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The China Mission

Page 55

by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan


  Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237

  Russians. See Soviets/Russians

  Russo-Japanese War, 164

  Serenity Prayer, 356

  Service, John Stewart, 80, 82

  Shandong peninsula, 210

  Shanghai, 51–52

  cancellation of Marshall’s New Year’s visit to, 322–23

  Communists departure from, 217

  compared to Chongqing, 112

  Shanghai National Peace Movement, 217

  Shen Chung, 316, 323

  Shepley, James, 51, 141, 195

  shuttle diplomacy, 211, 219

  SIGABA cipher machine, 105

  Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113

  Siping, 185, 190–93, 203

  Snow, Edgar, 81

  Soong, Charlie, 68–69

  Soong, John, 74, 95

  Soong, T. V., 53, 70, 238, 259, 275–76

  American confidence in, 106–7

  on American paternalism, 154–55

  blame game, 277

  on effect of political instability on economy, 236

  Marshall’s questioning of, 66

  Marshall’s warning of upcoming public statement, 329

  visit of Henry Luce, 280–81

  warning of financial calamity, 302

  Soong Mei-ling. See Chiang, Madame

  Soviets/Russians:

  commercial agreement with CCP, 297

  condemnation of Chiang, 253

  increased cooperation with Mao following victory, 349

  influence on CCP movement, 82–83

  Manchuria

  effectiveness of strategies in, 296–97

  plunder of, 237

  presence in, 113–14

  role in establishing Communist presence in, 40–41

  withdrawal from, 152–53, 175

  objective in China, 296

  reactions and responses

  to Marshall’s final statement, 332

  to Nationalists’ offensive, 274

  Russo-Japanese War, 164

  Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113

  support of CCP, 197, 343

  support of Nationalists during WWII, 84–85

  support of Sun Yat-Sen, 57

  use of CCP for Soviet interests, 114–15

  use of propaganda, 296

  U.S.-Soviet relations, 247, 250, 283–84, 291–92, 295, 327

  Stalin, Joseph:

  approval of North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, 350

  changing opinion of CCP, 343

  on Chiang Kai-shek, 57

  invitation to Chiang Kai-shek, 190

  Kennan’s depiction of, 158

  Mao Zedong and, 46, 84–86, 343, 349

  meeting with Averell Harriman, 113

  promotion of CCP participation in peace talks, 88–90

  role in deciding China’s future, 28

  Sino-Soviet Treaty, 37, 85, 113

  use of CCP for Soviet interests, 114–15

  Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237

  State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, 228

  Stilwell, “Vinegar Joe,” 25–27, 29, 48

  on breakdown of peace negotiations, 261

  death of, 273

  view of Chiang Kai-shek, 108

  Stilwell Road, 26

  Stimson, Henry, 9–10, 35, 46

  Strategic Services Unit, 177

  Strong, Anna Louise, 247

  Stuart, John Leighton, 208–9, 214, 230–31, 240

  Committee of Five project, 253–54

  handling of student protests, 323

  joint public statement with Marshall, 245–46

  reaction to Marshall’s recall request to Truman, 269–70

  visit to Kuling, 233–35

  student protests, 316–17, 323

  “Study of Physical Education, A” (Mao), 133

  Sulzberger, Arthur H., 188

  Sun Fo, 278

  Sun Tzu, 93

  Sun Yat-sen:

  establishment of Nationalist party, 56–57

  Soviet support of, 57

  Sydenstricker, Absalom, 234

  Taft, Robert, 282, 348

  Tai Li, 107, 160

  Taiwan, 280, 342

  third-party leadership, 287, 315

  Democratic League, 142, 149, 235, 258, 332

  Marshall’s encouragement of, 278–79

  reaction to Marshall’s final statement, 332

  Three People’s Principles, 56

  Thunder Out of China (White and Jacoby), 311–12, 317

  Tianjin, 292–94

  Treaty of Nanjing, 178

  troop withdrawal from China, 138–39

  Anping ambush and, 257–58

  political necessity of, 293–95

  Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria, 152–53, 175

  truce teams, 127–32, 137, 141–44

  in Manchuria, 159

  retreat of, 253

  Truman, Harry, 308–9

  aid to fight communism in Vietnam, 349

  appointments of Marshall

  as envoy to China, 10–11

  as Secretary of Defense, 350–51

  demobilization of troops, 91–92

  developing strategy for China, 42–43

  doubts about, 266

  fall in approval rating, 282

  final directive to Marshall on China, 44–45

  Marshall’s handling of, 150–51

  message of reassurance to Marshall, 285

  mission instructions to Marshall, 3

  offer of position of secretary of state to Marshall, 186–87

  policy statement of “united and democratic China,” 312–13

  reaction to Eisenhower’s criticism of Marshall, 354

  recall of Marshall, 325

  relationship with Marshall, 20

  replacing Henry Wallace, 283

  securing peace, post-WWII, 20–22

  special citation for Marshall, 9–10

  troop withdrawal from China, 138–39

  victory over Dewey, 345

  warning letter to Chiang, 246–47

  Truman Doctrine, 337, 340

  “Truman policy,” 156

  Turkey, 337

  United States:

  American promotion of political solution, 106–9

  American troops’ attitude toward Chinese, 92

  debating support of Chiang’s government, 218–19

  defense of South Korea, 350

  efforts to transform China, 22–23

  objective in China, 295

  political upheaval, 282–83

  post-WWII protest of American troops, 91

  reasons for advocating negotiated solution, 90–91

  support of China during WWII, 23–25

  “Uncle Chump,” 29

  U.S.-Soviet relations, 247, 250, 283–84, 291–92, 295, 327

  Vandenberg, Arthur, 25, 195

  V-E Day, 186

  Vietnam, 349, 357, 362

  Vincent, John Carter, 36–37, 43, 49, 255

  confidence in Marshall, 266

  view of bringing CCP into coalition, 109

  V-J Day, 254

  Wallace, Henry, 83–84, 283

  Wang Shih-chieh, 381n

  Washington, George:

  comparison of Chiang to, 118, 304

  comparison of Marshall to, 14–15

  Wedemeyer, Albert, 93, 149, 297, 343

  American troops in Manchuria, 139–40

  assertions against Marshall, 376n, 381n

  changing view of involvement in fratricidal warfare in China, 41

  on Chiang Kai-shek’s ability to unite China, 108–9

  complaint about conflicting orders, 39

  on effect of killing of John Birch, 42

  first meeting with Marshall, 52

  frustration with Chinese government, 29

  on importance of Marshall to peace process, 151–52

  on importance of uniting Communists and Nationalists, 43

  involveme
nt with McCarthy, 354

  lack of discretion about possible ambassadorship, 229–30

  on Marshall’s diplomacy skills, 95

  on Marshall’s first meeting with Chiang, 53

  planning reduction in troops, 121–22

  as possible American ambassador, 161

  prediction on effect of sudden end of war, 30

  reaction to loss of ambassadorship, 231–32

  return to Washington, 187–88

  role in political intrigue in Washington, 195–96

  temporary reassignment to China, 341–42

  troop movement in China, 38

  undermining Marshall’s negotiation efforts, 250–52

  view of Tai Li, 107

  warning of Soviet intentions in China, 84

  warnings of dangers of doing too little in China, 37

  Wedemeyer Reports! (Wedemeyer), 376n

  Westad, Odd Arne, 362–63

  Whampoa, 57, 77, 121

  White, Harry Dexter, 84, 289

  White, Theodore, 107, 311–12, 317, 320

  white paper on China, 348

  Why We Fight (film series), 150

  Willkie, Wendell, 380–81n

  Wilson, Woodrow, 22–23, 156

  Wing, Richard, 51, 184, 333

  World Bank and International Monetary Fund, 361

  Xi Zhongxun, 362

  Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237

  Yeaton, Ivan, 64, 90–91, 132–33

  Yenan:

  Dixie Mission, 30, 64, 197

  John Stewart Service, 80, 82

  Marshall’s visit to, 2–3, 137

  meeting of Marshall and Mao, 1–4, 135–37

  response to Committee of Three visit, 132–38

  See also Communists

  Yenching University, 209, 231

  “You and the Atomic Bomb” essay (Orwell), 83

  Yu Ta-wei, 167–68, 213–14, 238

  Zhangjiakou, 267–68, 270, 273–74

  Zhou Enlai, 2, 53, 57, 101

  acceptance of PCC proposals, 116

  advocating final push for settlement with Nationalists, 208

  agreement to extend cease-fire, 214

  agreement to reconvene Committee of Three, 286

  ambush meeting with Marshall, 271–73

  announcement of cease-fire in Manchuria, 205

  background of, 77

  blame game, 173–74, 277

  delays on agreeing to truce teams in Manchuria, 152–53

  denial of Communists’ collusion with Kremlin, 180

  departure from Nanjing, 261

  effect of communist propaganda on relationship with Marshall, 232

  establishment of People’s Republic of China, 342

  excuses for lack of cooperation with military unification, 159–60

  first official meeting with Marshall, 65–66

  initial negotiations of Committee of Three, 93–98

  instructions from Mao to backtrack and stall, 170

  intrigue/espionage and, 104, 289

  lobbying of by third-party leaders, 278–79

  Marshall’s complaints to following battle of Siping, 191

  Marshall’s final appeal to, 289–90

  Marshall’s return of notebook containing confidential information, 212, 413n

  on Marshall’s return to peace talks, 166

  Marshall’s shuttle diplomacy efforts with, 219–20, 222

  Marshall’s ultimatum regarding Anping ambush inquiry, 243–44

  negotiations following Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 201–2

  Nixon and, 362

  pessimism regarding peace agreement, 212–13

  political skills, 79–80

  promoting anti-American sentiment, 313

  reactions and responses

  to Anping ambush, 242, 249

  final response to Marshall, 308–9

  to joint public statement issued by Marshall and Stuart, 245

  to Marshall’s final statement, 331–32

  to National Assembly, 287–88

  to Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 199–200

  refusal to return to Nanjing, 270

  rejection of perceived coercion, 301

  relationship with Mao Zedong, 77–79

  respect for Marshall, 288

  return to Nanjing, 279–80

  reunion with Mao, 290

  social life in Nanjing, 185

  trip promoting Committee of Three agreement, 127–45

  unification of military forces, 121–26

  view of diplomacy, 89

  Zhu De, 2, 116

  Copyright © 2018 by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

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