231–232 “atomic bomb” AW to Eng, 10 July 1946, AW Papers 81/15, Hoover; promised Chiang AW to GCM, 12 July 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL; “he needed me” AW to GCM, 25 April 1946, AW Papers 82/23, Hoover; $695 AW to Caraway, 24 October 1946, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI; “funeral regalia” AW to GCM, 12 July 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL; box of Brooks Brothers shirts AW to JHC, 5 February 1947, JHC Papers 1/9, GCMRL.
232 “offend the reds” Chicago Tribune 17 July 1946; rumors of Marshall’s imminent departure JM to Hellman, 10 July 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
232 “straight civil war” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1369; Summer in Nanjing GCM to Bryden, 14 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/7, GCMRL.
232 Yenan’s charges GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 11 July 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; Zhou insisted that Marshall FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1327; “I am the ‘reactionary party’ ” Papers Vol. 5, 627; Aides were taken aback Melby, Mandate, 170.
233 “It seems to me that unless we find a basis” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1368.
233 bombs JHC to Betty Caughey, 18 July 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL.
233 hour and forty-five GCM to Bryden, 14 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/7, GCMRL; grass airfield GCMRL photographs; sedan chairs GCMRL photographs; ascent GCM to Eisenhower, 17 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/32, GCMRL; bearers paused Beal, Marshall, 145; calluses White, In Search, 66; “most undemocratic” Eng to Caraway, 26 July 1946, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI.
233–234 As they climbed JHC photograph caption, JHC papers 5/5, GCMRL; two hours GCM to Eisenhower, 17 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/32, GCMRL; Switzerland Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 580; posters JHC photograph caption, JHC papers 5/5, GCMRL.
234 immediately agreed Papers Vol. 5, 650; “quite devoted” GCM to Bryden, 14 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/7, GCMRL.
234 unintended consequence Beal, Marshall, 122.
235 “time work this out” Jeans, Marshall Mission, 256; “make Marshall realize” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2969.
235 “aggressive military action” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1355; “The Chinese Problem” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1389.
235 Stuart to Chiang FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1390.
235 “rumors around” JM to Hellman, 23 July 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
235 bearded professor Taylor, Generalissimo, 357, and Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, Vol. 3, 411; Art Institute of Chicago Fairbank, Chinabound, 315; Yenching Shaw, American, 172; Nationalist agents Tanner, Where Chiang, 50.
236 “considerable evidence” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1381; “pay with their lives” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1400.
236 “terroristic” crackdown GCM to HST, 2 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; not always wrong Westad, Decisive, 82; “Those who wanted” Paine, Wars, 263; “Seeing that” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1362.
236–237 American financial expert Arthur Young Oral History, HSTL; Marshall started to warn Papers Vol. 5, 630; “bankrupt China” New York Times 20 June 1946.
237 industrial capacity Paine, Wars, 241; back a generation Spector, In the Ruins, 35; “It is impossible” JM to Hellman, 18 August 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; As Marshall learned Papers Vol. 5, 616; acknowledged that Yalta Papers Vol. 5, 616.
237 “seeing the situation” JM to Hellman, 9 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; questions about land reform JM to Hellman, 10 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; 400 Million Customers McWilliams to GCM, 22 April 1946, GCM Papers 123/20, GCMRL; “Yes, of course” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1424.
237 “fighting spreads” JM to Hellman, 9 July 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; boom of artillery JM to Hellman, 23 July 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
238 “Each side accuses” Papers Vol. 5, 631; “the acts were hard to determine” GCM to HST, 30 July 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
238 Marshall-Yu GCM-Yu meeting notes, 22 July 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
238 T. V. Soong invited GCM appointment list, 25 July 1946, Marshall Mission Records 7, NARA; English manor, Henry V Beal, Marshall, 135.
238 “More meetings” Jeans, Marshall Mission, 256.
238 “When conditions are difficult” George C. Marshall, Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1.
238 “never says die” Papers Vol. 5, 631.
239 mountain lilies JHC clipping, JHC Papers 2/11, GCMRL; picnics Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 586; tender steak Beal, Marshall, 168; chicken and waffles Jeans, Marshall Mission, 258; work in the garden Papers Vol. 5, 669; a fire burned Beal, Marshall, 149; their library Fenby, Chiang, 255; silk dresses Papers Vol. 5, 669; “wonderful friends” Papers Vol. 5, 668.
239 wicker chair, Old Fashioned Beal, Marshall, 149; fearsome opponents Jeans, Marshall Mission, 29.
239 “most pleasant experiences” CKS diary, 2 August 1946, Hoover; game’s rules Gillem journal notes, 7–10 September 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; Sometimes during dinner John Hart Caughey Oral History, GCMRL; personal monologue Stuart, Fifty Years, 278; “He speaks no English” Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 588.
239 “her devoted admirer” Papers Vol. 5, 697; “If I was as” GCM to AW, 30 September 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL.
240 Himmler, Pro-Nationalist sources Beal, Marshall, 177; newspaper clippings FRUS, 1946 Vol. 9, 1423; “gestapo” Beal, Marshall, 173; “not likely to be halted” Time 10 June 1946; “sheer tragedy” Papers Vol. 5, 640.
240 “The American people” Papers Vol. 5, 638.
240 “the tragedy impending” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1420.
241 “could liquidate within three to six months” GCM-Yu meeting notes, 16 July 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
241 wiping out Communist forces Levine, Anvil, 84; “Now let me give you my word” Qing, From Allies, 83.
241 triumph again and again Lew, Third, 39; Communist forces numbered Qing, From Allies, 87; Washington would back him fully Westad, Decisive, 45; would prove secondary Beal, Marshall, 114.
241 “anxious” CKS diary, 11 July 1946, Hoover; Chinese proverb GCM to HST, 30 July 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; four days on the mountain had been useless Papers Vol. 5, 639.
241 Anping Henry I. Shaw, The United States Marines in North China, 17.
242 quickly became clear Beal, Marshall, 140; “Americans don’t accept” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1433; “deliberate misrepresentation” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1432.
242 “mothers of these boys” Note to Caraway, 29 August 1946, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI.
242 Sisyphus Acheson, Present, 204; “He likes going up” Jeans, Marshall Mission, 259.
242 Marshall recognized that the situation FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 1045.
242–243 “narrow minded” Papers Vol. 5, 646; helping the Communists GCM-CKS meeting notes, 5 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; “fruitful breeding ground” Papers Vol. 5, 651; “exceptional opportunity” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1469; “I figured the concessions” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2981.
243 Team 25 History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “absurd farce” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1491; “lead to an aroused” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 873.
243 GCM-Zhou meeting FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1475–1476.
243 Zhou was more interested FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1484–1486.
244 “the contradictions” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1483.
12. George Marshall Can’t Walk on Water
245–246 statement’s purpose GCM to HST, 16 August 1946, GCM Papers 124/31, GCMRL; Zhou deemed it FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 8; Nationalists grumbled Beal, Marshall, 155; “heart-breaking task” Liang to GCM, 12 August 1946, GCM Papers 123/10, GCMRL; “We entreat you” Lee to GCM and Stuart, 12 August 1946, GCM Papers 123/10, GCMRL.
246 “unusually strong” Koo to Soong, 12 August 1946, T. V. Soong Papers, Hoover.
246 Truman’s letter HST to CKS, 10 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
246–247 “statement sufficiently strong” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1450; Generalissimo’s “face” Papers Vol. 5, 651.
247 Mao’s new theory He in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 196; E
ven without a US-Soviet war Westad, Brothers, 61.
247 Mao interview with Strong Pantsov, Mao, 351.
247–248 those around Mao had sensed him wrestling Qing, From Allies, 87; long been confident Andrew Bingham Kennedy, “Can the Weak Defeat the Strong?,” 894; “protracted war” Short, Mao, 255; “God of Thunder” Short, Mao, 214; instructional verse Short, Mao, 222.
248 approach he was taking now Tanner, Battle, 196; American intelligence Military intelligence review, 18 July 1946, Naval Aide Files 18/2, HST Papers, HSTL.
248 Durdin had finished Carter to Sulzberger, 16 July 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL; message from his hosts Durdin to GCM, 31 July 1946, GCM Papers 122/28, GCMRL.
248 Emancipation Daily editorial FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 48.
249 Zhou had assumed Spector, In the Ruins, 253; “The American Marines” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 16.
249 “I am being deprived” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 15 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
249 Nationalist hard-liners GCM to HST, 16 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; still a negotiating tactic FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 70–71.
249 “Isn’t it wishful thinking” CKS diary, 15 August 1946, Hoover.
249 Marshall-Chiang meeting GCM to HST, 17 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
250 “I have never seen” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2989; “Marshall still believes” Myers in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 157–158; “fish in a tree” Taylor, Generalissimo, 359.
250 borrowing the fearsomeness of the tiger John W. Garver, Chinese-Soviet Relations, 210.
250 “I am sure that you realize” AW to CKS, 2 August 1946, T. V. Soong Papers, Hoover; The enclosed letter pronounced AW to CKS, 2 August 1946, AW Papers 81/2, Hoover.
251 reaction in key quarters AW to CKS, 25 April 1946, AW Papers 81/2, Hoover.
251 “I shall accept as gospel” AW to GCM, 4 May 1946, GCM Papers 124/8, GCMRL; Marshall’s folly AW to Hurley, 31 December 1946, AW Papers 93/6, Hoover; asking the Chinese embassy AW to Counselor, Chinese Embassy, 24 April 1946, AW Papers 92/28, Hoover; “Marshall’s own statements” AW memo on “Chinese problem,” 10 August 1946, AW Papers 90/6, Hoover; to Chiang AW to CKS, 2 August 1946, AW Papers 81/2, Hoover; “so long as our policy” AW to Yeaton, 8 August 1946, AW Papers 83/36, Hoover; he blamed traitorous State Department AW to Caraway, 24 October 1946, AW Papers 80/19, Hoover.
251 “Exactly what happened” AW to Wei, 9 August 1946, AW Papers 83/30, Hoover; “Apparently there was opposition” AW to Chen, 13 August 1946, AW Papers 80/22, Hoover; “all of Asia” AW memo on “Chinese problem,” 10 August 1946, AW Papers 90/6, Hoover.
251–252 America First view Pogue, Ordeal, 141; Charles Lindbergh AW to CKS/Madame CKS, 15 December 1947, AW Papers 98/17, Hoover; “Hitler’s methods” Spence, To Change, 266; “money-making areas,” “planned penetration” AW to Hurley, 2 December 1947, AW Papers 98/41, Hoover.
252 “I am so sorry” Keith E. Eiler in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 106; Marshall despised Bullitt Pogue, Organizer, 476; Marshall read it GCM to AW, 28 August 1946, GCM Papers 124, GCMRL.
252 “death struggle” Papers Vol. 5, 645; He reiterated to Chiang the risks GCM-CKS meeting notes, 16 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
252 strafed Yenan History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.
252 An order was broadcast New York Times 20 August 1946; American intelligence judged Military intelligence review, 22 August 1946, Naval Aide Files 18/3, HST Papers, HSTL; Party spokesmen called the Nationalists New York Times 17 August 1946.
253 “Chiang cannot be counted on” Summary of telegrams, 19 August 1946, Naval Aide Files 22/2, HST Papers, HSTL.
253 Truce teams History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.
253 subtropical summer GCM to Spencer, 14 August 1946, GCM Papers 123/41, GCMRL; 90 degrees Papers Vol. 5, 650; only slightly cooler JHC to Betty Caughey, 23 August 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL; malaria JM to Hellman, 29 September 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “In the heat” JM to Hellman, 6 August 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
253 “The old man” Carter to Davis, 13 August 1946, Marshall Carter Papers, GCMRL.
253 “policy of force” GCM to HST, 17 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; He saw both sides Beal, Marshall, 164; “tornado of propaganda” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 249.
253 “The Generalissimo is leading” Papers Vol. 5, 663; He warned Zhou, “I am sitting” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 29 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
254 “We felt there was nothing else” GCM-Yu meeting notes, 30 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; He refused to return FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 255.
254 admitted to being confused GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 11 September 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; as did Zhou FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 145; and Madame Chiang FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 172; “dizzy merry-go-round” Melby, Mandate, 190–191.
254 fireworks displays were canceled Jeans, Marshall Mission, 148; “put down rebellions” New York Times 14 August 1946.
254 Marshall wrote back Papers Vol. 5, 661.
255 slacks, blazer Beal, Marshall, 163.
255 “The military situation” GCM to HST, 30 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
255 “some elixir” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 152; embassy’s contribution FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 148.
255 parallel inquiry in the State Department FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 58.
256 “encouraged by feeling dead certain” Beal, Marshall, 198; wanted it stalled FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 753; wanted most of it still withheld FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 996; shipments of airplanes Carter to Deputy Chief of Staff, 13 August 1946, GCM Papers 124/25, GCMRL; ammunition FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 757; Nationalist officials GCM-Yu meeting notes, 5 September 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; “It was just a matter” GCM-Yu meeting notes, 30 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; slowdown would hardly cripple Westad, Decisive, 49; $800 million Chinese Embassy analysis, 2 March 1948, AW Papers 99/11, Hoover.
256 “surplus property” Military intelligence review, 5 September 1946, Naval Aide Files 18/4, HST Papers, HSTL.
256 “adding fuel” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 1053; press conference New York Times 2 September 1946; “You are confusing” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 29 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
257 “are seeking by intense” GCM to HST, 30 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
257 “significant pressure” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 873; Much of Truman’s cabinet Wallace, Price, 608; even Forrestal was recommending Forrestal to HST, 15 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “Those who have anything” Lynch to GCM, 2 August 1946, GCM Papers 123/15, GCMRL; “It may have been right” Torkel to GCM, 30 July 1946, GCM Papers 124/2, GCMRL.
257 “It is anticipated” Timberman to McConnell, 23 August 1946, Timberman-Fiske Papers, MHI.
258 armies to wage war in places like Manchuria GCM to Acheson, 28 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA.
258 Marshall saw the ambush GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 15 August 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; “it would be a victory” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 874.
258 “there is no reason” Chang to GCM, 10 August 1946, GCM Papers 122/13, GCMRL; a force capable of balancing FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 830.
258 “advocate discussion groups” JM to Hellman, 16 November 1945, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “stand between the two primitive giants” Melby, Mandate, 200; “They are learning” JM to Hellman, 6 August 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
259 walking with Katherine in the moonlight JM to Hellman, 29 September 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
259 “formal invitation to Russia” Papers Vol. 5, 663; “false power” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 170.
259 “pressure does not work” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2990; Chiang simply refused CKS diary, 19 August 1946, Hoover; major push in Rehe Military intelligence review, 5 September 1946, Naval Aide Files 18/4, HST Papers, HSTL; evaded
conversation CKS diary, 25 August 1946, Hoover; “He can use the sale of goods” CKS diary, 2 September 1946, Hoover; “to install a totalitarian” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 92; Truman promptly wrote back FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 147; “We can get along” Beal, Marshall, 181.
260 “I am not” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 5 September1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; sincerely FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 89; his last trump card GCM to HST, 6 September 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; National Assembly on his terms CKS diary, 9 September 1946, Hoover; Only military defeat GCM to HST, 13 September 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
260 by October GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 4 September1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA; “a somewhat Chinese view” GCM to HST, 30 August 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL; he conceded to Truman GCM to HST, 13 September 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
260 sat Katherine down, “Only he” Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 587; “Disregard all press” GCM to Chamberlin, 3 September 1946, GCM Papers 17/22, GCMRL.
260 “messenger boy” Beal, Marshall, 156; She reported to a friend Papers Vol. 5, 669.
260–261 “a problem like China” JM to Hellman, 16 September 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “the General was presented with a problem” JHC to Betty Caughey, 29 June 1946, JHC Papers 2/9, GCMRL.
261 “walk on water” Chern, Dilemma, 201.
261 three more games CKS diary, 17 September 1946, Hoover.
261 he would not return GCM-CKS meeting notes, 15 and 17 September 1946, Marshall Mission Records 20, NARA.
261 “on behalf of” Papers Vol. 5, 686; “War has engulfed” GCM to Byrnes, 18 September 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA; radio broadcasts from Yenan FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 195.
261 “It is clear” CKS diary, 17 September 1946, Hoover; “dreams of mediating” CKS diary, 16 September 1946, Hoover.
13. The Rock and the Whirlpool
265 “Giving the best I had” Papers Vol. 1, 78.
265 signs of fall GCM to Chamberlin, 3 September 1946, GCM Papers 17/22, GCMRL; “I suspect I have been wrong” Beal, Marshall, 201.
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