69. Izvestiia, No. 244 (December 6, 1917), 6–7.
70. Ibid., No. 249 (December 12, 1917), 6.
71. Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
72. NZh, No. 206/200 (December 20, 1917/January 2, 1918), cited in Revoliutsiia, VI, 377.
73. Kh. A. Eritsian, Sovety krest’ianskikh deputatov v oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow, 1960), 143.
74. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war, 42.
75. See, for example, Trotsky’s speech in the Petrograd Soviet as reported in NZh, No. 138/132 (September 27, 1917), 3.
76. Pravda, No. 170/101 (October 27, 1917), 1.
77. N. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow, 1957), 74; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 185.
78. Dekrety, I, 25–26.
79. Izvestiia, No. 213 (November 1, 1917), 2.
80. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 135.
81. Ibid., XXXIV, 266.
82. Peter Scheibert, Lenin an der Macht (Weinheim, 1984), 418.
83. Based on L. M. Spirin, Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii (1917–20 gg.) (Moscow, 1968), 416–25, and L. M. Spirin, Krushenie pomeshchich ’ikh i burzhuaznykh partii v Rossii (Moscow, 1977), 300–41.
84. DN, No. 2/247 (January 4, 1918), 1.
85. Oliver Radkey, The Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917 (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 15.
86. O. N. Znamenskii, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Leningrad, 1976), Tables 1 and 2.
87. Lenin, PSS, XL, 7.
88. Radkey, Election, 38.
89. Lenin, PSS, XL, 16–18.
90. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 275, 358.
91. Lenin, PSS, XL, 10.
92. Fraiman, Forpost, 163.
93. Dekrety, I, 159.
94. Revoliutsiia, VI, 187.
95. Fraiman, Forpost, 163.
96. Revoliutsiia, VI, 192.
97. Ibid., 199.
98. NV, No. 1 (November 30, 1917), 1–2, and No. 2 (December 1, 1917), 2; Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3; and Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 309–10.
99. NV, No. 1 (November 30, 1917), 2; Revoliutsiia, VI, 225.
100. Dekrety, I, 162.
101. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 231.
102. Protokoly TsK, 149–150.
103. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 106.
104. Ibid. 164–65, 166.
105. Protokoly TsK, 175.
106. Znamia truda, No. 111 (January 5/18, 1918), 3.
107. N. Rubinshtein, Bol’sheviki i Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Moscow, 1938), 76.
108. B. F. Sokolov in ARR, XIII (Berlin, 1924), 48; Fraiman, Forpost, 201.
109. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Tri pokusheniia na V. I. Lenina (Moscow, 1930), 3–77.
110. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 50, 60–61.
111. Ibid., 61.
112. Pravda, No. 3/230 (January 5/18, 1918), 4.
113. Trotsky in ibid., No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
114. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 334–35; Fraiman, Forpost, 204.
115. Pravda, No. 2/229 (January 4/17, 1918), 1, 3.
116. M. V. Vishniak, Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Paris, 1932), 99–100.
117. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Na boevykh postakh fevral’skoi i oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Moscow, 1930), 256.
118. DN, No. 2/247 (January 4, 1918), 2.
119. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 66.
120. A. S. Izgoev in ARR, X, 24–25; Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 340.
121. Descriptions in DN, No. 4 (January 7, 1918), 2; Griaduiushchyi den’, No. 30 (January 6, 1918), 4; Pravda, No. 5 (January 6/19, 1918), 2.
122. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2, and Scheibert, Lenin, 19.
123. NZh, No. 7/23 (January 11/24, 1918), 2.
124. I. S. Malchevskii, ed., Vserossiiskoe Uchreditel’noe Sobranie (Moscow-Leningrad, 1930), 3.
125. Dekrety, I, 321–23.
126. Lenin, Khronika, V, 180–81; Malchevskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 217.
127. Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 384–86.
128. Pravda, No. 4/231 (January 6/19, 1918), 1.
129. NV, No. 7 (January 12/25, 1918), 3, in Bunyan and Fisher, Bolshevik Revolution, 389.
130. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 54.
131. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
132. E. Ignatov in PR, No. 5/76 (1928), 28–29.
133. Trotsky in Pravda, No. 91 (April 20, 1924), 3.
134. Znamenskii, Uchreditel’noe Sobranie, 323.
135. V. I. Ignatev, Nekotorye fakty i itogi chetyrëkh let grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow, 1922), 8.
136. D. S. Mirsky, Modern Russian Literature (London, 1925), 89.
137. Sokolov in ARR, XIII, 6.
138. Dewar, Labour Policy, 37.
139. A. S. Izgoev in NV, No. 94/118 (June 16, 1918), 1.
140. G. Aronson, “Na perelome,” Manuscript, Hoover Institution, Nikolaevskii Archive, DK 265.89/L2A76, is the best account of these events.
141. Kontinent, No. 2 (1975), 385–419.
142. NV, No. 91/115 (May 9, 1918), 3.
143. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.
144. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 3.
145. NV, No. 92/116 (May 10, 1918), 3.
146. Ibid.
147. Vladimir Brovkin in RR, January 1983, 47. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 23–24, confirms this assessment.
148. B. Avilov in NZh, No. 96/311 (May 22, 1918), 1.
149. Ibid., No. 99/314 (May 25, 1918), 4.
150. Otro, June 3, 1918, cited in Aronson, “Na perelome,” 15–16.
151. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 7–8.
152. NZh, No. 164/158 (October 27, 1917), 1.
153. NZh, No. 20/234 (January 27, 1918), 1.
154. NZh, No. 111/326 (June 8, 1918), 3.
155. Aronson, “Na perelome,” 21.
156. Dekrety, II, 30–31; Lenin, PSS, XXXVII, 599.
157. W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1974), 263–300.
158. NZh, No. 115/330 (June 16, 1918), 3.
159. W. G. Rosenberg in SR, XLIV, No. 3 (July 1985), 235.
160. NZh, No. 122/337 (June 26, 1918), 3.
161. See, e.g., Stroev in NZh, No. 127/342 (July 2, 1918), 1.
162. NV, No. 106/130 (July 2, 1918), 3.
163. NV, No. 107/131 (July 3, 1918), 3, and No. 108/132 (July 4, 1918), 4; NZh, No. 128/343 (July 3, 1918), I.
Chapter 13
1.
Lenin,
PSS
, XXXI, 310.
2.
Ibid.
, XXXV, 250.
3.
Ibid.
, 247; emphasis supplied.
4.
Sed’moi Ekstrennyi S”ezd RKP (b
) (Moscow, 1962), 171.
5.
Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia ot peregovorov v Brest-Litovske do podpisaniia Rapall’skogo dogovora
, I (Moscow, 1968), 647–49.
6.
C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds.,
Russian-American Relations March 1917-March 1920
(New York, 1920), 53–54.
7.
Dekrety
, I, 16.
8.
E.g.
Revoliutsiia
, V, 285–86.
9.
Fritz Fischer,
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(New York, 1967), 477.
10. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.
11. Ibid., 108.
12. Ibid., 184.
13. One example in ibid., 68–75. See also Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 483–84.
14. See, e.g., Paul Rohrbach’s Russland und wir (Stuttgart, 1915).
15. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–96.
16. Rohrbach, Russland und wir, 3.
17. Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Düsseldorf, 1967), passim.
18. Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 245�
�46.
19. Deutsche Politik, No. 26 (June 28, 1918), 805–6.
20. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1870–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 387.
21. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 153–54.
22. Ibid., I, 66–67.
23. Ibid. 59–60; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 488, has a six-point program.
24. J. Buchan, A History of the Great War, IV (Boston, 1922), 137.
25. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 148–50; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487–90.
26. Gerald Freund, Unholy Alliance (New York, 1957), 4.
27. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 194–97, 208.
28. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 30.
29. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 183, 190; Fischer, Germany’s Aims, 487.
30. See my Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–23 (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 114–26.
31. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229; J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (London-New York, 1956), 173–74.
32. W. Hahlweg, Der Diktatfrieden von Brest-Litowsk (Münster, 1960), 375.
33. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 229–30.
34. On the January 1918 strikes: G. Rosenfeld, Sowjet-Russland und Deutschland 1917–1922 (Köln, 1984), 46–55; Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 196.
35. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599.
36. Stephen Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (London, 1974), 65.
37. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 599; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed., Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 232–33; E. N. Gorodetskii, Rozhdenie Sovetskogo Gosudarstva (Moscow, 1965), 406–7.
38. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 243–52.
39. Ibid., 324; cf. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 48.
40. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 255–58.
41. Russian text in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 298–308; English translation in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 392–402.
42. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 311–12.
43. Soviet declaration in Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 555–58.
44. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 314–15.
45. They are reproduced in VZ, XV, No. 1 (January 1967), 87–104.
46. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 278.
47. Ibid., 289–90, 318–19.
48. Protocols in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 322–29; see also Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 23–26.
49. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 326–27; in German: Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 25.
50. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677.
51. K. F. Nowak, ed., Die Aufzeichnungen des General Majors Max Hoffmann, I (Berlin, 1929), 187.
52. Deutscher, Prophet Armed, 383, 390.
53. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 677, and PSS, XXXV, 486–87.
54. Dekrety, I, 487–88; Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 339.
55. I. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommissar war (Munich, 1929), 206–7.
56. Dekrety, I, 490–91.
57. See below, Chap. 18.
58. R. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 74.
59. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 65.
60. Ullman, Intervention, 137–38.
61. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 607; Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 277–78.
62. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 244–45.
63. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 489.
64. Niessel, Triomphe, 279–80.
65. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 284–85; Sadoul, Notes, 262–63; Ullman, Intervention, 81.
66. Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 341–43.
67. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP (b) (Moscow, 1958), 211–18.
68. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 376–80.
69. Protokoly TsK, 219–28.
70. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 558.
71. Lenin, PSS, XXXV, 385–86.
72. Ibid., 399.
73. Ibid., XXXVI, 24.
74. Niessel, Triomphe, 299.
75. Ia. Piletskii in NZh, No. 38/253 (March 9, 1918), 2; see also V. Stroev, NZh, No. 40/255 (March 12, 1918), 1.
76. See V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Pereezd V. I. Lenina v Moskvu (Moscow, 1926).
77. Hahlweg, Diktatfrieden, 51.
78. Piletskii in NZh, No. 41/256 (March 14, 1918), 1.
79. These are documented in Sovetsko-Germanskie Otnosheniia, I, 370–430, and analyzed in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 269–75.
80. Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 275.
81. W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 2 (January 1968), 84.
82. J. Degras, Documents of Russian Foreign Policy, I (London, 1951), 56–57. Document dated March 5, 1918.
83. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 82–84.
84. Ibid., 85–86.
85. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 116; cf. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 161–62.
86. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4; D. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy (New York, 1922), 264–65. Brian Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1988), 15–16.
87. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.
88. NZh, No. 54/269 (March 16/29, 1918), 4.
89. Letter dated April 12, 1918, in Sadoul, Notes, 305. On German pressure: Lenin in NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.
90. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 3–26.
91. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXII, 559–61, 613.
92. KPSS v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s”ezdov, konferentsii iplenumov TsK, 1898–1953, 7th ed., I (Moscow, 1953), 405; cf. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 37–38, 40.
93. George Kennan, Russia Leaves the War (Princeton, N.J., 1956), 255.
94. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 70.
95. Dekrety, I, 386–87; on this, see below, Chap. 15.
96. NKh, No. 11 (1918), 19–20.
97. Cumming and Pettit, Russian-American Relations, 87–88.
98. Ibid., 91–92.
99. Ibid., 89; Russian original in Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 91.
100. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 34–35.
101. Izvestiia, No. 190/454 (September 4, 1918), 3.
102. See below, Chap. 14.
103. Izvestiia, No. 242/506 (November 5, 1918), 4.
104. Lenin, PSS, XXXVI, 331.
105. Ibid., 340.
106. Ibid., XLI, 55.
Chapter 14
1.
Lenin,
PSS
, XXXIV, 245.
2.
Dekrety
, I, 16.
3.
Lenin,
PSS
, XXXVII, 79.
4
E. N. Gorodetskii,
Rozhdenie sovetskogo gosudarstva
(Moscow, 1965), 402–3; John Erickson in Richard Pipes, ed.,
Revolutionary Russia
(Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 230–31.
5.
M. Mayzel,
An Army in Transition: The Russian High Command, October 1917–May 1918
(Tel Aviv University, 1976), in
Slavic and Soviet Series
, I, No. 5 (September 1976).
6.
A. G. Kavtaradze,
Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov, 1917–1920 gg
. (Moscow, 1988),
passim
.
7.
Gorodetskii,
Rozhdenie
, 399–401; Erickson in Pipes,
Revolutionary Russia
, 232.
8.
Gorodetskii,
Rozhdenie
, 416.
9.
Dekrety
, I, 342, 356–57.
10. Dekrety, I, 588; Izvestiia, No. 17/281 (January 23, 1918), 3.
11. NZh, No. 23/237 (February 13, 1918), 1; cf. Leon Trotsky, Revolution Betrayed (New York, 1972), 210–11.
12. Lenin, PSS, XXXVIII, 139.
13. Dekrety, I, 356.
14. Ia. Kaimin, Latyshskie strelki v bor’be za pobedu Oktiabr’skoi revoliutsii (Riga, 1961), 27–37.
15. NZh, No. 112/327 (June 9, 1918), 3; Dekrety, II, 440.
16. NZh, No. 101/316 (May 28, 1918), 4.
17. I. I. Vatsetis in Pamia’, No. 2 (Paris, 1979), 44.
18. Dekrety, I, 577.
19. Ibid., 522–23; II, 63–70, 569–70; Lenin, Khronika, V, 291; Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty, 72–88.
20. Dekrety, II, 63–70.
21. Gen. [Henri A.] Niessel, Le Triomphe des Bolcheviks et la Paix de Brest-Litovsk: Souvenirs, 1917–1918 (Paris, 1940), 329–30.
22. J. Noulens, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, II (Paris, 1933), 27; cf. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la Révolution Bolchevique (Paris, 1920), 274, 277; Niessel, Triomphe, 331.
23. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 70–71.
24. Sadoul, Notes, 290–91. Letter dated April 6, 1918.
25. C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit, eds., Russian-American Relations March 1917–March 1920 (New York, 1920), 98.
26. Ibid., 100.
27. Lenin, Khronika, V, 356; Russian-American Relations, 130–31.
28. Lenin, Khronika, V, 452–53; G. Kennan, The Decision to Intervene (Princeton, N.J., 1958), 217–18; Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Vienna-Munich, 1966), 265–66; Lenin, PSS, L, 74–75.
29. NS, No. 23 (May 15, 1918), 2.
30. Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 53.
31. K. D. Erdmann, ed., Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972), 462.
32. See his Mit Graf Mirbach in Moskau (Tübingen, 1922). Bothmer kept a diary, which has not been published: W. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 73n.
33. Report of April 30, 1918, in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 77–78. English translation in Z. A. B. Zeman, ed., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918 (London, 1958), 120–21.
34. Erdmann, Riezler, 463.
35. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 80. Report dated May 16. Cf. Zeman, Germany, 126–27.
36. Archives of German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Deutschland, No. 131, Geheime Akten, Russland No. 134.
37. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 81–83.
38. Ibid., 83.
39. Erdmann, Riezler, 466n.
40. Zeman, Germany, 130, 133.
41. Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 213.
42. Baumgart in VZ, XVI, No. 1 (1968), 88.
43. Ibid., 89–90, 92–93; Erdmann, Riezler, 466–67.
44. Zeman, Germany, 138, 131.
45. Louis Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs, I (London, 1930), 75.
46. Lenin, Khronika, VI, 146; J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (London-New York, 1956), 355.
47. VZh, No. 5 (1919), 35.
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