 and 192 (Oct. 28, 1917); NZh, No. 164/158 (October 27, 1917), 3.
50. Revoliutsiia, VI, 14.
51. Volia naroda, No. 156 (October 29, 1917), cited in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 225.
52. VS, No. 11 (1919), 5.
53. DN, No. 191 (November 10, 1917), 3, cited in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 226.
54. Protokoly II’go Vserossiskogo S”ezda Kommissarov Truda (1918), 9 and 17, cited in M. Dewar, Labour Policy in the USSR (London, 1956), 17–18.
55. Revoliutsiia, VI, 50.
56. NZh, No. 178/172 (November 11/24, 1917), 3; B. M. Morozov, Sozdanie i ukreplenie sovetskogo gosudarstvennogo apparata (Moscow, 1957), 52.
57. Dekrety, I, 27–28.
58. NZh, No. 182/176 (November 16/29, 1917).
59. N. Osinskii in EZh, No. 1 (November 6, 1918), 2–3. See also A. M. Gindin, Kak bol’sheviki ovladeli Gosudarstvennym Bankom (Moscow, 1961).
60. NV, No. 6 (December 6/18, 1917), 3.
61. Ibid., No. 25 (December 30, 1917), 3.
62. LS, XXXV, 7.
63. N. Gorbunov in Pravda, No. 255/3,787 (November 6/7, 1927), 9.
64. Ibid.; Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–17.
65. S. Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 13.
66. D. A. Chugaev, ed., Triumfal’noe shestvie sovetskoi vlasti, Pt. 1 (Moscow, 1963), 140.
67. L. Trotskii, Moia zhizn’, II (Berlin, 1930), 65; Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 198; Liberman, Building, 8.
68. SUiR, I, No. 309, 296–97
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