265–266 “playing against futility and despair” JM to Hellman, 24 September 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “Here is a great man” JHC to Timberman, 22 September 1946, JHC Papers 1/13, GCMRL; “He subjugates himself” JHC to Betty Caughey, 8 September 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL.
266 “450 million Chinese” JHC to Betty Caughey, 8 September 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL.
266 “order out of chaos” Cotter to GCM, 6 September 1946, GCM Papers 122/26, GCMRL; “my money on Marshall” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 205; paraphrased lines from Kipling Ridgway to GCM, 28 October 1946, GCM Papers 123/34, GCMRL.
266 “Confused and maddening” GCM to HST, 23 September 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
266 “I know you can” Papers Vol. 5, 690; “Looks like Marshall will fail” Robert H. Ferrell, Dear Bess, 538.
266 “George will not give up” Papers Vol. 5, 669.
267 summer in Kuling Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 589; Chiang reasoned CKS diary, 24 September 1946, Hoover.
267 “final rupture” GCM to Acheson, 2 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “in line with my intentions” CKS diary, 27 September 1946, Hoover.
267 “attitude of tolerance” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 241.
267 “Communist nerve center” Military intelligence review, 3 October 1946, Naval Aide Files 19/1, HST Papers, HSTL; proposed site Gillem journal notes, 25–28 February 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; Chiang would follow CKS diary, 29 September 1946, Hoover.
267 “fat’s in the fire” Beal, Marshall, 195; Chiang had agreed GCM to Acheson, 2 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
268 He fumed afterward CKS diary, 30 September 1946, Hoover.
268 time for a showdown FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 270; “I wish merely” GCM to CKS, 2 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA.
268 “This old man” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 3016.
268 He informed Marshall he would call off Final report, 282.
268 “violent temper” Stuart diary, 4 October 1946, John Leighton Stuart Papers, Hoover; “irritable” CKS diary, 5 October 1946, Hoover; once again hot JM to Hellman, 1 October 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “valley of the shadow” JM to O’Sullivan, 3 October 1946, JM Papers 1, HSTL.
268 Chiang avoided Marshall CKS diary, 5 October 1946, Hoover; Stuart persuaded Chiang CKS diary, 5 October 1946, Hoover; not blamed if Marshall left CKS diary, 3 October 1946, Hoover.
268 Chiang laid out GCM-CKS meeting notes, 4 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 20, NARA; duty to his state CKS diary, 4 October 1946, Hoover.
269 Chiang thought he had gotten his point across CKS diary, 5 October 1946, Hoover.
269 “stooge” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 261.
269 message to the president GCM to HST, 22 May 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
270 “heroic behavior” Shaw, American, 105; he worried now FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1390 and 1466.
270 he panicked Stuart diary, 5 October 1946, John Leighton Stuart Papers, Hoover.
270 Marshall-Chiang meeting FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 309.
270 dictated the details FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 349.
270 Zhou refused to return FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 311.
270 “completely baffled” Papers Vol. 5, 712; “I very much fear” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 317–318.
271 “seemed so pathetic” Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 589; Marshall seemed repentant CKS diary, 8 October 1946, Hoover.
271 At 9 o’clock Stuart diary, 9 October 1946, John Leighton Stuart Papers, Hoover; Gillem had invited Alvan Gillem Oral History, GCMRL; put Zhou on the spot Beal, Marshall, 230.
271 “most accomplished actor” Stoler, George C. Marshall, 78.
271 “damn near died” Alvan Gillem Oral History, GCMRL.
271–272 “avoiding Marshall” Han, Eldest, 194; rooting for World War III Washington Post 20 September 1946; “camouflage the true” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 211–212; Marshall pointedly reminded FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 247; “stupid piece of business” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 245.
272 Marshall wanted to try GCM to HST, 10 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
272 Marshall-Zhou discussion GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 9 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 5, NARA; he did not disclose GCM to HST, 10 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
273 “psychoneurotic,” half an hour quibbling GCM to HST, 10 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
273 Stuart gushed privately FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 331.
273 marched into Zhangjiakou Westad, Decisive, 48.
273 unflyable for weeks Caughey to Eisenhower, 16 October 1946, GCM Papers 122/32, GCMRL; appeared unfazed JHC to Betty Caughey, 13 October 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL; “just another blow” Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 589; a telegram arrived Carter to GCM, 13 October 1946, GCM Papers 123/42, GCMRL; Marshall had gotten word Carter to GCM, 4 October 1946, GCM Papers 123/42, GCMRL; memorial service GCM to Mrs. Stilwell, 20 October 1946, GCM Papers 86/14, GCMRL.
273 Stilwell had been on Chiang’s mind CKS diary, 20 November 1946 and 8 January 1947, Hoover.
274 conquest of Zhangjiakou Westad, Decisive, 48.
274 Chiang restarted national conscription Final report, 313; He announced FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 358; a separate assembly JHC to Betty Caughey, 13 October 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL radio address FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 359; total Nationalist victory within five months Taylor, Generalissimo, 361.
274 recognizing the risk Tanner, Battle, 191; Chiang had refrained Tanner, Where Chiang Kai-shek, 45; he had decided to wipe out Tanner, Where Chiang Kai-shek, 46; “straining at the leash” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 235.
274 Even the Kremlin Westad, Decisive, 57; Stalin himself was surprised Westad, Decisive, 49.
274–275 more successful than he had anticipated FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 199; “almost unlimited room” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 235; Nationalist lines were stretching Papers Vol. 5, 730.
275 American intelligence assessed Military intelligence review, 17 October 1946, Naval Aide Files 19/1, HST Papers, HSTL.
275 “How exhausting” CKS diary, 12 October 1946, Hoover; “cold shoulder” CKS diary, 10 October 1946, Hoover; “Marshall’s attitude” CKS diary, 12 October 1946, Hoover.
275–276 constrain him Tang Tsou, America’s Failure in China, 428; “My state and I” CKS diary, 31 October 1946, Hoover; well supplied Westad, Decisive, 49; “FDR party” Westad, Decisive, 58; “by Marshall’s mood” CKS diary, 25 October 1946, Hoover.
276 Marshall was aware that his mood GCM-CCP delegation meeting notes, 4 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 22, NARA; “My endurance” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 264; “unhappy duty” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 215; private comments GCM to Chang, 5 October 1946, GCM Papers 122/13, GCMRL; Aides joked JM to Hellman, 8 October 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “Chickens come home” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 285.
276 massage every morning GCM letter, 7 January 1947, GCM Papers 123/39, GCMRL; Katherine thought he looked Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 589; “My ambitions” GCM to Somervell, 22 September 1946, GCM Papers 123/40, GCMRL; He had heard little Papers Vol. 7, 859.
276 “general objective of all concerned” JM to Hellman, 16 October 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
277 “The struggle has” Sheng, Battling, 143; “educate the masses” He in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 197; Emancipation Daily published FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 365.
277 “Marshall’s attitude” Beal, Marshall, 297; John Beal had been trying to drive home Beal to Soong, 1 October 1946, T. V. Soong Papers, Hoover.
277 “a very short-sighted one” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 285; “It is impossible” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 231.
278 “I am not interested” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 252.
278 swing vote FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 422; “great hope” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 415.
278 “a democratic republic” Chang to Marshall, 10 August 1946, GCM Papers 122/13, GCMRL; “as long as there is poverty” Qing, From Allies, 75; revive negotiations FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 410.
278 “spirit of revenge” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 364.
278 “jumbled in thought” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 375; “heart sick,” “so much depends” JHC to Betty Caughey, 13 October 1946, JHC Papers 2/10, GCMRL.
279 hot and dry JM to Hellman, 26 October 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; Zhou appeared unannounced GCM to HST, 26 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
279 “as ready to save the country” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 398.
279 “skeleton size” Melby, Mandate, 197; At the Executive Headquarters Final report 333; “There is an increasing” New York Times 2 November 1946.
279 Zhou-Marshall discussion FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 432.
280 island’s possibilities Taylor, Generalissimo 362; He had assured Marshall FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 416; Marshall did not conceal CKS to GCM, 27 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 20, NARA, and Melby, Mandate, 200.
280 “I can make no predictions” GCM to HST, 26 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
280 auspicious moment for a last great act Papers Vol. 5, 751.
280 had come on Chiang’s invitation Carter to GCM, 20 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 31, NARA.
280 “What Should America Do in the Far East” Luce to GCM, 27 September 1946, GCM Papers 123/15, GCMRL; Marshall declined GCM to Luce, 10 October 1946, GCM Papers 123/15, GCMRL; Luce’s publications Herzstein, Luce, 55, and Time 25 March 1946.
280–281 dinner, Luce explained Beal, Marshall, 256; secret reports Herzstein, Luce, 72; the Communist problem JM to Hellman, 2 November 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; the Republicans were poised Beal, Marshall, 257.
281 surprise excursion Jeans, Marshall Mission, 170; firecrackers, planes Time 11 November 1946; Tai Lake visit JHC to Betty Caughey, 1 November 1946, JHC Papers 2/11, GCMRL; locals greeted the party JHC to Betty Caughey, 1 November 1946, JHC Papers 2/11, GCMRL; happiest day in a decade Time 11 November 1946.
281 Marshall changed the subject Herzstein, Luce, 72; “taken for a ride” Beal, Marshall, 313; accepting with little question Marshall interviews, 575; “Luce has warm friendship” GCM to McCloy, 6 December 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA.
281 “If the Generalissimo” Time 11 November 1946.
14. At the Point of a Gun
282 approval rating Gallup, Gallup, 604.
282 promising to cut taxes Christensen, Useful, 40; “appeasing Russia” Donovan, Conflict, 231; “a fight between Americanism and Communism” Chicago Tribune 1 November 1946.
283 GOP TRIUMPH Chicago Tribune 8 November 1946.
283 “even at the expense” Chicago Tribune 18 September 1946; “get tough with Russia” Chicago Tribune 23 September 1946.
283 Gromyko stood and denounced FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 875.
284 “to contain [the Soviets] both militarily and politically” Kennan, Memoirs, 304.
284 appoint a commission Donovan, Conflict, 292; “What should be done about the Communists” Christensen, Useful, 52.
284 “War will come again” Los Angeles Times 26 September 1946.
284 he asked Ambassador Stuart FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 473; requested vote tallies, Luce had told Chiang Beal, Marshall, 277; Zhou also wondered FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 537.
284–285 saw the analyses Butterworth to GCM, 16 September 1946, W. Walton Butterworth Papers, GCMRL; skimmed daily digests Beal, Marshall, 29; “I am at war” Papers Vol. 5, 762; aides had been sending it back Carter to Acheson, 28 October 1946, GCM Papers 124/25, GCMRL.
285 White House sent a message of reassurance HST to GCM, 7 November 1946, GCM Papers 124/25, GCMRL.
285 Kohlberg in China Beal, Marshall, 277.
285 a piercing chill JM to Hellman, 14 November 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; dusk came early Beal, Marshall 214; “beauty of fall” Melby, Mandate, 198.
285 He had resolved CKS diary, 31 October 1946, Hoover.
285–286 “irritating language” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 481; missed opportunity FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 491; “point of a gun” GCM to HST, 5 October 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
286 “total war” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 440; Marshall-Zhou discussion FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 509.
286 Committee of Three Committee of Three minutes, 11 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 4, NARA.
286 “mock gesture,” “Chinese affairs” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 12 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 22, NARA.
287 Delegates arrived, the most important event Beal, Marshall, 279; “one party proposition” GCM to HST, 8 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA.
287 “a feeling that nothing” JM diary, 14 November 1946, JM Papers 1, HSTL.
287 uncharacteristically haggard FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 458.
287 “intoxicated with the idea” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 16 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 5, NARA.
288 considered it his obligation GCM to HST, 16 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA.
288 “I felt very grateful” GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 16 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 5, NARA; “wise man” Zhang in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 224.
288 smarter people Zhang in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 219; skillful negotiator Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL; champion of reconciliation Papers Vol. 5, 650; “liberal-minded man” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1506; Zhou never hesitated Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL.
289 “Every time Zhou” Beal, Marshall, 292.
289 American cryptographers had labored Dana to Bland, 27 January 1984, A. Fairfield Dana Papers, GCMRL; “one-time pads” Taylor, Generalissimo, 342; When Chiang or a general John F. Melby Oral History, James Shepley Oral History, GCMRL.
289 as Marshall could tell Beal, Marshall, 50; a spy on the personal staff Westad, Decisive, 142; Sol Adler In 1950, after being forced out of the Treasury Department under a cloud of suspicion, Adler left the United States and eventually went to work for Mao’s government, never returning home; had passed information John Earl Haynes, Venona, 90, 139; Adler was warning FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 1007; “indispensable” Papers Vol. 5, 451.
289–290 Marshall posed one last question GCM-Zhou meeting notes, 16 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 5, NARA; he would have a definitive reason Beal, Marshall, 293.
290 Zhou dropped by GCM to HST, 23 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 2, NARA; trench coat and fedora Photograph, JHC Papers 5/7, GCMRL.
290 Mao grasped his hand Rittenberg, The Man, 83; a warm coat Wilson, Zhou, 173; still in favor Han, Eldest, 194.
290 Zhou apologized Zhang in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 231; “There was uncertainty” Westad, Decisive, 60.
290 Victory might take Heinzig, Soviet Union, 118; Even if the Nationalists Short, Mao, 407; The reactionaries Kennedy, “Can the weak,” 897.
291 already playing out in Manchuria Levine, Anvil, 156; Join the revolution Levine, Anvil, 153.
291 “The postwar world” Sheng, Battling, 145.
291 the Kremlin had concluded Goncharov, Uncertain, 230; secret military training Westad, Decisive, 52.
291 report on the Anping incident Anping investigation report, 8 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 3, NARA; “General feeling” Gillem journal notes, 30 November 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.
291–292 “Very few people know” JM to Hellman, 29 September 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “He has taken from them” JM to Hellman, 17 August 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
292 “swindlers” He in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 109; “smoke-screen” Tsou, America’s, 433.
292 “digest them” Papers Vol. 6, 40.
292–293 Marshall found much unchanged Marshall letter, 30 November 1946, GCM Papers 122/12, GCMRL; little of the post’s late-imperial glamor Aplington, “Sunset,” 174.
293 one-third of the teams Final report 377; abandoned post Gillem journal notes, 14 November 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers,
MHI; “We had tried” Gillem journal notes, 16 November 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.
293 A poll asked National Opinion Research Center Foreign Affairs Survey, University of Chicago, October 1946; MILLION AMERICAN MEN Telegram to Truman, 28 September 1946, White House Central Files, 757/13 HST Papers, HSTL.
293–294 Acheson pledged Acheson to GCM, 19 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 27, NARA; Marshall recognized that further withdrawals Papers Vol. 5, 743; an “irritant” Spector, In the Ruins, 267; “could not be liquidated” Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL; “Half a million” Tuchman, Stilwell, 103.
294 Marines had been consolidating Shaw, United States Marines, 18; Fewer than 20,000 FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 386; troops’ initial charge Executive Headquarters memo on transfer of repatriation mission, 7 February 1947, Alvan Gillem Papers 8, MHI; Marshall drew up plans Carter to Acheson, 22 November 1946, GCM Papers 124/26, GCMRL; A drawdown would “purify” Papers Vol. 5, 744; “before some new incident” GCM to Carter, 26 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 27, NARA.
294 ongoing American intelligence capability Yu, OSS, 161.
295 Chiang wanted American officers McClure to AW, 7 April 1946, AW Papers 82/18, Hoover; military planners called for supporting Schnabel, Joint Chiefs, 203; “cause silent rejoicing” Papers Vol. 5, 735.
295 Marshall could see that the collapse Final report 380; “international bickerings” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 253; “principal problem” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 559.
296 useful pressure on Moscow Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL; Harriman Wehrle in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 88.
296 “Soviet intent” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 28; “colonization” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 1185; “iron curtain” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 1146.
296–297 “same tune” Papers Vol. 6, 38; recalled the portraits Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL; secret radio communication Stuart to GCM, 30 November 1946, Marshall Mission Records 27, NARA; evidence of some SSU report, 4 October 1946, Marshall Mission Records 27, NARA; less than the Nationalists Papers Vol. 6, 38; “negative action” Transcript of GCM comments, Conference on Problems of United States Policy in China, Secretary’s Files 152/4, HST Papers, HSTL; He figured Stalin Beal, Marshall, 178; finalizing a commercial agreement Tanner, Where China, 138; Stalin remained cautious Tanner, Where China, 142.
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