48. Ibid., 36–37.
49. H. Tiedemann, Sowjetrussland und die Revolutionierung Deutschlands, 1917–1919 (Berlin, 1936), 74; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 349n.
50. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 338–41.
51. VZh, No. 5 (1919), 35.
52. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 262–64.
53. I. K. Kobliakov in ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 12.
54. Text: H. W. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 79; cf. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 283–84.
55. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 94. Letter dated August 8, 1918.
56. See below, p. 633.
57. Lenin, Khronika, V, 318–19; R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 152.
58. T. G. Masaryk, Die Weltrevolution (Berlin, 1925), 197–99, 209.
59. M. Klante, Von der Wolga zum Amur (Berlin, 1931), 137.
60. S. P. Melgunov, Tragediia Admirala Kolchaka, I (Belgrade, 1930), 133.
61. N. N. Golovin, Rossiiskaia kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917–1918 gg., Pt. 3, Book 7 (Tallinn-Paris, 1937), 67; Klante, Von der Wolga, 134–36.
62. Klante, Von der Wolga, 100.
63. Ullman, Intervention, 154–55; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 53.
64. Sadoul, Notes, 368; Kennan, Decision, 150.
65. Sadoul, Notes, 366; Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 71n.
66. V. Maksakov and A. Turunov, Khronika grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri, 1917–1918 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 168.
67. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 56–57.
68. J. Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia (Baltimore, 1936), 89.
69. Ibid., 90.
70. Melgunov, Tragediia Admirala Kolchaka, I, 43.
71. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 345; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 63.
72. Dekrety, II, 151–53.
73. Ibid., 334–35.
74. NZh, No. 110/325 (June 7, 1918), 3.
75. Dekrety, III, 108–9.
76. Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 248.
77. Dekrety, III, 111–13.
78. Erickson in Pipes, Revolutionary Russia, 257–58.
79. Protokoly zasedanii Vserossiiskogo Tsentral’nogo Ispolnitel’nogo Komiteta 5-go Sozyva: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1919), 80.
80. NZh, No. 93/308 (May 18, 1918), 3.
81. G. Lelevich [L. Mogilevskii], V dni samarskoi uchreditilki (Moscow, 1921), 9–10 and passim; also Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 644; G. Stewart, The White Armies of Russia (New York, 1933), 145.
82. Klante, Von der Wolga, passim.
83. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 72.
84. A. Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff, Les Relations Franco-Soviétiques, 1917–1924 (Paris, 1981), 65.
85. Sadoul, Notes, 369–71.
86. Klante, Von der Wolga, 178.
87. Erdmann, Riezler, 711.
88. Ibid., 474.
89. Ibid., 81, 269–70, 279–80.
90. Ibid., 385–87.
91. Ibid., 74–75.
92. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 84.
93. Ibid., 110, note 78.
94. French Foreign Ministry Archives, April 26, 1918, Lavergne, Z 391.9.
95. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 84; Erdmann, Riezler, 467.
96. Izvestiia, No. 138 (July 5, 1918), 5.
97. V. Vladimirova in PR, No. 4/63 (1927), 110–11.
98. On the meeting: Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II (Moscow, 1920), 129–30; K. Gusev, Krakh partii levykh eserov (Moscow, 1963), 193–94.
99. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 129–30.
100. Erdmann, Riezler, 467; A. Paquet, Im Kommunistischen Russland: Briefe aus Moskau (Jena, 1919), 26.
101. Znamia truda, No. 238 (June 29, 1918), 1; repeated on June 30 and July 2.
102. Bunyan, Intervention, 197–98.
103. Ibid. 198–204.
104. Deposition dated May 8, 1919, in Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 224–33.
105. Text in Boris Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR (Moscow, 1924), 225–26; Erdmann, Riezler, 713–15.
106. This description follows the deposition made by Riezler in 1952: Erdmann, Riezler, 713–14.
107. Lenin, Khronika, V, 606.
108. Erdmann, Riezler, 715; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 228, note 71.
109. L. M. Spirin, Krakh odnoi avantiury (Moscow, 1971), 35
110. Ibid. 38.
111. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II, 194.
112. Vladimirova in PR, No. 4/63 (1927), 121.
113. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 19.
114. Piatyi Vserossiiskii S”ezd Sovetov: Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1918), July 9, 1918, 3rd session, 109.
115. F. Z. Dzerzhinskii in Pravda, No. 139 (July 8, 1918); reproduced in his Izbrannye Proizvedeniia, I (Moscow, 1967), 265.
116. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 19.
117. NV, No. 113/137 (July 10, 1918), 3.
118. J. [Isaac] Steinberg, “The Events of July 1918,” Manuscript, Hoover Institution Archive, DK 265. S818, p. 20.
119. Spirin, Krakh, 42.
120. Steinberg, “The Events,” 122.
121. Lenin, Khronika, V, 610.
122. Vatsetis in Pamiat’, No. 2, 26–27.
123. Ibid., 27.
124. Ibid., 28.
125. Ibid., 40–41.
126. Erdmann, Riezler, 715.
127. K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III (Berlin, 1919), 654.
128. Pravda, No. 156 (July 27, 1918), 1.
129. Petrogradskaia Pravda, No. 233/459 (October 24, 1918), 1.
130. George Katkov in David Footman, ed., St Antony’s Papers, No. 12: Soviet Affairs, No. 3 (London, 1962), 53–93.
131. Winfried Baumgart, ed., Von Brest-Litovsk zur deutschen Novemberrevolution (Göttingen [1971]), 65.
132. Spirin, Krakh, 80.
133. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 654
134. I. Steinberg, Spiridonova (New York, 1935), 247; Pamiat’, No. 2, 80.
135. Spirin, Krakh, 85.1. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 403; Lev Trotskii, Portrety revoliutsionerov (Benson, Vt., 1988), 268–78.
136. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 561, 581–84.
137. Pravda, No. 139 (July 8, 1918), 1.
138. A biographical sketch of him by S. P. Melgunov can be found in Na puti k “tretei” Rossii (Warsaw, 1920).
139. A. I. Denikin, Ocherki russkoi smuty, HI (Berlin, 1924), 79.
140. PN, No. 1342 (September 10, 1924), 2.
141. Masaryk, Die Wehrevolution, 209.
142. Boris Savinkov, Bor’ba’s Bol’shevikami (Warsaw, 1923), 26; Boris Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR (Moscow, 1924), 64; Denikin, Ocherki, III, 79.
143. Ullman, Intervention, 190.
144. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 108–9.
145. French Foreign Ministry Archives, No. 223, May 5, 1918; Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 58.
146. Perkhurov in S. and M. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh: po zapiskam Generala Perkhurova (Moscow, 1930), 16.
147. F. Grenard, La Révolution Russe (Paris, 1933), 322; cf. Kennan, Decision, 436, McLaren to Poole.
148. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 24.
149. Organization described in Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 48–49, 51.
150. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 17–18; Savinkov, Bor’ba, 29–30.
151. Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 14–15.
152. Golos minuvshego na chuzoi storone, No. 6/19 (1928), 117.
153. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 28.
154. Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 56–57; Perkhurov in Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 25.
155. Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei, 60.
156. Savinkov, Bor’ba, 28.
157. Perkhurov in Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh, 19.
158. Perkhurov in ibid, 25.
159. Krasnaia Kniga VChK, II (Moscow, 1920), 101.
160. Spirin, Krakh, 11.
161. Testimony of the head of the German Repatriation Commission, Lt. Balk, in Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 150–54.
162. Krasnaia
Kniga VChK, II, 106; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 150–54.
163. Pravda, No. 155 (July 26, 1918), 3; Bothmer, Mit Graf Mirbach, 110.
164. The record of his trial: Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei and Delo Borisa Savinkova (Moscow, 1924).
165. In Broide, Iaroslavskii miatezh.
166. N. G. Palgunov and O. I. Rozanova, eds., Shesnadtsat’dnei: materialypo istorii iaroslavskogo belogvardeiskogo miatezha (Iaroslavl, 1924), 135–41.
167. A. Pacquet in Baumgart, Von Brest-Litovsk, 66–67.
168. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 230.
169. Erdmann, Riezler, 474.
170. Ibid., 719.
171. Ibid., 474–75.
172. Riezler in Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 230–31.
173. Pamiat’, No. 2, 43–44.
174. Erdmann, Riezler, 112–13; Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 652.
175. Denikin archive in Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, “Iz dnevnika kniaziia Grigoriia Trubetskogo,” 8.
176. Erdmann, Riezler, 722.
177. Riezler’s cable of July 28, in Erdmann, Riezler, 732.
178. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 231; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 523.
179. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 523–26.
180. Erdmann, Riezler, 467.
181. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 244.
182. Draft of policy paper dated July 11, as summarized in Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 225–26.
183. Kennan, Decision, 391–404; Ullman, Intervention, 192, 195–96.
184. Ullman, Intervention, 240–42.
185. Ibid.
186. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 102–4.
187. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, IV (London, 1975), 224.
188. Ullman, Intervention, 240.
189. Ibid.
190. Ibid.
191. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 176.
192. Klante, Von der Wolga, 180–81.
193. J. Skačel, Československa Armada v Rusku a Kolčak (Prague, 1926), 36.
194. Klante, Von der Wolga, 195.
195. Melgunov, Tragediia, I, 100–1.
196. Golovin, Kontr-revoliutsiia, Pt. 3, Book 7, 119.
197. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 653. Further: Lenin, PSS, L, 134–35; G. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland und Deutschland, 1917–1922 (Köln, 1984), 119; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 108–10.
198. Erdmann, Riezler, 472n.
199. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 239–40. Cf. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland, 119, where first publication of a similar analysis made by Helfferich on August 19.
200. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 245–46.
201. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland, 106.
202. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 275.
203. ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 13–14.
204. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 186, 280.
205. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 83.
206. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 114.
207. Intercepted message from Ioffe to Moscow in H. W. Gatzke, VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 96–97, dated August 13.
208. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 115.
209. Europäische Gespräche, IV, No. 3 (1926), 148.
210. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (1955), 96–97.
211. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 302–3.
212. Protokoly VTsIK, 5-go Sozyva, 95.
213. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 317–18.
214. Kobliakov in ISSSR, No. 4 (1958), 15; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 319–21.
215. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 321–22; General Ludendorff, My War Memories, II (London, n.d.), 659.
216. Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 97–100.
217. Bunyan, Intervention, 151; Protokoly VTsIK, 5-go Sozyva, 251–53.
218. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 357.
219. Ioffe in VZh, No. 5 (1919), 38.
220. Tiedemann, Sowjetrussland, 74; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 365n.
221. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 358. Soviet account of this episode in Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, I (Moscow, 1957), 560–64.
222. SUiR, 1917–18, No. 947, 2, 207–8.
223. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 370–71, 451–53.
224. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg, III, 656.
225. Richard K. Debo, Revolution and Survival (Liverpool, 1979), xiii.
226. Bryan Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1987), 7.
Chapter 15
1.
Sovetskaia Istoricheskaia Entsiklopediia
, III (Moscow, 1963), 600.
2.
Lenin,
PSS
, XLIII, 220.
3.
Concerning this controversy, see Paul Craig Roberts in
Alienation and the Soviet Economy
(University of New Mexico Press, 1971), 20–47, and S. Malle,
The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918–1921
(Cambridge, 1985), 1–23.
4.
L. Trotskii,
Chto takoe SSSR i kuda on idët?
(Paris, n.d.), 16.
5.
SUiR
, No. 154, 152; No. 674, 743–46.
6.
Ibid.
, No. 425, 397–98 and No. 420, 394–96.
7.
Ibid.
, No. 456, 428–30.
8.
On this, see my
Russia under the Old Regime
(New York, 1974), especially Chap. 4.
9.
Cited in R. Lorenz,
Anfänge der Bolschewistischen Industriepolitik
(Köln, 1965), 85. See further Leszek Kolakowski,
Main Currents of Marxism
, II (Oxford, 1978), 297–304.
10. F. Pollock, Die Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion, 1917–192J (Leipzig, 1929), 33.
11. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307.
12. L. Trotskii, O Lenine (Moscow, 1924), 112.
13. Lenin, PSS, XXXIV, 307–8.
14. Ibid., XXXV, 123.
15. Iu. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16.
16. Izvestiia, No. 229 (November 18, 1917), 3.
17. On him: Simon Liberman, Building Lenin’s Russia (Chicago, 1945), 55; NKh, No. 6 (1919), 27–32; Lorenz, Anfinge, 137–40; G. Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii i v SSSR (Leningrad, 1927), 387–92.
18. See Meshcherskii’s account in NS, No. 33 (May 26, 1918), 3; Lorenz, Anfänge, 138.
19. Lorenz, Anfänge, 140; Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 386–87.
20. NZh, No. 79/294 (April 28, 1918), 3.
21. Published in Germany as Arbeit, Disziplin und Ordnung werden die Sozialistische Sowjet-Republik Retten (Berlin, 1919).
22. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 300.
23. Ibid., 255; emphasis supplied.
24. Izvestiia, No. 76/340 (April 17, 1918), 2.
25. N. Osinskii, Stroitel’stvo sotsializma (Moscow, 1918).
26. Ibid., 46.
27. N. N. Sukhanov, Zapiski o revoliutsii, II (Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922), 239.
28. H. Taine, The French Revolution, II (New York, 1892), 13–14.
29. Cited in Malle, War Communism, 165.
30. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b): mart 1919 g, Protokoly (Moscow, 1959), 407–8.
31. S. Chutskaev in EZh, No. 225 (November 13, 1920), 2.
32. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 9.
33. EZh, No. 167 (July 31, 1920), 1.
34. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23, II (New York, 1952), 246.
35. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351.
36. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXIII, 18; Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 351, omits first sentence in this citation.
37. Vosmoi S”ezd RKP (b), 407–8.
38. L. N. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti (1917–27) (Moscow, 1928), 43.
39. Dekrety, III, 454.
40. S. S. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency and Banking, 1914–24 (London, 1925), 74–75.
41. Dekrety, V, 189–90.
42. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 75.
43. Z. V. Atlas, Ocherki po istorii denezhnogo obrashcheniia v SSSR (1917–25) (Moscow, 1940), 58–59.
44. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920
), 10.
45. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 71.
46. Ibid., 75.
47. Malle, War Communism, 164.
48. Peter Scheibert, Lenin an der Macht (Weinheim, 1984), 250.
49. Iurovskii, Denezhnaia politika, 73.
50. Katzenellenbaum, Russian Currency, 74–75.
51. Ibid., 77.
52. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Protokoly (Moscow, 1960), 426.
53. Ibid., 425.
54. Odinadtsatyi S”ezd RKP (b): Stenograficheskii Otchët (Moscow, 1961), 296.
55. Richard Pipes, Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944 (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 140–41.
56. J. Bunyan, Intervention, Civil War, and Communism in Russia 1918 (Baltimore, 1936), 406–7.
57. Dekrety, IV, 314–16, 457–61; V, 217–31.
58. NKh, No. 1–2 (1920), 8–9.
59. Lenin, Khronika, VIII, 291; cf. LS, XXIV, 95.
60. L. N. Yurovsky, Currency Problems and Policy of the Soviet Union (London, 1925), 22.
61. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 7.
62. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.
63. Dekrety, 1,172–74. Its history can be found in V. Z. Drobizhev, Glavnyi shtab sotsialisticheskoi promyshlennosti (Moscow, 1966), and Tsyperovich, Sindikaty i tresty, 373–511.
64. EZh, No. 261 (November 9, 1920), 1.
65. Pollock, Planwirtschaftlichen Versuche, 80.
66. Liberman, Building, 67; A. Gurovich in ARR, VI (1922), 319.
67. Gurovich, loc. cit.
68. On him, see his autobiographical sketch in Granat, XLI, Pt. 1, 272–82, and recollections in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 16–23. Also Liberman, Building, 20–23.
69. Iu. Larin [M. Lure], Pis’ma 0 Germanii (Petrograd, n.d.).
70. See his letter in Revoliutsiia, IV, 383–84.
71. Rykov in NKh, No. io (1918), 31–32.
72. V. Miliutin, La Nationalisation de l’Industrie (Moscow, 1919), 8–9.
73. Dekrety, II, 498–503.
74. Larin in NKh, No. 11 (1918), 20; Liberman, Building, 24–26.
75. Larin, loc. cit.
76. L. N. Kritsman, Geroicheskii period Velikoi Russkoi Revoliutsii (Moscow-Leningrad, 1926), 64, 131–32.
77. Ibid., 62.
78. G. G. Shvittau, Revoliutsiia i narodnoe khoziaistvo v Rossii (1917–21) (Leipzig, 1922), 74.
79. A full list is in Kritsman, Geroicheskii period, 103–4.
80. Larin in NKh, No. 9–10 (1922), 40.
81. On these, see A. Vainshtein in NKh, No. 5–6 (1920), 54–56.
82. V. P. Miliutin, Narodnoe Khoziaistvo Sovetskoi Rossii (Moscow, 1920), Appendix.
83. Deviatyi S”ezd RKP (b), 104.
84. Litvinov in Pravda, No. 262 (November 21, 1920), 1.
85. R. Arskii in EZh, No. 14 (November 23, 1918), 1.
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