Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237
Russians. See Soviets/Russians
Russo-Japanese War, 164
Serenity Prayer, 356
Service, John Stewart, 80, 82
Shandong peninsula, 210
Shanghai, 51–52
cancellation of Marshall’s New Year’s visit to, 322–23
Communists departure from, 217
compared to Chongqing, 112
Shanghai National Peace Movement, 217
Shen Chung, 316, 323
Shepley, James, 51, 141, 195
shuttle diplomacy, 211, 219
SIGABA cipher machine, 105
Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113
Siping, 185, 190–93, 203
Snow, Edgar, 81
Soong, Charlie, 68–69
Soong, John, 74, 95
Soong, T. V., 53, 70, 238, 259, 275–76
American confidence in, 106–7
on American paternalism, 154–55
blame game, 277
on effect of political instability on economy, 236
Marshall’s questioning of, 66
Marshall’s warning of upcoming public statement, 329
visit of Henry Luce, 280–81
warning of financial calamity, 302
Soong Mei-ling. See Chiang, Madame
Soviets/Russians:
commercial agreement with CCP, 297
condemnation of Chiang, 253
increased cooperation with Mao following victory, 349
influence on CCP movement, 82–83
Manchuria
effectiveness of strategies in, 296–97
plunder of, 237
presence in, 113–14
role in establishing Communist presence in, 40–41
withdrawal from, 152–53, 175
objective in China, 296
reactions and responses
to Marshall’s final statement, 332
to Nationalists’ offensive, 274
Russo-Japanese War, 164
Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113
support of CCP, 197, 343
support of Nationalists during WWII, 84–85
support of Sun Yat-Sen, 57
use of CCP for Soviet interests, 114–15
use of propaganda, 296
U.S.-Soviet relations, 247, 250, 283–84, 291–92, 295, 327
Stalin, Joseph:
approval of North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, 350
changing opinion of CCP, 343
on Chiang Kai-shek, 57
invitation to Chiang Kai-shek, 190
Kennan’s depiction of, 158
Mao Zedong and, 46, 84–86, 343, 349
meeting with Averell Harriman, 113
promotion of CCP participation in peace talks, 88–90
role in deciding China’s future, 28
Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113
use of CCP for Soviet interests, 114–15
Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 228
Stilwell, “Vinegar Joe,” 25–27, 29, 48
on breakdown of peace negotiations, 261
death of, 273
view of Chiang Kai-shek, 108
Stilwell Road, 26
Stimson, Henry, 9–10, 35, 46
Strategic Services Unit, 177
Strong, Anna Louise, 247
Stuart, John Leighton, 208–9, 214, 230–31, 240
Committee of Five project, 253–54
handling of student protests, 323
joint public statement with Marshall, 245–46
reaction to Marshall’s recall request to Truman, 269–70
visit to Kuling, 233–35
student protests, 316–17, 323
“Study of Physical Education, A” (Mao), 133
Sulzberger, Arthur H., 188
Sun Fo, 278
Sun Tzu, 93
Sun Yat-sen:
establishment of Nationalist party, 56–57
Soviet support of, 57
Sydenstricker, Absalom, 234
Taft, Robert, 282, 348
Tai Li, 107, 160
Taiwan, 280, 342
third-party leadership, 287, 315
Democratic League, 142, 149, 235, 258, 332
Marshall’s encouragement of, 278–79
reaction to Marshall’s final statement, 332
Three People’s Principles, 56
Thunder Out of China (White and Jacoby), 311–12, 317
Tianjin, 292–94
Treaty of Nanjing, 178
troop withdrawal from China, 138–39
Anping ambush and, 257–58
political necessity of, 293–95
Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria, 152–53, 175
truce teams, 127–32, 137, 141–44
in Manchuria, 159
retreat of, 253
Truman, Harry, 308–9
aid to fight communism in Vietnam, 349
appointments of Marshall
as envoy to China, 10–11
as Secretary of Defense, 350–51
demobilization of troops, 91–92
developing strategy for China, 42–43
doubts about, 266
fall in approval rating, 282
final directive to Marshall on China, 44–45
Marshall’s handling of, 150–51
message of reassurance to Marshall, 285
mission instructions to Marshall, 3
offer of position of secretary of state to Marshall, 186–87
policy statement of “united and democratic China,” 312–13
reaction to Eisenhower’s criticism of Marshall, 354
recall of Marshall, 325
relationship with Marshall, 20
replacing Henry Wallace, 283
securing peace, post-WWII, 20–22
special citation for Marshall, 9–10
troop withdrawal from China, 138–39
victory over Dewey, 345
warning letter to Chiang, 246–47
Truman Doctrine, 337, 340
“Truman policy,” 156
Turkey, 337
United States:
American promotion of political solution, 106–9
American troops’ attitude toward Chinese, 92
debating support of Chiang’s government, 218–19
defense of South Korea, 350
efforts to transform China, 22–23
objective in China, 295
political upheaval, 282–83
post-WWII protest of American troops, 91
reasons for advocating negotiated solution, 90–91
support of China during WWII, 23–25
“Uncle Chump,” 29
U.S.-Soviet relations, 247, 250, 283–84, 291–92, 295, 327
Vandenberg, Arthur, 25, 195
V-E Day, 186
Vietnam, 349, 357, 362
Vincent, John Carter, 36–37, 43, 49, 255
confidence in Marshall, 266
view of bringing CCP into coalition, 109
V-J Day, 254
Wallace, Henry, 83–84, 283
Wang Shih-chieh, 381n
Washington, George:
comparison of Chiang to, 118, 304
comparison of Marshall to, 14–15
Wedemeyer, Albert, 93, 149, 297, 343
American troops in Manchuria, 139–40
assertions against Marshall, 376n, 381n
changing view of involvement in fratricidal warfare in China, 41
on Chiang Kai-shek’s ability to unite China, 108–9
complaint about conflicting orders, 39
on effect of killing of John Birch, 42
first meeting with Marshall, 52
frustration with Chinese government, 29
on importance of Marshall to peace process, 151–52
on importance of uniting Communists and Nationalists, 43
involveme
nt with McCarthy, 354
lack of discretion about possible ambassadorship, 229–30
on Marshall’s diplomacy skills, 95
on Marshall’s first meeting with Chiang, 53
planning reduction in troops, 121–22
as possible American ambassador, 161
prediction on effect of sudden end of war, 30
reaction to loss of ambassadorship, 231–32
return to Washington, 187–88
role in political intrigue in Washington, 195–96
temporary reassignment to China, 341–42
troop movement in China, 38
undermining Marshall’s negotiation efforts, 250–52
view of Tai Li, 107
warning of Soviet intentions in China, 84
warnings of dangers of doing too little in China, 37
Wedemeyer Reports! (Wedemeyer), 376n
Westad, Odd Arne, 362–63
Whampoa, 57, 77, 121
White, Harry Dexter, 84, 289
White, Theodore, 107, 311–12, 317, 320
white paper on China, 348
Why We Fight (film series), 150
Willkie, Wendell, 380–81n
Wilson, Woodrow, 22–23, 156
Wing, Richard, 51, 184, 333
World Bank and International Monetary Fund, 361
Xi Zhongxun, 362
Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237
Yeaton, Ivan, 64, 90–91, 132–33
Yenan:
Dixie Mission, 30, 64, 197
John Stewart Service, 80, 82
Marshall’s visit to, 2–3, 137
meeting of Marshall and Mao, 1–4, 135–37
response to Committee of Three visit, 132–38
See also Communists
Yenching University, 209, 231
“You and the Atomic Bomb” essay (Orwell), 83
Yu Ta-wei, 167–68, 213–14, 238
Zhangjiakou, 267–68, 270, 273–74
Zhou Enlai, 2, 53, 57, 101
acceptance of PCC proposals, 116
advocating final push for settlement with Nationalists, 208
agreement to extend cease-fire, 214
agreement to reconvene Committee of Three, 286
ambush meeting with Marshall, 271–73
announcement of cease-fire in Manchuria, 205
background of, 77
blame game, 173–74, 277
delays on agreeing to truce teams in Manchuria, 152–53
denial of Communists’ collusion with Kremlin, 180
departure from Nanjing, 261
effect of communist propaganda on relationship with Marshall, 232
establishment of People’s Republic of China, 342
excuses for lack of cooperation with military unification, 159–60
first official meeting with Marshall, 65–66
initial negotiations of Committee of Three, 93–98
instructions from Mao to backtrack and stall, 170
intrigue/espionage and, 104, 289
lobbying of by third-party leaders, 278–79
Marshall’s complaints to following battle of Siping, 191
Marshall’s final appeal to, 289–90
Marshall’s return of notebook containing confidential information, 212, 413n
on Marshall’s return to peace talks, 166
Marshall’s shuttle diplomacy efforts with, 219–20, 222
Marshall’s ultimatum regarding Anping ambush inquiry, 243–44
negotiations following Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 201–2
Nixon and, 362
pessimism regarding peace agreement, 212–13
political skills, 79–80
promoting anti-American sentiment, 313
reactions and responses
to Anping ambush, 242, 249
final response to Marshall, 308–9
to joint public statement issued by Marshall and Stuart, 245
to Marshall’s final statement, 331–32
to National Assembly, 287–88
to Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 199–200
refusal to return to Nanjing, 270
rejection of perceived coercion, 301
relationship with Mao Zedong, 77–79
respect for Marshall, 288
return to Nanjing, 279–80
reunion with Mao, 290
social life in Nanjing, 185
trip promoting Committee of Three agreement, 127–45
unification of military forces, 121–26
view of diplomacy, 89
Zhu De, 2, 116
Copyright © 2018 by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan
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